Oriente, Occidente Y Lady Hester Stanhope

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Oriente, Occidente Y Lady Hester Stanhope Los Cuadernos de Viaje lago, del zascandil al explorador, o de los turis­ John Frederich Lewis. Vida en el Haren. tas frívolos y despectivos a los escritores apasio­ nados por el mundo árabe, la conclusión es que en la carrera orientalista con los años han acaba­ do por surgir mejores promociones. Willian Russell se refirió a los viajeros como gente «ruidosa, extravagante y caprichosa». En este parque zoológico figura un tipo como Cha­ teaubriand, que llega a Oriente Medio en forma de personaje ya construido, de autoridad, no co­ mo su propia persona, ansioso de rellenar su al­ macén de imágenes literarias; Lamartine, rebo­ sante de ideas preconcebidas, de simpatías y re­ ticencias. Capaces ambos de inventarse la reali­ dad pero de hacerlo, eso sí, con una gran digni­ dad literaria. Lo que hace también Flaubert, a quien Oriente Medio provoca una notable mor­ bosidad sexual. Se encuentran magníficos ara,,­ bistas para el momento, como Lane y Burton, que hicieron todo lo posible para vivir sobre el terreno, misioneros y místicos, depredadores de objetos valiosos, individuos de imposible catalo­ gación como Thomas Cook y el Kaiser Guiller­ mo, los que al estilo de Byron y Burton preten­ den crearse una imagen de éxito o quienes viaja­ ban por consecuencia de una desazón íntima, caso de T. E. Lawrence. Tan grande fuela puer­ ta abierta por la expedición de Bonaparte a Egip­ to que por ella pasan incluso los viajeros que a Oriente no viajan, viajeros en casa como She­ lley, Keats y otros, prefiriendo tomar prestados los relatos sobre el Nilo y las excavaciones. Es fácil saber por qué van a Oriente Medio di­ ORIENTE, OCCIDENTE plomáticos, militares y administradores. No tan­ to por qué lo hacen los demás. Al ser complica­ Y LADY HESTER do establecer un denominador común en las ac­ titudes de los viajeros se prefiere calificarlos de STANHOPE excéntricos o acumular datos sobre el conjunto y sobre cada persona. Con Lady Hester Stanho­ pe podemos explicarnos de manera acumulativa Ignacio Rupérez por qué su vida acabó en tales parajes, en la me­ dida en que alguna vida es explicable. Participa de las motivaciones del turista, el misionero, el e todos los viajeros por Oriente Medio arqueólogo, el desazonado, el patriota, el frívo­ Lady Stanhope (1776-1839) es quizás el lo, y tuvo buen cuidado en relatar sus experien­ que resulta más patético. Entre los eu­ cias por Grecia, Egipto, Siria, Líbano y Palesti­ D ropeos, británicos y franceses en su na, como si necesitara evidenciar que se dedica­ mayoría, que entran en contacto con la zona du­ ba a cosas importantes, que su existencia no era rante el siglo XIX se observan dos actitudes que vulgar y que incluso podía ayudar a los intereses en realidad son una sola pero con caras diferen­ británicos. Sin embargo, a diferencia de los de­ tes. Están los diplomáticos, los militares y los más destaca de esta mujer su decidida voluntad administradores, convencidos de la superioridad en permanecer vinculada a Oriente Medio, en moral y política de Occidente y que, por ello, negarse a volver atrás, ni siquiera para morir me­ tratan de dar una forma europea a Oriente Me­ jor. Quizás como Chateaubriand, pero con mucha dio. Luego están los viajeros propiamente di­ más sinceridad, era un personaje construido al lle­ chos -arqueólogos, escritores, artistas, misione­ gar a su destino, al lugar del que en realidad nunca ros y turistas-, con parecida pasión eurocéntrica regresaría, final de trayecto y no aventura pasajera, pero con más gracia, casi sin excepción también parada intermedia o filón literario. determinados por la política y las realizaciones En tales casos la sólida personalidad y la con­ coloniales de sus compatriotas. Hay viajeros de dición europea contribuyen a que el viajero cul­ toda clase, edad y condición, menudean los tive en toda su extensión ese conocido estilo de snobs y el género va mejorando con el tiempo. representar un Oriente que no existe en sí mis­ Si se valora el tránsito del anticuario al arqueó- mo sino que reconstruye a través de sus lentes 96 Los Cuadernos de Viaje Lady Hester Stanhope, dibujos de R. J. Hamerton. occidentalistas, lo que de paso sirve para redimir soberbia europea de su actitud, que le llevó a penas y saciar la ansiedad. La sobrina del Primer participar en curiosísimas mascaradas. Eso no Ministro William Pitt, influyente incluso en el impide reconocer una vida la mar de original, nombramiento de ministros, era una mujer alta desde luego más de la que habría tenido que­ y fuerte, aficionada a la caza y la equitación, ca­ dándose en Londres. Además se las arregló muy bezona desde muy pequeña, orgullosa y domi­ bien. Consiguió hacer de los viajes toda una ex­ nante. «El ansia de poder la volvía violenta», periencia de salón; con Lord Byron en Atenas, afirmaría su fiel amigo el Dr. Meyron. Pocas po­ con George Canning, Ministro británico, en sibilidades debían ofrecer el momento y la so­ Constantinopla, etc. ciedad de Londres para una mujer de tales con­ Se encontró con Lamartine, Richard Burton, diciones. Además, a la muerte de su tío Lady William Kinglake, Burckhardt, Buckingham, Hester se encontró sin las rentas suficientes pa­ Wilkinson y Gertrude Bell, fuerecibida por Mo­ ra llevar una vida original o ser un buen partido. hamed Aly en El Cairo, Solimán Pacha le cedió Desaparecido William Pitt de golpe y porrazo se su caballo en Acre y, para colmo de homenajes y vio convertida en una señorita particular, con marchas triunfales ise coronó en Palmira! Cues­ pocos ingresos y muchos enemigos. Ni siquiera ta trabajo imaginar tal farsa si no es por las ma­ Londres mantuvo los motivos sentimentales ravillas de la autosugestión y la ayuda financiera que pudieran haberla retenido. Las muertes de del padre de su compañero, Michael Bruce, lo su amigo el general John Moore y de su herma­ que también dice mucho de su habilidad. Al lle­ no Charles en la batalla de La Coruña la decidie­ gar a Damasco se rumoreó que Lady Hester des­ ron emprender el largo viaje. cendía de los turcos y que su presencia en Siria El 10 de mayo de 1810 dejó para siempre su tenía algo que ver con el proyecto británico de país, desplazándose cada vez más hacia Oriente conquistar el país. Desde el primer momento en compañía de su hermano James, su criada pensó en seguir viaje a Palmira, donde la Reina Elisabeth Williams y un joven estudiante de Ox­ Zenobia fue coronada en el año 267. Se dirigió a la ford, Charles Meyron, que siempre se mantuvo ciudad al frente de una impresionante caravana de cerca de Lady Hester y escribió libros sobre sus soldados del Pachá de Damasco, siendo recibida viajes. La actividad de Lady Hester recuerda la como la Gran Reina Blanca entre guirnaldas, coro­ caracterización que Edward Said hace del orien­ nada bajo un arco triunfal. También se la aclamó talismo como manera de entender Oriente deri­ como Reina en Hamah. Nunca olvidaría creerse la vada del lugar político y mental que ocupa en la Reina de los Arabes, la Reina de los Beduínos, en expansión europea. De esta manera Oriente ad­ una especie de locura orientalista muy propia de quiere más valor como signo del poder europeo europeos, por lo general sin tanto exceso, que has­ que como discurso verídico, porque pese a que ta el fin de sus días subsistió en Lady Hester. luego adquieran valor propio, ni los viajes ni la Una persona en realidad marginada de la so­ literatura son política e históricamente inocen­ ciedad británica se imaginó la grandeza en la pe­ tes. En el caso de esta mujer, al leer las cartas y riferia. La redención del Pueblo Elegido, la lle­ conocer los lugares, sorprende la irreprimible gada del Mahdi con una mujer que compartiría 97 Los Cuadernos de Viaje Georg Emmanuel Opiz.-El Emir Bechir JI, el gran enemigo de Lady Hester Stanhope en Líbano, rinde homenaje a lbrahim Pacha, Comandante en Jefe del Ejército expedicionario egipcio, en San Juan de Acre, en diciembre de 1831. su misión, calmaban las ansias de profecías de caso pero no a la mediocridad de las otras, de Lady Hester en su carrera imparable hacia el quienes nada sabemos en absoluto. El resto de drama. En 1817 se fue a vivir a Djoun, cerca de los viajeros notables disfrutó de la aventura y Sidón, en el corazón de la tierra de los drusos. volvió a casa, y a los viajeros que no volvieron el Su casa supuso un lugar de refugio para quienes viaje les hizo célebres. Lady Hester ni regresó ni se hallaban desprotegidos en el que permanecía acabó bien, diferencias de las que cabría dedu­ aislada, rodeada de servidores y esclavos, ejer­ cir, por ese descenso asumido hacia el final la­ ciendo o creyendo que ejercía el poder en tan mentable y abandonado -tan distinto del Byron, estrecho círculo, como una especie de Sultana, tan poco épico-, una expresión de sinceridad con la idea de servir a la política británica y de suprema o una infinita muestra de cariño hacia constituir un enlace entre Oriente y Occidente. el particular Oriente que hizo suyo, incorporan­ A lo mejor Lady Hester no pudo darse cuenta do como mártir del orientalismo todas las defor­ todavía del volcán que por entonces y sin que maciones en la visión de las cosas. parezca extinguirse se estaba activando en Siria, Realmente no ganó nada persistiendo hasta el Líbano y Palestina, con Rusia, Francia y Gran término del viaje en el laberinto de una vida Bretaña defendiendo sus clientelas respectivas atormentada y de un país en guerra.
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