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Centro De Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura Represe Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura Representações sociais da água e práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos no contexto da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Culuene/MT. Cintia Munch Cavalcanti Tese apresentada para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2018 Cintia Münch Cavalcanti Engenheira Florestal Representações sociais da água e práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos no contexto da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Culuene/MT versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. MARIA ELISA DE PAULA EDUARDO GARAVELLO Tese apresentada para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Ecologia Aplicada Piracicaba 2018 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA – DIBD/ESALQ/USP Cavalcanti, Cintia Münch Representações sociais da água e práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos no contexto da sub-bacia hidrográfica do rio Culuene/MT / Cintia Münch Cavalcanti. - - versão revisada de acordo com a resolução CoPGr 6018 de 2011 - - Piracicaba, 2018. 127 p. Tese (Doutorado) - - USP / Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura. 1. Representações sociais da água 2. Alto Xingu 3. Manejo de recursos hídricos 4. Meio rural 5. Grupos sociais I. Título 3 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................... 6 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 7 LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................... 8 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS ............................................................................. 9 1. INTRODUÇÃO .................................................................................................................. 11 1.1. ÁGUA E REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS ................................................................................. 12 1.2. O PROJETO TEMÁTICO “XINGU” ...................................................................................... 13 1.3. OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................................... 14 2. REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS, MEIO AMBIENTE E ÁGUA ................................... 15 2.1. DAS REPRESENTAÇÕES COLETIVAS ÀS REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS: UM BREVE HISTÓRICO .............................................................................................................................................. 15 2.2. REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS: CONTEÚDO E PROCESSO ....................................................... 17 2.3. CONTEXTO E FUNCIONALIDADE DAS REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS ..................................... 19 2.4. REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DO MEIO AMBIENTE E DA ÁGUA COMO OBJETOS DE ESTUDO . 21 3. METODOLOGIA ............................................................................................................... 23 3.1. A ABORDAGEM QUALITATIVA ......................................................................................... 23 3.2. DELINEAMENTO DO ESTUDO ........................................................................................... 25 3.3. TÉCNICAS EMPREGADAS NO LEVANTAMENTO DE DADOS ................................................ 27 3.4. ANÁLISE DE DADOS......................................................................................................... 28 3.5. A ÁREA DE ESTUDO ......................................................................................................... 29 4. RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO ....................................................................................... 31 4.1. O CONTEXTO HISTÓRICO DA OCUPAÇÃO DA REGIÃO DO ALTO XINGU ............................ 31 4.2. GRUPOS SOCIAIS LEVANTADOS NO MEIO RURAL DA SUB-BACIA DO CULUENE ................ 37 4.2.1. Povos indígenas (grupo 1) ...................................................................................... 37 4.2.1.1. Caracterização socioeconômica, cultural e identitária .................................... 37 4.2.1.2. Valores e experiências associados pelos indivíduos do grupo 1: o que é água? ...................................................................................................................................... 38 4.2.1.3. Diagnóstico de água e categorias da representação entre os povos indígenas 39 4.2.1.4. Descrição das práticas de uso e manejo da água nas sub-bacias dos rios Culuene e Ronuro ....................................................................................................................... 46 4.2.2. Pescadores profissionais e barqueiros (grupo 2)................................................... 49 4 4.2.2.1. Caracterização socioeconômica, cultural e identitária .................................... 49 4.2.2.2. Valores e experiências associados à água pelos indivíduos do grupo 2: o que é água? ............................................................................................................................ 51 4.2.2.3. Diagnóstico da água e categorias de representação entre pescadores profissionais e barqueiros............................................................................................. 54 4.2.2.4. Descrição das práticas de uso e manejo da água na sub-bacia do Culuene .... 60 4.2.3. Minifundiários: parceleiros e chacareiros (grupo 3) ............................................ 65 4.2.3.1. Caracterização socioeconômica, cultural e identitária .................................... 65 4.2.3.2. Valores e experiências associados à água pelos indivíduos do grupo 3: o que é água? ............................................................................................................................ 68 4.2.3.3. Diagnóstico da água e categorias da representação entre minifundiários ....... 69 4.2.3.4. Descrição das práticas de uso e manejo da água na sub-bacia do Culuene .... 76 4.2.4. Médios produtores e proprietários rurais (grupo 4) ............................................. 82 4.2.4.1. Caracterização socioeconômica, cultural e identitária .................................... 82 4.2.4.2. Valores e experiências associados à água pelos indivíduos do grupo 4: o que é água? ............................................................................................................................ 83 4.2.4.3. Diagnóstico da água e categorias de representação entre médios produtores e proprietários rurais ....................................................................................................... 86 4.2.4.4. Práticas de uso e manejo da água na sub-bacia do Culuene ........................... 91 4.2.5. Grandes produtores rurais (grupo 5) .................................................................... 95 4.2.5.1. Caracterização socioeconômica, cultural e identitária .................................... 95 4.2.5.2. Valores e experiências associados à água pelos indivíduos do grupo 5: o que é água? ............................................................................................................................ 96 4.2.5.3. Diagnóstico da água e categorias de representação entre grandes produtores rurais............................................................................................................................. 97 4.2.5.4. Descrição das práticas de uso e manejo da água na sub-bacia do rio Culuene .................................................................................................................................... 100 4.3. ANÁLISE DA REPRESENTAÇÃO SOCIAL DA ÁGUA: ......................................................... 103 4.4. AS CATEGORIAS DE REPRESENTAÇÃO E O STATUS DA ÁGUA NA SUB-BACIA DO CULUENE ............................................................................................................................................ 105 4.5. ANÁLISE DAS PRÁTICAS DE USO E MANEJO DA ÁGUA NOS DIFERENTES GRUPOS SOCIAIS ............................................................................................................................................ 109 4.6. A RELAÇÃO ENTRE AS REPRESENTAÇÕES, PERCEPÇÕES E PRÁTICAS DE USO E MANEJO DA ÁGUA NOS GRUPOS SOCIAIS ................................................................................................. 114 5 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ........................................................................................... 121 REFERÊNCIAS ................................................................................................................... 125 6 RESUMO Representações sociais da água e práticas de uso e manejo da água no contexto da bacia hidrográfica do rio Culuene/MT Desde sua ocupação por não indígenas, a região do Alto Xingu tem sido alvo de rápidas e profundas transformações sociais, ambientais e econômicas, acentuadas nas últimas duas décadas pelo aumento populacional e pela expansão e intensificação de atividades agropecuárias. Os impactos sobre os recursos hídricos locais vêm sendo observados, especialmente por seus primeiros ocupantes, os povos indígenas que habitam a região. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre as representações sociais da água e as práticas de uso e manejo dos recursos hídricos dos diferentes grupos sociais que ocupam
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