Stratégie De Maîtrise De L'energie Du Sénégal

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Stratégie De Maîtrise De L'energie Du Sénégal Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Rapport Final Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Figures Contenu FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ 6 TABLEAUX ........................................................................................................................................... 9 GLOSSAIRE ....................................................................................................................................... 12 I. LA PROBLEMATIQUE DE L’ENERGIE ................................................................................ 15 II. LE SECTEUR DE L’ENERGIE DU SENEGAL : CADRES, POTENTIELS ET CARACTERISTIQUES .............................................................................................................. 19 1. Le Cadre du Secteur de l’Energie 20 2. Le potentiel énergétique du Sénégal 23 3. Quelques chiffres clés de l’énergie au Sénégal 26 III. LA MAITRISE DE L’ENERGIE AU SENEGAL ..................................................................... 31 1. Qu’est-ce que l’efficacité énergétique ? 31 2. Historique de la Maîtrise de l’énergie au Sénégal 32 3. Etat de l’art de la Maîtrise de l’Energie au Sénégal 34 IV. ANALYSE DE L’OFFRE D’ENERGIE AU SENEGAL ........................................................... 43 1. L’offre d’électricité 43 2. L’offre d’hydrocarbures 53 3. L’offre des combustibles (hors hydrocarbures) 57 V. ANALYSE DE LA DEMANDE D’ENERGIE DU SENEGAL................................................. 61 1. La demande d’électricité 61 2. La demande d’hydrocarbures 66 3. La demande des autres combustibles 75 VI. PROJECTIONS DE LA DEMANDE D’ENERGIE.................................................................. 80 1. Introduction à la modélisation 80 1.1. Note d’hypothèses 80 1.2. Principes méthodologiques généraux 83 2. Modélisation de l’évolution du sous-secteur de l’électricité 86 2.1. Introduction des paramètres du modèle 86 2.2. Analyse des résultats 92 3. Modélisation du sous-secteur des hydrocarbures 102 4. Modélisation du sous-secteur des Combustibles 105 Page 2 of 293 Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Figures 5. Synthèse de la demande du Sénégal 109 VII. BENCHMARK DES POLITIQUES DE MAITRISE DE L’ENERGIE ............................... 111 1. Dispositions de Gouvernance 111 2. Dispositions Economiques et Financières 114 3. Dispositions de Mise en œuvre 115 4. Actions de maîtrise de l’énergie 118 5. Etudes de cas 118 5.1. Cas de l’Afrique du Sud : Efficacité énergétique des équipements dans le bâtiment 118 5.2. Cas de la Tunisie : Cadre institutionnel et réforme du sous-secteur de l’électricité 119 5.3. Cas de la Lettonie : Financement de projet d’efficacité énergétique par une ESCO 122 VIII. DEFINITION DE LA STRATEGIE DE MAITRISE DE L’ENERGIE DU SENEGAL 124 1. Renforcer le Cadre de Gouvernance 125 1.1. Renforcer le cadre institutionnel 125 1.2. Renforcer le cadre réglementaire 127 2. Développer les dispositions économiques et financières 131 3. Faciliter la mise en œuvre de la stratégie de maîtrise de l’énergie 134 4. Evaluation des actions d’économies d’énergie ciblées 139 4.1. Méthodologie et Hypothèses de calcul des économies d’énergie 140 4.2. Economies d’énergie dans l’électricité 147 4.2.1. Economies d’énergie dans la climatisation 148 4.2.1.1. Sensibilisation des usagers 148 4.2.1.2. Climatisation active et Améliorations technologiques 150 4.2.1.3. Amélioration de l’enveloppe des bâtiments 150 4.2.2. Economies d’énergie dans les équipements électroménagers 157 4.2.3. Economies d’énergie dans le froid 161 4.2.4. Economies d’énergie dans les procédés électriques 164 4.2.5. Economies d’énergie dans les équipements de bureau 167 4.2.6. Economies d’énergie dans les équipements de loisir 170 4.2.7. Economies d’énergie dans l’éclairage 173 4.2.8. Economies d’énergie dans la force motrice 177 Page 3 of 293 Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Figures 4.2.8.1. Variation de vitesse 177 4.2.8.2. Moteurs à haut rendement 178 4.2.9. Economies d’énergie dans la ventilation 182 4.2.9.1. Conception efficace 182 4.2.9.2. Moteurs à haut rendement 183 4.2.10. Economies d’énergie dans l’eau chaude sanitaire 187 4.2.11. Sensibilisation des usagers 191 4.2.12. Synthèse des actions dans le sous-secteur de l’électricité 201 4.3. Economies d’énergie dans les hydrocarbures 207 4.3.1. Economies dans le transport 208 4.3.1.1. Renouvellement du parc 208 4.3.1.2. Transport public 212 4.3.1.3. Changement de mode de transport 214 4.3.1.4. Sensibilisation des usagers 216 4.3.2. Synthèse des actions dans le sous-secteur des hydrocarbures 217 4.4. Economies d’énergie dans les combustibles 218 4.4.1. Foyers améliorés pour la cuisson 219 4.4.2. Cuisson solaire 221 4.4.3. Sensibilisation des usagers 223 4.4.4. Synthèse des actions dans le sous-secteur des combustibles 224 IX. PLAN D’ACTIONS POUR LA MISE EN ŒUVRE .............................................................. 226 1. Programme 1 – Création d’un cadre institutionnel et réglementaire du marché de maîtrise de l’énergie 226 2. Programme 2 – Mise en place des dispositifs de financement et de mise en œuvre pour la stratégie de maitrise de l’énergie 228 3. Programme 3 – Déploiement des actions d’économies d’énergie dans les différents sous-secteurs 231 X. MISE A NIVEAU DE L’AEME ............................................................................................... 235 1. Alignement de l’organisation de l’AEME à la SMES 235 2. Renforcement des cadres institutionnel, juridique et réglementaire de l’AEME 236 3. Allocation optimale des ressources (technique, humaines et financières) 237 Page 4 of 293 Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Figures XI. CONCLUSION GENERALE ET SYNTHESE DES ACTIONS DANS LE SECTEUR DE L’ENERGIE ............................................................................................................................... 238 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ........................................................................................................................... 240 ANNEXES ......................................................................................................................................... 243 Page 5 of 293 Stratégie de Maîtrise de l’Energie du Sénégal (SMES) Figures Figures Figure 1 : Illustration du Cadre Institutionnel du Secteur de l'Energie au Sénégal .......................................... 22 Figure 2 : Cartographie du potentiel solaire au Sénégal (Etude MVVDECON 2010) ......................................... 25 Figure 3 : Evolution du taux d'électrification au Sénégal ................................................................................ 26 Figure 4 : Evolution des tarifs moyens de l'électricité distribuée par la SENELEC ............................................ 27 Figure 5 : Evolution des tarifs moyens de l'Essence (Super) et du Gasoil ........................................................ 28 Figure 6 : Coût spécifique des combustibles domestiques suivant les différentes régions .............................. 29 Figure 7 : Illustration du déséquilibre de la balance énergétique du Sénégal à travers le taux d'indépendance énergétique. Source : SIE-Sénégal 2013. ................................................................................................. 30 Figure 8 : Impact de l'efficacité énergétique sur les projections d'émissions de CO2 ...................................... 32 Figure 9 : Composition du mix énergétique pour l’offre d’électricité au Sénégal, situation de 2013. Capacités installées en MW et proportion dans le mix. Hors capacités des autoproducteurs. ................................ 44 Figure 10 : Histogramme et répartition des unités de production d’électricité (SENELEC, IPP et Réseau Interconnecté) en 2013 ........................................................................................................................... 45 Figure 11 : Evolution de la production d'énergie et de la pointe du réseau .................................................... 46 Figure 12 : Structure des pertes d’énergie électrique de la production à la distribution (Source : SENELEC) ... 46 Figure 13 : Evolution de l'énergie non distribuée depuis 2009 (Source : SENELEC) .......................................... 47 Figure 14 : Carte du réseau de transport d’énergie électrique du Sénégal (Lignes actuelles et en projets) ..... 48 Figure 15 : Répartition des projets du nombre de ménages ruraux électrifiés ................................................ 49 Figure 16 : Projection de l’évolution de la capacité de production d’énergie électrique du Sénégal ............... 51 Figure 17 : Projection du Mix Energétique de la Production d’électricité au Sénégal en 2025 ........................ 52 Figure 18 : Evolution de la structure du réseau de transport d’énergie électrique entre 2013 et 2018 ........... 53 Figure 19 : Illustration de la chaîne de valeur du secteur des hydrocarbures .................................................. 54 Figure 20 : Consommations de combustibles et proportion dans le bilan global du Sénégal (Energie primaire) ............................................................................................................................................................... 57 Figure 21 : Illustration de la meule traditionnelle ........................................................................................... 59 Figure 22 : Illustration
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