Memória Corporal, Literatura E História No Ballet-Drama K'iche' Rab'inal Achi

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Memória Corporal, Literatura E História No Ballet-Drama K'iche' Rab'inal Achi 15 ANTÔNIO AUGUSTO HORTA LIZA ENTRE MUNDOS, GESTOS E PALAVRAS: MEMÓRIA CORPORAL, LITERATURA E HISTÓRIA NO BALLET-DRAMA K’ICHE’ RAB’INAL ACHI Belo Horizonte UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS 2006 16 ANTÔNIO AUGUSTO HORTA LIZA ENTRE MUNDOS, GESTOS E PALAVRAS: MEMÓRIA CORPORAL, LITERATURA E HISTÓRIA NO BALLET-DRAMA K’ICHE’ RAB’INAL ACHI Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras: Estudos Literários, da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Literários. Área de concentração: Teoria da Literatura Linha de pesquisa: Literatura, História e Memória Cultural Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Graciela Inés Ravetti de Gómez Belo Horizonte Faculdade de Letras da UFMG 2006 17 Pa ukuxtabal re ri nuqaw Antônio Italo Liza jay re ukuxtabal re ri chomalaj * tikaneweex re chijaa (Paxil) . * Em memória de meu pai, Antônio Italo Liza , e da agradável população de Rab’inal (Guatemala). 18 RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetiva a realização de um estudo inter e multidisciplinar da obra Rab’inal Achi , considerada, até o presente momento, o principal remanescente da arte dramática mesoamericana. O Rab’inal Achi é reconhecido como patrimônio cultural da Guatemala, destacando-se, sobretudo, na condição de relíquia viva da comunidade k’iche’- achi , assentada no município de Rab’inal (Departamento da Baixa Vera Paz). Devido à longevidade e ao valor cultural deste objeto-tema de estudo, fez-se necessário construir uma abordagem que: primeiro, expusesse o processo de sua conformação como arquivo literário (século 19) k’iche’-achi , depois, atentasse para o seu valor como texto dramático e, por fim, destacasse os aspectos pertinentes à sua faceta de texto espetacular. Isso foi feito com base nas informações obtidas em um trabalho de campo (janeiro de 2005) e por intermédio do diálogo constante e complementar entre sete disciplinas, a saber, teoria da literatura, história, filosofia, antropologia, lingüística, arqueologia e semiótica teatral. Concluímos que o Rab’inal Achi foi concebido para ser uma versão dramatizada e alegórica dos fatos históricos que, desencadeados naquela região durante a época pré- hispânica, originaram a atual comunidade k’iche’-achi rab’inalense . É, portanto, um fragmento da memória histórico-cultural dessa comunidade indígena. Esse fragmento se apresenta com duas faces: uma escrita (memória do arquivo) e outra, corporificada (memória do corpo). Palavras-chave: Rab’inal-Achi , arte dramática mesoamericana, patrimônio, Guatemala, k’iche’-achi , memória. 19 ABSTRACT This research aims at developing an intra and multidisciplinary study of the work Rab’inal Achi , which is hitherto the main remaining piece of the Mesoamerican dramatic art. The Rab’inal Achi is known as Guatemala’s cultural patrimony, especially due to its being an alive relic of the k’iche’ community, located in the province of Rab’inal (Departamento da Baixa Vera Paz). Due to the longevity and cultural value of this study object, it was necessary to build an approach which would first show its formation as a k’iche’-achi literary archive (19 th century), then explore its value as a dramatic text and finally highlight the relevant facts to its facet as a spectacular text. We have concluded that Rab’inal Achi was created to be a dramatised and allegoric version of historical facts which, having occurred at that region during the pre- Hispanic epoch, originated the k’iche’-achi Rab’inal community. It is therefore a fragment of the historical and cultural memory of such indigenous community, a fragment which is presented not only as a written memory (archive memory) but also as an embodied one (body memory). Key words: Rab’inal-Achi , mesoamerican dramatic art , patrimony, Guatemala, k’iche’- achi , memory. 20 AGRADECIMENTOS * à Profa Dra. Graciela Inés Ravetti de Gómez, por ter compartilhado comigo seus vastos conhecimentos literários e experiência, orientando-me na concretização deste sonho acadêmico; * à Profa Dra. Sara del Carmen Rojo de la Rosa, por ter acreditado na viabilidade e importância deste projeto sobre o Rab’inal Achi ; * à Profa Dra. Haydée Ribeiro Coelho, pelas sugestões que culminaram na minha transferência para a Faculdade de Letras; * aos Profs. Doutores Brice e Marcos Alexandre, pela leitura minuciosa e pelas sugestões; * aos ex-colegas do mestrado, pelo aprendizado; * aos ex-professores e colegas da Universidade Nacional Autônoma do México (U.N.A.M.), pela rica formação cultural mesoamericana e pelos anos de fecunda convivência; * aos amigos mexicanos Rosana de Almeida, Miguel Ángel Guzmán, Dionísio Rodríguez Cabrera, Rafael Portillo e membros da família Parker; * a Carlos A. Aldana, guia guatemalteco, pela inesquecível viagem à cidade de Rab’inal; * a José León Coloch Garniga e aos atores e músicos da Xajooj Tun , pela receptividade, carinho e pelas lições de preservação da memória cultural k’iche’-achi ; * a Joaquín Cajbón e todos os funcionários do Museu Comunitário Rab’inal Achi (Guatemala), pela hospitalidade, confiança e apoio técnico; * a meus pais e irmãos, pelas vibrações positivas; * a Heleno Ribeiro Horta e Bruno Horta Liza, pelo auxílio no manejo das novas tecnologias; 21 * à Maria Cristina Novaes Raposo, pelo incentivo constante, leitura paciente e comentários críticos, mas, sobretudo, por compreender a importância dos momentos de solidão produtiva; * e, como não poderia faltar, a minha profunda gratidão ao Todo–poderoso Coração do Céu , Coração da Terra ( Ri ajaweel Uk’u’x Kaaj Uk’u’x Uleew ). 22 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES FIGURA 1 – Rede de tradução (Construção do Arquivo 2 ou brasseuriano )................................................................................. 58 FIGURA 2 – Ruínas do sítio arqueológico de Kajyub’ ................................... 70 FIGURA 3 – Ajaw Job’ Toj ................................................................................ 77 FIGURA 4 – Rab’inal Achi ................................................................................ 79 FIGURA 5 – K’iche’ Achi .................................................................................. 80 FIGURA 6 – Ixoq Mun ...................................................................................... 83 FIGURA 7 – Princesa das Plumas Verdes ........................................................ 85 FIGURA 8 – U Chuuch Q’uuq’ ......................................................................... 88 FIGURA 9 – B’aalam ......................................................................................... 90 FIGURA 10 – Koot ............................................................................................... 90 FIGURA 11 – B’aalam (detalhe posterior) ............................................................. 92 FIGURA 12 – Koot (detalhe posterior) ................................................................... 92 FIGURA 13 – Apresentação no átrio da Igreja de São Paulo – janeiro de 2005 ............................................................................................... 170 FIGURA 14 – Acessórios usados nas apresentações ......................................... 177 FIGURA 15 – Xajooj Tun como memória corporal .......................................... 186 23 SUMÁRIO 1. PRIMEIRAS PALAVRAS: A TÍTULO DE APROXIMAÇÃO TEMÁTICA ...................................................................................... 15 1.1. O Rab’inal Achi como objeto-tema de estudo ................................. 15 1.2. As metas: duas hipóteses de trabalho ............................................. 18 1.3. As fontes da pesquisa ........................................................................ 19 1.4. Os procedimentos metodológicos: a estética arqueológica ............ 23 2. ESCAVAÇÕES HISTÓRICAS – DA TRADIÇÃO ORAL E CÊNICA AO REGISTRO ESCRITO: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UM ARQUIVO ............................................. 27 2.1. Considerações sobre a tradução ...................................................... 27 2.2. A tradução como (re)construção da memória e a constituição do arquivo literário ................................................................................ 33 2.2.1. Charles-Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg: o sacerdote arquivista............................................................................................ 33 2.2.2. A captura do ballet-drama: a história da construção de um arquivo literário ................................................................................ 39 2.2.2.1. O método tradutório ......................................................................... 52 2.3. Palavras conclusivas: o Rab’inal Achi como arquivo k’iche’ ........ 59 3. ESCAVAÇÕES LITERÁRIAS – O TEXTO DRAMÁTICO RAB’INAL ACHI ............................................................................... 62 3.1. Conhecendo o texto ........................................................................... 62 3.1.1. O título e seu significado .................................................................. 62 24 3.1.2. Classificação, estrutura e contexto histórico do enunciado .......... 66 3.2. Os personagens da trama ................................................................. 72 3.2.1. Os protagonistas ................................................................................ 73 3.2.2. Personagens com figuração especial ................................................ 84 3.2.3. Figurantes secundários ..................................................................... 93 3.3. A interpretação
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