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Home , Cephalopod ink, Squid as food

Suji! Sundaram Mumbai Research Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute C.l.F.E Old campus, Fisheries University road, Seven Bunglows, Versova, Mumbai - 400 061, Maharash!ra. Email [email protected] were used to be treated Cephalopods as Food: Cephalopods countries such as , , often as part of discardable bycatches until have been used by man as food from times Singapore, and Canada are recently, but it is no longer so. They now immemorial, as exemplified by their involved in the export of dried and salted have an upgraded status because of their consumption particularly among Greeks, cephalopods. export potential, and their place as an Egyptians etc. The is important part of Indian marine products prepared in many ways for food. These are Form of Exported Cephalopod exports. In over 80% of the landings by adopting methods such as cutting them Products: These consist of those frozen of cephalopods take place along its west into slices and treating them with spices and whole by IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) or coast. The Northwest region comprising the or into curries, and peeled and frozen in the form of slabs of States of Gujarat and Maharashtra in . In India, cephalopods were initially different commercial grades. Various high particular, account for the bulk of used in dried form (Rao 1954 and value products are made out of cephalopods. cephalopod landings (Meiyappan and Vijayakunaran. 1984). In , dried Some of Ihese are: whole , stuffed Mohamed, 2003). During the last few years, products are a luxury food item and the most tubes, rings, frozen , fillets, , with the establishment of processing plants popular among them are fish products squid rings-battered and frozen. Some of the in Saurashtra, the export of cephalopods (Hotta, 1982). According to Voss (1963) in other products are: seasoned squid 'Ika­ has gone up considerably from Gujarat the Philippines the meal of cephalopods is sniokara', fermented squid 'Ika-kunsei', (Sarvaiya, 1989). While the global first boiled in vinegar with crushed and smoked squid 'Tka-kunsei' and pickled squid cephalopod catch went up from 0.58 million Ihen fried in oil and spices. In East Asian meat 'Sui-ika (Shenoy, 1987; Lakshmanan tonnes in 1950 to 3.512 million tonnes in countries baby is consumed live. and Balachandran, 2000 and Badonia at al., 2003, the Indian cephalopod calches Considered as a delicacy, it is highly 2006). Cephalopods are sometimes increased from 400 tonnes in 1957 to relished. In Britain , squids are incorporated consumed in raw form, known as ''. 89 ,353 tonnes by 2003 (ISHSTAT 2004). into fish to enhance the taste (Cornell The salted or dried cephalopods are known A.ccording to the latest estimate, and Handy, 1982). The Japanese have as 'Surumi', highly esteemed on ceremonial cephalopod landings in India for the year mastered a large variety of culinary occasions like weddings and festivals 2007 were 94,804 t (CMFRI, 2007). preparations out of squids , and (Ramalingam, 1978 and Silas et a /. 1985). octopods (Silas et al. , 1985). In Korea, they Aocording to Jagadees (1988), cephalopod Proximate Composition: Cephalopods are mainly sailed and fermented (Ron, products, in forms such as canned, dried, have high commercial value, for the reason 1992). Of late, products such as cephalopod salted, smoked and fermented. are also thai they constilute a good source of quality pickles etc. have also been developed and produced. aquaproducls. The flesh of Cephalopods is these are gaining in popularity. firm and it blends to provide a variety of Products from Non-edible Parts: The processed and preserved products owing to Export of Cephalopods: In the global non-edible parts of the squid i.e., viscera, absence of bones, ease of cleaning and market, Japanese squids are preferred skin, pen, beak and eyes comprise about leaving behind a marginal quantity of because Ihey are considered to be of high 30% of the total weighl of the animal. These wastage. They have also a high food value. nutritive value and tasty (Tanikawa and can be converted into meal, similar to fish The meat content in cephalopods is much Suno, 1952). Frozen cephalopods form the meal and meal. Skin as well as higher than fish, conlaining 40-70% second largest export item among the damaged or low-grade raw materials can be consumable fraction (Takshashi. 1965). marine products exported from India. In ensilaged and sold as high-protein feed. Studies on by Dious and India, in the Indo-Norwegian Project period, Viscera of the squid are rich in amino acids, Kasinathan (1993) revealed high protein,a squids and cuttle fishes used to be cut into minerals, vitamin-B etc. and therefore it low carbohydrate and lipid content. Edible uniform strips, each measuring about 2 to forms a good conslituent for poullry feed portion in squid is about 76% and that in 25 cm called 'fingers' and exported. This (Kawata et ai, 1955). Sometimes it is also cuttlefish is about 65%, with a higher value activity was initiated as part of the Indo­ used as manure (Clarke, 1963; Jagadees, of protein (18-20%) than many fishes and Norwegian Project (Padmanabhan. 1970). 1988 and Sarvaiya, 1990). In Kore a, the the protein is composed of 20 amino acids, There are about 80 cephalopod products demand for squid meal has been increasing eight of which belong to a group of essential exported from India and the quantity of in recent years because its nutritive va lue amino acids. According to Lakshmanan and cephalopods exported from India during has come to be recognised. Squid meal is Balachandran (2000), proximale 2006-2007 was 1,02,953 t contributing 17% also sold 10 fodder-produci ng plants where composilion of the cephalopod flesh shows to the total marine exports from India, worth it is mixed with ordinary fodder to make moisture at 75-80%, crude protein (TN x Rs. 1,368 crores (www.mpeda.com). The synthetic high-value components of fodder 6.25) at 16-21 %, crude fat (1.0-1.5%) and main markets for these items are , for use in animal husbandry and aquaculture ash (1-2%). Due to high nutritive value and , , France, UK, Belgium and the (Ron. 1992). Aocording 10 Nair et. al (2004), better taste, cephalopods are widely Netherlands. The other major markets are the pH of the cephalopod waste is lowered accepted as a choice food in various parts Japan, Singapore, Thailand and by addition of formic acid and allowing it to of Ihe world (Takasashi , 1974; Roper et. ai, (Jagadees, 1988; Lakshmanan and liquefy by the action of proteolytic enzymes 1984 and Sarvaiya, 1990). Balachandran, 2000). Presently, only few present in the flesh. This broth is then mixed Cff='

------)~~~!~~EI___ Vol. 29 No. 8 ~ Fishing Chimes -p:t. November 2009 with deoiled rice bran orwheat bran. and sun­ ingredients such as squid ink, pectin from expected to receive even more of attention dried for easy transportation. This finished apples. extract of , and in the future. According to Nair et al(2004), product, which is rich in calcium and as well as a type of gum derived the minimum quantity of cephalopod waste phosphorous, enhances the efficiency of from kelp. available in India from processing units is feed prepared for poultry, ducks. quails, pigs over 30,000 t and when tapped to its and calf. Squid-meal is considered superior Uses of Other Organs: Ambergris, potential a net revenue of about RS .100 to fish-meal because of high content of (obtained from sperm whales, which is used million can be generated. For the , methionine and most importantly, as a fixative in perfumery), is formed around expansion and betterment of cephalopod omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. beaks of squids, consumed as food (Lane, fishing, processing and marketing industry, especially C20:5 and C22:6. 1962). Squid extracts are used for it is felt that Indian fishery ent~rprises human consumption and in dehydrated should have jOint ventures with major Uses of : In Japan, a variety form they are used as food for livestock cephalopod producing and consuming of fancy articles are made from cuttlebone (Takshashi, 1965). In Japan high-grade oils countries. (Boycott. 1957). The Cuttlebone is are extracted from squid liver for use in commercially used in preparing fine abrasives paints and the is converted into squid Acknowledgement: The author is and dentifrices (Dees , 1961). Powdered manure (Bal and Rao, 1984). The grateful to Dr.V.D.Deshmukh. Principal cuttlebone is a good source of food for poultry cephalopod eyes are used in the paint and Scientist, and SCientist-in-Charge, M.R.C of and cage birds, as it is a rich source of cosmetic industries, as well as in the C.M.F.R.!, Mumbai and to Dr. Sunil Kumar calcium. Cuttlebone is also used as a grinding production of luminous dials. The pen or Mohammed, Principal Scientist and Head, stone for the beaks of cage birds. Pulverised quill of the squid is a valuable source of high Molluscan Fisheries Division, C.M.F.R.I, cutllebones are used for cleaning the surface quality chitin and chitosan. In Japan, squid Cochin, for their valuable inputs and of woodwork and of motor vehicles before pens are collected and used by the contact suggestions. they are painted. Powdered cuttlebone is also lens industry (Jagadees, 1988). According a good cleaning agent for glass and other to Ron (1992), squid liver is used to make References smooth surfaces, besides being of medicinal squid oil and squid liver powder, which have value. Finely grounded are used been found to have superior value for the ALAGARSWAMI. K. and MEIYAPPAN, as a cosmetic in Italy. These are also used growth of seaweeds and in aquaculture. M. M. 1994. Prospects for increasing now in jewellery making and for mOUlding 'Maricream', an ice cream like product from cephalopod production of India. CMFRI purposes (Sarvesan, 1974). Among the squid muscle is being developed special publication, No. 44. 146-155. cephalopod products, cuttlebone was the first successfully and may be launched in the item to be exported from India and in 1986 consumer market (CIFT, 2008) soon. ANIL. M.K., ANDREW J. THOMAS, K.T. about 17.3 t worth Rs.50,348 were exported UNNIKRISHNAN C. and RAYAN, S.V. (Silas et al., 1985). In India cuttlebone powder Other Uses of Cephalopods: Live 2005. Sepia pharaonis: is made in processing units situated at Okha cephalopods are good experimental animals A candidate species for Mariculture. Fishing in Gujarat (Sarvaiya, 1989). Traditionally in the field of research and education (Silas Chimes. Vo1.25. No.1. 64-65. Cuttlebone powder is used as medicine for et al., 1985). Of late, they are also gaining some ear ailments (Trivedi and Sarvaiya, popularity in aquarium market. Cephalopods BADONIA. R., PANDA S.K. and 1976, Raje and Singh, 1992). are also used in fish hooks, as these have, MURTHY L.N. 2006. Innovative by-products out of experience, come to be a favourite from fishes of Gujarat coast. leAR news, a Uses of : Artists have bait used by long line fishermen engaged in science and technology newsletter. Vo1.12. used the ink of cuttlefish as a natural 'sepia' catching , and other pelagic No.3. 14--16. pigment. Medicinal value of cuttle fish is fishes (Silas and Pillai, 1982; Alagarswami attributed to the ink (Boycott, 1957). and Meiyappan, 1994). Alot of breeding and BAL. D.V. and RA, K.V .. 1984. Chapter Mochizuki (1979) has reported antibacterial hatchery experiments have been carried out 26.The Molluscs. Marine fisheries. 386-410. eHect ot cuttlefish ink. In Japan. squid ink on cephalopods, especially on cuttlefish, is traditionally applied in food products laying focus on it as a potential candidate BOYCOTT, B.B. 1957. The cuttlefish (Nishimoto et. ai, 1980). According to Takia for Mariculture (Nabrtabhata. 1994, Sepia. New BioI. 25 : 98-118. et al (1983), cuttlefish ink is believed to Sivalingam, 1999 and Anil et al. 2005). exhibit antiseptic properties. It has also According to Sujit Sundaram (2007), Sepiel/a CIFT, 2008. Annual Report 2007-2008. been proved that stored fishes treated with inermis is an excellent species for Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, cuttlefish ink, have extended shelf life than aquaculture due to its fast growth and short Cochin, 185 p. the untreated ones. The contents of the ink life cycle. Annually four crops could be sac are used in manufacturing dyes and ink harvested. CLARKE, M.R. 1963. Economic (Jagadees, 1988). Aqueous extracts of ink importance of North Allantic squids. New from S. inermis were tested against Conclusion Scient., 17: 568-570. Moloney murine leukaemia virus reverse According to Jereb et.al (2005) the transcriptase, and the ink showed strong utilisation of cephalopods for human CMFRI, 2007. Annual Report- 2007- inhibition of MMLVRT (Rajaganapathi et al consumption is extensive and diverse. The 2008. Central Marine Fisheries Research 2000). Nirmale et al (2002) also recorded high protein and low fat content of Institute, Kochi: 133 p. that squid ink had an antibacterial effect. cephalopods make them an important and The latest development is the preparation healthy element in the human diet. With CORNELL, J.J. and HANDY R. 1982. of imitation , named 'Cavianne', which the increasing demand of food for human Trends in fish utilisation. Fishery News is made up of an unimaginable mix of consumption, cephalopod resources are Books, England. 30-31. (jjj=> ~~~~------Vol. 29 No.8': ~ Fishing Chimes ~ November 2009 DEES L.T. 1961. Fish Leaff, 524: 1-10. NISHIMOTO, J., MOTOHI RO, T. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Institute, 25 : 63-83. H.OOMORI, C.KUlZUMI, H.TAMOTO, DIOUS, S.R.J, and KASINATHAN, R. K.KAKEHASHI, H .S HI MUZU AND SHENOY, A.S. 1987. Spain, a big 1993. Utilisation and proximate A.KOBATAKE. 1980. (Salted and market for Indian squids. Fishing chimes, . composition of a cephalopod Sepiella fermented ). 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