New trend in lubricants packaging P.20 Consumer choices lubricants survey P.18

www.lubesafrica.com

VOL.4 • JULY-SEPTEMBER 2012

NOT FOR SALE

MAIN FEATURE Improving plant maintenance through condition monitoring A guide to oil analysis

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 1 PLUS: THE MARKET REPORT P.4 Inside Front Cover Full Page Ad

2 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 WWW.L u b e S A FR I C A .COM VOL 4 CONTENTS JULY—SEPTEMBER 2012 NEWS • INDUSTRY UPDATE • NEW PRODUCTS • TECHNOLOGY • COMMENTARY

MAIN FEATURE 14 | Oil ANALYSIS — THE FUNDAMENTALS

INSIDE REGULARS

7 | COUNTRY Feature 2 | Editor’s Desk lubricants market 4 | The Market Report — a brief overview Eac to remove preferential tariff treatment on MAIN FEATURE 10 | lubes produced within Lubrication and condition monitoring Eac block to improve plant availability Motorol Lubricants Open Shop 14 | MAIN FEATURE In Puma Energy plans buyout of Oil analysis — The Fundamentals KenolKobil 18 | ADVERTISER’S FEATURE Additives exempted from Consumer choices lubricants survey PVoC standards — GFK 6 | Questions from our readers 20 | PACKAGING FEATURE 28 | Last Word Engine oil performance in New trends in lubricants packaging 8 MAINTENANCE numbers 22 | TECHNOLOGY FEATURE FEATURE Oil degradation Turbochargers 26 | PROFILE and lubrication 28 10 questions for lubricants 24 professionals EQUIPMENT 27 | ADVERTISER’S FEATURE FEATURE Lubrication equipment The ultimate solution in sugar mill for a profitable and lubrication professional workshop

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 1 Turn to Turbochargers and lubrication P.8

new trend in lubricants packaging P.20 Consumer choices lubricants survey P.18

www.lubesafrica.com

VOL.4 • JULY-SEPTEMBER 2012 nOT FOR SaLe EDITOR’SDESK VOL 3 • JANUARY-MARCH 2012

MAIN FEATURE Improving plant maintenance through Editorial condition monitoring A guide to oil analysis One year and July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 1 PLuS: THe MaRKeT RePORT P.4 still counting! Publisher: Lubes Ltd elcome to volume four of Lubezine magazine. This edition is a major landmark Editor: in the young history of the magazine as it Susan Mwangi marks one year since Lubezine came to the scene.W Thanks to our loyal advertisers and contributors, this Design & Layout: magazine has consistently rolled off the press every quarter Andrew Muchira and continues with its objective of informing the industry on matters technology and new developments in market. Contributors: One year is a long time for a dynamic market like this one. Thanks to our Many things have changed and only those marketers willing to loyal advertisers Andrew Monk change with the shifting dynamics will find the going bearable. To mention but a few of these changes, ownership of major and contributors, Jonathan Njine lubricant marketing companies have changed or are in the this magazine Edwin Kamau process of changing ownership, the emergence of independent Ken Koskei oil marketers has continued with each bringing on board their has consistently James Wakiru range of lubes and thus intensifying the competition, multi- rolled off the Lucy Wanjohi nationals that had earlier exited from the region are keen to press every Joseph Kitui reintroduce their lubricants through distributors, etc. Lubezine has been part and parcel of these changes by being quarter and Joseph Ndung’u one of the most trusted sources of information in the market continues with Richard Mugambi for lubricant end-users, lube marketers and other associated its objective suppliers. Looking ahead, Lubezine is determined to continue Photography: playing a central role in informing and bringing technology of informing Bettercom Media services news to the industry. the industry Lubezine library Preventive maintenance remains the surest way of optimiz- on matters ing plant operations. Fluid condition monitoring constitutes one of the best available tools of continuously monitoring the technology Art Direction: machinery health with an objective of avoiding expensive and new Zeus Media Ltd breakdowns and down times. We extensively look at how and developments in [email protected] why condition monitoring needs to be done. An in-depth look at one way of monitoring the condition of the lubricant in service market. Advertising & through oil analysis is featured. Subscription: In this edition we feature GfK, an international research [email protected] company that has carried out a consumer choice survey on lubricants. The survey was conducted in Kenya’s retail sector www.lubesafrica.com consisting of small to medium sized spare shops, to measure which lubricant grades, brands, packs and prices are prevailing in the market. The research was significant in that it sought to establish end-user preferences at the retail outlets. Any lubricant marketer interested in understanding how this sector is evolv- Subscriptions: Lubezine is free to qualified subscribers who are involved in the lubricants ing will definitely find the research report useful.. industry as manufacturer’s end-users, marketers and suppliers to the oil industry. Lubezine is a quarterly publication of Lubes Africa Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be produced or transmitted in any form including photocopy or any storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the publishers. Joseph Ndung’u 2 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 WHO IS READING

K! guide to buying lubricants P.10 LOO A EW es P.16 Issue 002 LUBEZINE?N basics of oil additiv October-December The www.lubesafrica.com

W W W . L U B E S A F R I C A . C O M

Issue 002 October-December www.lubesafrica.com

Focusing on Africa’s lubrication needs

Focusing on A frica’s lubricatiNOT FonOR SneedALE s BEARING FAILURE and lubrication BEARING FAILUR Gulf Energy AILURE Launches Lubanrdicants lubrication AviationGulf Energy LubLaunchesricants Lubricants Aviation AviationLub ricants Lubricants

FOCUS ON Kirinyaga Inside Kenya’s lubricants capital Road

1 Januar y-Ma rch 2 012 LUBE ZINE MAGAZINE PLUS: THE MARKET REPORT P.4

ants capital Lubezinelubr icis a free magazine to qualified subscribers The readership includes: • Users of lubricants in industrial, transport and aviation sectors.

• Lubricants manufacturers and marketers. • Suppliers of lubricants packaging materials. • Suppliers of lubrication equipments.

If you wish to communicate to any of the above groups about your products, Lubezine offers the most direct link To advertise, phone Lubezine sales team at: July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 3 +254 20 2011588 or e-mail: [email protected] See also Oil degradation P.22 THEMarketREPORT NEWS • BRIEFING • NEW PRODUCTS • TECHNOLOGY

TARIFFS Eac to remove preferential tariff treatment on lubes produced within eac block

he East African According to the EAC rules treatment in accordance with heads, production losses and Community trading of origin, products produced the provisions of the EAC other miscellaneous expenses. block comprises of five within the block can be origin. The EAC secretariat With the exception of base countriesT two of which blend exported to member countries was represented by customs oil and additives cost, all the lubricants. Kenya and Tanzania at preferential tariff treatment. officer in charge of tariffs and other costs were taken to be have fully fledged blending Generally, this means that the valuation, Mr. Ally Alexander. value addition costs. For most plants that produce various products will be exempted The experts visited two blend- products the percentage value grades of lubricants. These from duty payment. ing plants in Tanzania namely addition was ranging from 33% are then exported to other In February of this year, Oryx oil and Petrolube and to 34%. The minimum value EAC member countries like a team comprising custom those in Kenya namely Oilibya stipulated by the commission , and Uganda. experts from Rwanda, Burundi, and Kenya Shell. is 40% value addition. Additionally, some lubricants Tanzania , Uganda and Kenya To determine how much Consequently the team of blended in Kenya are exported concluded a research whose value addition was incurred experts concluded that most to Tanzania and vice versa. objectives was to study the pro- in blending lubricants in the lubricants produced in the The product are also exported duction process and establish region, the costs of the products region do not meet the value to other non-EAC member the extent of transformation were broken down into the cost addition threshold required countries such as , and ascertain if the lubricating of base oils, additives, packag- to qualify for preferential DRC, Djibouti, South oils produced within the block ing materials , direct labour treatment under the EAC rules and . qualify for preferential tariff ,cost, direct expenses, over- of origin. .

NEW PRODUCT Motorol Lubricants Open Shop In Kenya

OIL ZONE FZE, one of the leading manufacturing and blending unit of about 120 grades of high lubricants manufacturers based in the year 2004, manufacturing quality lubricants and Specialty in UAE has opened up shop in and marketing the products products. The range includes Kenya where it is trading as under the brand name of automotive, industrial and OILZONE () LTD. MOTOROL lubricants.” We are specialty oils such as printing ink The company markets equipped with state of the art oil and aluminum rolling oil. lubricants under the brand name manufacturing facilities and a Mr. Jitesh affirms that the com- “Motorol”. With its headquarters highly trained professional work pany’s ability to offer better stock located along Mombasa road, the force with more than 3 decades management along with shipping company is also serving Uganda of experience,” said the country time means that the company and plans to venture into the operations manager, Mr. Jitesh can process orders quickly and Tanzanian market soon. Barot ensure faster delivery times. MOTOROL lubricants foray According to Mr. Jitesh, the This helps in achievement of in the oil segment began in innovative technical team at the company’s motto “Nobody 1970 in India. OILZONE FZE MOTOROL Lubricants has been benefits more than a MOTOROL was established as a lubricants responsible for development Lubricants Customer”. .

4 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 Turn to “Sometimes packaging is so P.20 important that it cost more than the product itself in order to lure the consumers to buy it.”

STANDARDS Additives exempted from PVoC standards

According to the latest HS Code Kenya PVoC (Pre-Export Verifica- tion of Conformity to Standards) regulated product list, additives for lubricating oils have been exempted from PVoC regulations. Additives for lubricating oils fall under the EAC HS code 3811.19.00 and previously required pre- shipment inspection before being imported into the country. Some industry players feel that KenolKobil service station in this exemption could cause prob- lems in the industry because the TAKEOVER pre-shipment inspection allowed for an independent check and Puma Energy plans control on the quality of additives Base oil cost Additives cost buyout of KenolKobil 30% 70% Average wiss oil firm Puma lubricant brands in the Afri- Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, lubes cost breakdown Energy has kicked can market. These lubricants DRC, Namibia, Zambia and off its bid for a 100 are blended in Mombasa, South Africa. Through the Spercent takeover of KenolKo- Kenya and in Ndola, Zambia. acquisition of BP’s opera- bil with a declaration that The Mombasa Plant serves tions in , it intends to offer minority the East Africa Communities Puma Energy acquired that are allowed into the country shareholders the option of (EAC) member countries as distributorship of Castrol against international standards. selling their shares through well as Eastern DR Congo, lubricants across five African Locally blended lubricants a mandatory general offer. South Sudan and Somalia. countries of Botswana, account for over 85% of the total Once Puma Energy acquires The Zambia Blending Plant Namibia, Malawi, Tanzania requirements of the country and all available shares, the oil in Ndola serves Central and Zambia. Puma Energy many players are switching to marketing firm will effec- African countries of Zambia also markets its own brand of local blends due to the economies tively change status from a itself and Lubumbashi in the lubricants, Puma Lubricants, of scale (Duty savings where public to a private company. Katanga Region of Southern covering a wide application raw materials attract a duty of KenolKobil, which oper- Congo DR. range. 10% whereas finished lubricants ates in 10 African countries, Puma Energy is already Puma Energy is a sub- mostly attract 25%). With raised its pretax earnings operating in a number of sidiary of , the third approximately 70% of the cost of a by 74 percent last year to countries in Africa where it largest petroleum trading finished lubricant attributed to the 4.9 billion shillings ($58.93 is trading in the middle and company in the world which cost of additives, this shows the million). KenolKobil markets downstream markets. These has interests in oil, coal and importance of having control of Kenol, Kobil and Castrol countries are Ghana, Angola, shipping among others. . the same. .

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 5 See also Oil analysis — the fundamentals P.14 O U R E X P E R T S T A C K L E QUESTIONS ALL YOUR QUERIES FROM OUR READERS

We have noted colour such as calcium sulfonate which can changes in the oils we considerably darken a finished oil. receive. Sometimes If your lubricant supplier has made the oil is light colored, a formulation change, this can lead to a cloudy or darker, what causes corresponding colour change. this? — William Karenga It is important that lubricant suppliers disclose planned formulation changes to Most oils have different colour charac- their customers in advance to avoid any teristics. There are various reasons why panic due to the same. If one receives an an oil would have a different colour from out of norm delivery which is cloudy, another one. whilst previous deliveries have been clear For most of the oils made from Group I and bright, some common issues can be mineral base oil, slight changes in colour attributed to this such as: or darkness often occur due to differ- 1. Insoluble additives (blend plant or ences in crude stock determined by the storage stability problems) crude source. Colour marks in mineral 2. Water contamination in the oil oils are generally associated with sulfur 3. Accidental cross-mixing of lubricant or aromatic impurities. The darker the types where additives or base oils have base oil, the more of these impurities you clashed usually find. Mineral oils with higher 4. Solid impurities in the oil viscosity often are characterized with 5. Low cloud point (wax crystallization) darker colours. It is advisable when in doubt to contact Certain additives can also contribute your lubricant supplier for clarification to colour, especially those containing and an analysis can be done to resolve sulfur. A good example is detergents this. .

Are synthetic automo- OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer) is designed to stop metal-to-metal contact tive engine oils com- specifications and the oil manufacturers taking place between transmission com- patible with mineral specifications. This can also be verified by oil ponents like the gears themselves. The EP and other synthetic analysis testing at different intervals during additives are usually based on sulphur and engine oils? Are they use which can give the estimated extended phosphorous i.e. sulphur-phosphorous capable to extend drain intervals? drain interval an oil can reach. compounds. These elements bond to the — Peter Mulwa If by-pass filtration and oil analysis is metal surfaces where there are points of used, then drain intervals can be extended extreme pressure and temperature, forming Yes, synthetic oils for passenger cars and until the lab results indicate the oil needs to a chemical layer which wears out avoiding light trucks use are fully compatible with be changed. This can be several thousands Metal-to metal contact. petroleum oil and other synthetic lubricants. of kilometres depending on the variables. This additive gives the oil some character- But, even though they are compatible it is However, to gain a long drain interval, several istic smell hence it is easy to know that the best not to mix different brands of oil. other issues need to be addressed to avoid oil has the EP additive. Worth to note is that Each brand of oil has a specific chemistry compromising the engine performance and one should not use gear oil with high treat of and additive package and two different oils life at the expense of the long drain interval. EP additives in gear boxes with yellow metals mixed together may result in loss of optimal The air filtration system and oil filtration like brass and bronze. The EP Additives performance as they were engineered to if system should be in the best condition to can react with the yellow metals and cause the chemistries of the oil becomes offset by gain the benefit. problems. Ideally, gear oils meeting API GL-4 mixing with another brand of oil. would be okay for such applications. . It is advisable to drain your oil completely What does EP mean in and charge the system with new oil to be able a gear oil? — Benson We encourage technical questions to get all the benefits of the new oil. Kiprop from our readers. Lubezine’s team of On the issue of extending the drain lubricants specialist will be on hand interval, some are and some are not capable. EP means extreme pressure and refers to to answer your queries. E-mail: info@ The only way to confirm, is to check the an additive used in gear oils. This additive lubesafrica.com

6 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 COUNTRY FEATURE

EAST AFRICA Uganda lubricants market — a brief overview By Edwin Kamau he Ugandan economy is considered to be amongst the fastest growing economies T in the world and in Africa in particular. With this growth, comes an increase in the usage of automobiles and machineries, with new industries being set up day-in and day- out. The lubricants market has seen a steady growth from the days when it was dominated by multinationals to the current situation where there are numerous independent lubricants suppliers with a sizeable market share. The notable lubricants brands include Total, Shell, Enoc, Fuchs, Engen, Valvoline, Kobil, Mogas International and Hass. Just like in other countries in the region, cheap, low quality products have flooded the Ugandan market and this is evidenced by the The lubricants market many such lubricants available in downtown areas of Kiseka market. This area seen a steady growth is the hub of retail lubricants business in the from the days when country. Here, the movement of a brand is it was dominated by solely determined by the mechanics and their opinion moves the market. multi-nationals to now Nevertheless, increased awareness and when there are numerous Participants in a training workshop organized by City use of top of the range vehicles have seen independent lubricants Lubes, displaying 4T oil from Enoc. Use of 4T oil is the Ugandan market demanding the latest growing in the Ugandan market. Below: Motorcycle service clinic by City Lubes in Kampala. specifications of oil including fully synthetic suppliers with a sizeable lubricants like 5w 30 and 10w 40. Companies market share motorcycles, the oil of choice has been motor like Cooper Motors who deal in vehicles like oils and specifically monogrades such as SAE the Range Rover and Suzuki are now using 50. But this is changing thanks to the intro- oils like 5W20 and 5W30. Enoc lubricants, duction of four stroke motorcycle specific oils through its distributor CITY LUBES have by notable lubes marketers. These include, launched into the market 5W 30 which is a Protec 4T from Enoc Lubricants, Special 4T fully synthetic lubricant. oil from Total and Reliance 4T by Gapco. Additionally , VERMACO, a local dealer of 4 Four Stroke Motor Cycle Oils Gains stroke motor cycles ( Bajaaj) has also intro- Prominence in Ugandan Market duced own label of 4T oil .The motorcycle oil Though the use of two wheelers in Uganda sector has become the most competitive seg- has been gaining popularity for the last 10 ment and this has seen lubricant marketers years ,the lubricants marketers have not conducting town by town service clinics, to been moving in to capitalize on this and the popularize their brands. . servicing of the motorcycles has been left to — Edwin Kamau works for City Lubes( the prerogative of the mechanics who use any U) Ltd. City lubes is the authorised oil as long as its friendly to their pockets. distributor of ENOC lubricants in With a shift from two stroke to four stroke Uganda.

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 7 MAINTENANCE FEATURE

Auto components

power; on the other hand, a turbo charger is Turbochargers much smaller and lighter. Additionally, a turbo charger is powered by the exhaust gases of the engine, which would normally just leave the engine and vehicle unused. and lubrication The construction and operation of a tur- By Joseph bocharger places considerable strain on the Ndung’u turbocharger delivering it to the air intake manifold of the lubricating oil. The lubrication system plays an Mr Ndung’u has is a radial fan engine at higher pressure, resulting in a greater essential role in prolonging the life expectancy been working in Apump driven mass of air entering each cylinder. The addi- of a turbocharger by lubricating, cooling, and the lubricants by the energy of the tional oxygen makes it possible to add more cleaning the bearings. Issues associated with industry for the exhaust gases of an fuel, increasing the power and torque output lubrication have been identified as contributing past 8 years in engine. It consists of a of the engine while reducing emissions close to 40 % of all failures of the turbochargers. area of Sales & turbine and a compres- The function of a turbo charger is to increase A turbo charger consists of free-floating Marketing and sor on a shared shaft. the power output of an engine by up to 30%, rotational type journal bearings that float on Technical support The turbine converts without adjusting the engine itself. It therefore a six-to-nine micron film of oil. A free-floating the heat energy from improves on the size- to output efficiency of an bearing revolves around both bearing and shaft, the exhaust to power, which then drives the engine. Typically, an engine would have to be and bearing and bearing housing. The shaft and compressor, compressing ambient air and made larger and consequently heavier to gain bearings must soar on a constant, clean film of

Common causes of lubrication failure The following problems associated with supply line should be checked frequently to organic acids of which there are two main lubrication can lead to turbochargers failures: make sure it is not kinked or bent and it should types: those with low boiling points and those • Low engine oil pressure or levels always be replaced with a line of equal size, which are highly corrosive. • Oil deterioration length and strength. These products are responsible for several • Blocked oil supply or drain lines of the problems on diesel engines and turbo- • Contaminated lubricant Improper start-up and shutdown chargers. If the acids are allowed to become • Improper start-up and shutdown procedure procedure concentrated, they will attack the bearings etc., The easiest way to damage a turbocharger causing pitting and subsequent failure. Also, Lack of Lubricant is through improper start-up and shutdown they will be responsible for sludge formation in Oil not only lubricates the turbocharger’s procedures. The engine should be left to idle the oil; this is then deposited throughout the spinning shaft and bearings, it also carries for at least 30 seconds (no load) after start-up engine, particularly in the filters aggravating away heat. When oil flow stops or is reduced, and before shutdown. Warming the engine up the turbocharger oil supply. Heavier oxidation heat is immediately transferred from the hot before applying a load allows oil pressure to causes hard varnish to appear. Where sludge turbine wheel to the bearings, which are also build up and lines to fill with oil. is allowed to accumulate in the oil systems, heating up because of the increased friction Idling the engine before shutdown allows as this passes through the turbo it is thrown due to the lack of oil. This combination causes the engine and turbocharger to cool. “Hot” by centrifugal force from the rotating shaft the turbocharger shaft temperature to increase shutdowns can cause the turbocharger to against the walls and internal surfaces of the rapidly. If oil flow does not increase and the fail because after high-speed operation, the bearing housing where it can stick and impede process continues, bearings will fail. Once turbocharger will continue to rotate long after the free oil flow. In time the build-up will cause the bearings fail (which can happen in just the engine has been shut off and oil pressure problems with oil drainage, resulting in oil seconds) seals, shaft, turbine and compressor has dropped to zero. This will cause heat to leaking from the turbine end of the unit. If this wheels can also be damaged. Turbo charger build up and possible bearing damage. It can matter is allowed to accumulate on the turbine failure due to lack of oil can be identified by the also cause carbon and varnish deposits to side, the heat will cause a baking of the oil to blue coloration on the bearing or shaft. form. take place and the result is usually imbalance The principle causes of turbocharger bear- in the turbocharger system. ing lubrication problems are low oil pressure , Oil deterioration a bent, plugged or undersized oil lube supply The high temperatures that are present in Restricted oil Drainage line, or plugged or restricted oil galleries in the modern diesel engines can cause oils to break- A turbocharger can be damaged by restricted turbocharger. down. This action produces carbonaceous lube oil drainage. The lubricating oil carries Oil levels and pressure should always be materials, which stick to the engine parts. away heat generated by friction from the closely monitored and all worn hoses and Oxidation is caused by the hydrocarbons in bearings and from the hot exhaust gases. If lines should be replaced. The turbocharger oil the oil mixing with the oxygen; this produces drainage back to the sump is impeded, the

8 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 See also Consumer choices lubricants survey – GFK P.18 AIR OUT Cut-away section of a turbocharger

Bearing oil to prevent direct contact with each other which would result in damage. Any lack of oil flow or foreign contaminant, i.e. dirt, sand, or metal shavings in the oil will cause excess Turbine Wheel wear and/or scaring on the bearing surfaces. This wear will often increase the clearances between rotating components resulting in excess shaft motion. A large amount of shaft motion is harmful to the life of a turbocharger. Additionally, the basic operation of a turbocharger encompasses a turbine and a AIR IN EXHAUST OUT compressor on a common shaft. The turbine is driven by exhaust gas, which in turn drives the compressor that injects compressed air into the engine. This shaft can rotate up to 170,000 RPM. A lack of sufficient lubrication at such high speeds will have dire consequences. The Compressor Wheel exhaust gases temperature can reach 5000C which can easily break down the oil. . EXHAUST IN

bearings will overheat and get damaged which exhaust systems should be performed. The fuel 1. It must be multigrade: will lead ultimately to its failure. There are two delivery and timing should also be checked. A multigrade oil, for example 15w- 40 flows primary reasons for restricted drainage. A easily during engine startup and does not blocked drain tube, due to either damage or a Oil Contamination thin out at elevated temperatures. The low buildup of sludged oil or high crankcase pres- Another cause of turbocharger failure is temperature flow ability enables the oil to sure which can be due to restricted crankcase contaminated oil. It can be caused by a worn quickly reach the turbocharger at start up breather or excessive engine blowby. or damaged oil filter or not changing the lube while the high temperature ensures the oil The turbocharger should be periodically oil at recommended intervals. Expecting the will not thin out and loose its viscosity at high checked to ensure that the oil drain tube and oil filter to remove dirt, sand, metal chips, etc. temperatures. engine breather tube are free from damage from the oil before they reach the engine or or restriction. Correction of these conditions turbocharger can be a costly mistake because 2. It must have a leads to longer turbocharger life. contaminated oil may completely bypass the high viscosity index: engine oil filter if the oil filter or oil cooler is When subjected to high temperatures, oil Abnormally High Exhaust clogged, if the filter element is improperly tends to lose its viscosity by some degree. Temperatures installed, or if the oil is thick during cold The rate of this change is indicated by its Elevated exhaust temperatures cause coking weather. The particles in the oil will cause viscosity index. A high viscosity index oil of oil which can lead to bearing failure. Extreme bearing wear and bearing – housing bore wear undergoes little change in viscosity with over-temperature operation can cause wheel or if the particles are large enough, they will temperature increase while a low viscosity burst. There are two basic causes of abnormal block the oil passages thus starving unit of index oil has its viscosity changing by wide temperatures. The first is restricted air flow lubricant. To prevent oil contamination, the margin with temperature rise. With the high and the second is overpowering the engine. area around the oil fill cap should be cleaned temperatures that are typical in turbocharg- In either case the engine has more fuel than before adding oil and the lubricant handling ers , the lubricating should process a available air for proper combustion, this over equipments and containers should be viscosity index of above 100. fueled condition leads to elevated exhaust inspected to ensure that they are clean and temperatures. free from dust or other harmful particles. 3. It should be of high Causes of restricted air flow can include performance grade: damaged inlet piping, clogged air filters, Important properties High performance lubricants are formulated excessive exhaust restriction, or operation at of lubricating oils with premium quality additives to prevent extreme altitudes. Overpowering generally oxidation and deposits build up. One should is due to improper fuel delivery or injection Oil chosen for use in a turbo charged vehicle choose a lubricant that has a high API rating timing. If over temperature operation has been should at minimum exhibit the following for example, API CI-4 for diesel engine oils. identified, an inspection of the air inlet and characteristics:

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 9 MAIN FEATURE

Predictive maintenance Lubrication and condition monitoring to improve plant availability

Eur.Ing. Andrew Monk. C.Eng. M.I.Mech.E., M.E.I. Managing Director Lubrisolve Engineering Solutions Ltd. www.lubrisolve.co.uk

Profile: Andrew runs a Lubrication and Engineering consultancy, based Holroyd acoustic Emission equipment being used on a fan bearing. in the UK, and has been involved in The basic principles used in the manufacturing process. In the case the application of he manufacturing industry is no differ- of a new plant, there is obviously the initial lubricants for over ent from most other types of businesses purchase price of the individual plant items 25 years in many T in that the service that they provide, and, prior to purchasing, an in-depth analy- different parts of or the products which they produce, must sis has to be undertaken as to the predicted the world. He is ultimately deliver a profit. This is not always payback period. In other words, how long a an experienced what happens in practice, of course, as any particular item of plant has to be in operation, professional business can have a bad set of financial figures so as to be able to repay the initial amount in all aspects for any given year which may not be attribut- of lubricants, able directly to that particular business, but lubrication, may be due to extraneous market forces. The and lubricating size of any particular business determines Condition monitoring is a natural equipment. whether that business can absorb a finan- cially poor year or not. partner to good lubricating practices However, the costs associated with running and if we deem ourselves to be such a business can be many and diverse, and generally varying in magnitude in direct efficient and effective at one then it relation to the size of the respective plants follows that we should be proficient themselves. A significant cost is naturally attributable to the actual equipment and plant at the other.

10 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 See also Engine oil perfomance in numbers P.28

spent. It stands to reason therefore, that the and indeed, reduce the associated mainte- for whatever situation it would be extremely higher the operating efficiency of the plant in nance frequencies. beneficial to have an indication as to the question, the shorter the payback period and It could be said, therefore, that the life of condition of an item of plant, or its compo- the sooner that item of the plant will start to any plant, or its components, could be fairly nents, at any given time. Good maintenance operate at a profit. accurately predicted based on the combina- engineers, who are responsible for the welfare After this initial payback period, the plant, tion of past experience and good lubricating of the plant and who usually have some form which is part of the overall production proc- practices, and this is indeed the case, but of financial accountability, do not want to be ess, has a running cost and if an item of plant such calculations are generally based on the faced with unplanned maintenance or plant is unable to support that production process, plant operating at designed or, at the very repairs which occur unexpectedly and with- due to a malfunction, then it is costing that least, known parameters. Adverse operating out warning, as they will know that the asso- company money. The cost of that malfunc- conditions, planned or otherwise, are not ciated costs will be significantly higher than a tion does not merely comprise of the replace- always taken into account and often, within planned repair, due to the fact that there may ment cost of the respective failed component the manufacturing industry, the plant does well be associated damage, as mentioned parts, but also the associated labour costs and not operate within known or planned limits, previously, and there will also be additional could well include lost production. These dictated either by desirability, necessity, or downtime costs. As fate would have it, there related downtime costs could be significant, accidentally, which is where assumptions on are a lot of instances where such unplanned and certainly higher than at first envisaged, plant or component life can be a dangerous maintenance occurs at unsociable hours and depending on how much of the process is path to follow. this is generally not good for industrial rela- affected, particularly if other items of the It stands to reason, one would assume, that tions although, as ever, there are exceptions plant are unable to function as a result. The entire production process, or a portion of it, could be put at risk. The additional costs of supporting services might also have to be taken into account, i.e. compressed air. If an item of the plant has suffered an unplanned and unforeseen catastrophic fail- ure there may well be extra costs to consider if any other associated plant were to have suffered damage as a consequence. It should be clear that the more a plant is in a condition fit to support the production proc- ess compared to that same plant being unus- able, is an indication of that plant’s efficiency, which has a direct correlation to overall plant profitability. The higher the plant efficiency the easier it is to make a profit. All plants, or components of an item of a plant, will eventually come to the end of their useful life. In other words it is a certainty that they will wear out at some stage no matter what maintenance strategy is in place. The time taken for an item of the plant or certain of its components to reach the end of their useful life can, of course, often be extended by the one maintenance technique with which we should all be familiar, i.e. efficient • Supply of Mechanical and Electrical parts • Supply of Mechanical and Electrical tools lubricating practices. The application of the • Programming and Automation appropriate lubricants applied in the correct • Supply and Instalations of Conveyors manner at the appropriate frequencies and Components in an appropriate quantity, as well as being • Undertaking of turnkey projects in bottling maintained at an acceptable quality where and packaging industry appropriate is well known to assist in reduc- “Your Production is our concern” ing wear rates and extending component life. Consequently, it could be argued that we Liberty Plaza, Mombasa Road, 1st Floor Left Wing already have the tools to help the industry P.O. Box 19086 - 00501 Nairobi, Kenya increase plant efficiency to appreciable levels Tel: +254 (0)20 2603413/14/15 Email: [email protected] July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine Website: www.cet.ag 11 MAIN FEATURE

to this if the overtime rates negotiated are to industry with that crystal ball, and assist efficiency, and hence plant profitability, is not some people’s advantage. greatly in switching the emphasis from only attributable to the operating efficiency It is also worth noting that failures to plant Reactive Maintenance, or Run To Failure of individual items of the plant but of the that have not been planned can also have a Maintenance, to Predictive Maintenance. process as a whole, and condition monitor- Health and Safety implication, as injuries Ultimately, a Pro-Active Maintenance strat- ing techniques can be applied plant-wide to to personnel may indeed occur due to the egy will hopefully ensue whereby knowledge ensure that the entire plant process is run type and extent of the failure itself. This is gained from efficient condition monitoring as efficiently as is practically possible. This obviously not good for the person suffering techniques can identify the root causes of includes such ancillary services as the elec- an injury but equally does no favours for the historical failure in any items of plant, or its trical supplies, compressed gases, vacuum credibility of either individual plant manag- components, and engineer them out. This services, steam, liquids, and others. ers or the company itself. technique is known as Root Cause Analysis. Condition monitoring is a natural partner It would seem that a crystal ball would be By providing the manufacturing industry to good lubricating practices and if we deem distinctly useful in providing the information with the correctly applied condition monitor- ourselves to be efficient and effective at one necessary, as the plant is running, to be able to ing techniques, we have the ability to increase then it follows that we should be proficient plan maintenance effectively and efficiently plant efficiency and, more importantly, to at the other. thereby removing all of the pitfalls mentioned increase plant profitability. There is, of course, Indeed, results obtained from the analysis above which result from unexpected plant the added bonus of potentially improving a of specific condition monitoring techniques failures. particular plant’s Health and Safety standing can directly affect the type of lubricant, Condition monitoring techniques, applied and related credibility. the frequency of application, the quantity correctly, can provide the manufacturing It cannot be stressed enough that plant utilised, as well as the frequency of lubricant change which is, of course, based on its condi- tion. Therefore, serious consideration should be given to the more common condition moni- toring techniques which are commercially available, such as Oil Analysis, Analytical Ferrography, Particle Counting, Vibration Analysis, Acoustic Emissions (Ultrasonics) and Thermography. Any reputable company involved in lubrication, or asset care manage- ment, at the very least, should be considering recommending and employing some of these where appropriate. There are many different types of equip- ment that are commercially available to fulfill proper condition monitoring aspirations and it is extremely important to understand where these techniques can be effectively employed, as well as the benefits that can be derived. Actual, or potentially verifiable cost savings to any business, which can be shown by the use of good condition monitoring techniques tend to show all parties in a very good light. The impression is sometimes given that condition monitoring is such a complex subject, and perhaps even a black art, that only a gifted few could ever understand the intricacies of the many different techniques, let alone deploy some to their advantage. This myth will be dispelled in future articles and will go some way to making the subject more understandable. .

12 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 Innovative Lubricant Solutions

We offer wide range of specialised lubricants: ● Food grade and pharmaceutical ● Aviation applications ● High temperature application ● Bearings ● Synthetics

Sectors we are currently offering innovative solutions to: ● Paper corrugation ● Cement Industry ● Automotive sector ● Airlines and General Aviation ● Food and Beverage ● Compressor ● Other General Manufacturing ● Textile ● Cosmetic ● Pharmaceutical

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 13 LUBESOL KENYA LTD; Highchem Complex Mogadishu Road, Industrial Area Nairobi, Kenya. P.O. BOX 76099 – 00508 Nairobi, Kenya. Land Line:+254 20 2461140-2, Fax Line:+254 20 2461143, Cell No:+254 733 620000, General Email: [email protected] MAIN FEATURE

OIL ANALYSIS Oil analysis — The Fundamentals

Total’s lab technician, Mr. Benard Oyier, running a viscosity test on a viscometer machine.

By Ken Koskei What is oil metals, contaminants and other oil compo- Ken Koskei is analysis? nents over the course of use. Machine life can a Lubricants he analysis of be extended and lubricant costs reduced by Technical & lubricants for proper testing. Training Manager T conformity and Oil analysis is the evaluation of the oil at Total (K) LTD process control has The level of machine itself and any contamination that is present. always been impor- repair and proper The information derived from the following tant to manufacturers and users in providing tests looks for different types of wear and a high-quality lubricant. Once the lubricant is lubricant renewal contamination. Each test looks at a different in the equipment, degradation and contami- intervals can be aspect of the oil. This is the reason for the dif- nation become critical measurements. The precisely evaluated ferent tests. ability to measure a wide range of analyses cost-effectively can mean the avoidance of with measurements History of oil analysis damaged equipment or changing the lubri- of additives and wear The first use of used oil analysis dates back to cant more frequently than necessary. The metals, contaminants the early 1940s by the railway companies in level of machine repair and proper lubricant the Western United States. Prompted by the renewal intervals can be precisely evaluated and other oil components purchase of a fleet of new locomotives, techni- with measurements of additives and wear over the course of use. cians used simple spectrographic equipment

14 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 See also New trends in lubricants packaging P.20

and physical tests to monitor locomotive engines. As steam locomotives gave yield to diesel locomotives, oil analysis practices by railways caught on. By the 1980s oil analysis formed the basis of Condition Based Mainte- nance in most railways in North America. Owing to the success of oil analysis in the railways, the American Navy used spectro- metric techniques to monitor jet engines on their aircraft in the mid 1950s. Around this time Rolls-Royce was also experimenting with oil analysis for their jet turbines. Oil analysis began to spread and programs were developed by the American Army and Air Force throughout the 1950s and early 1960s. Then commercial oil analysis laboratories first appeared on the scene in the early 1960s.

Benefits of Oil Analysis Oil analysis is the most widely accepted and implemented form of proactive maintenance technology. It is an integral part of the main- tenance plan for power plants, manufactur- ing plants, trucking companies, construction equipment, aircraft, refrigeration systems, processing and chemical plants, etc. Any piece of equipment that has a lubricating system is an excellent candidate for oil analysis. A successful oil analysis program requires an organized and sustained effort. Both the user and the laboratory must work closely together to achieve the desired results. The benefits can be summarized as follows: Almost any machine that has a lubrica- tion system can be placed on an oil analysis program. Those components whose per- formance directly affects the continued operation of a particular unit or overall profitability of business are the most likely candidates for routine oil analysis. • Monitoring of evolutions in the state of the oil. Report sample • Assessment of the operating conditions of the machine. Sampling 5. Always fill the bottle completely. The lab • Reduction in maintenance costs. The oil analysis depends entirely on the qual- needs the whole volume of the sample. • Planning of maintenance operations and ity of the sample. The following rules should 6. Immediately close the bottle with the cap reduction in downtime. be respected to get a representative sample of and identify it with the provided label. • Optimisation of oil drain frequencies. the oil bath: 7. Fill out the material identification form • Verification that the lubricant used is the and put it together with the sample in the best adapted to the operating conditions. 1. Take the sample when the oil is warm SHIPMENT envelope. • Determining the origin of possible con- 2. Allow the « first oil » flow out (flushing) tamination. and take the sample at half bath Typical Tests • Use in complementary mode of other 3. Put the oil STRAIGHT into the SAMPLING The importance of using a combination of condition based maintenance methods bottle. physical and spectrochemical tests to moni- (vibration analyses, thermography, etc.) 4. Only use ORIGINAL sample bottles. tor lubricant and component condition is

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 15 MAIN FEATURE

Table showing a summary of disorders detectable using oil analysis

Disorder Impact Intervention

High silicon content in Dust or sand entering the engine Control of air filtration (filter, hoses, combination with increased through the air intake system pipes) wear causing abrasive wear in the engine

High fuel dilution in The oil loses its viscosity drop Check the injection system (injections, combination with viscosity which may cause piston seizure returns, feed pump, injection pump) drop and wear of the bearings

Presence of water and/or The water and antifreeze have a The cooling system (head gasket, antifreeze in the oil corrosive impact on the bearings cylinder heads, injector seats, and this may lead to a failure of compressor, oil cooler... I should be bearings, leading to the loss of checked on its tightness the engine

Increase in soot Carbon matter can cause abrasive Check engine settings (injection, turbo) concentration combined wear on the engine. The increased and check for obstructed air filter. Loss with viscosity increase viscosity has a negative influence of compression may also result in high the lubrication and the fuel soot concentration. comsumption now universally accepted. Oil analysis test lubricant. lab receives the sample. Results are returned procedures are established and reviewed by • Total solids include ash, carbon, lead salts to the owner for review. The laboratory may such agencies as the International Organiza- from gasoline engines, and oil oxidation. note when the analysis shows an abnormal tion for Standardization (ISO), the American • Viscosity is a measure of oil’s resistance to condition and issue a caution or recommen- Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and flow. Oil may thin due to shear in multi- dation accordingly as per the diagnosis below. the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), viscosity oils or by dilution with fuel. Oil and a wide variety of laboratory and person- may thicken from oxidation when run too Cost, Convenience and nel certifications has emerged. long or too hot. Oil also may thicken from return on investment contamination by coolant, sugar and other Cost of oil analysis will vary according to the Physical Tests materials laboratory and extent of the analysis. Typi- Some of the physical properties tested for and cal charges are $10 to $70 per analysis. The usually included in analysis of an oil sample Spectrochemical tests expense can easily be justified if it alerts the are: Selected metallic elements present as micro- owner of a major problem that can be cor- • Coolant forms a gummy substance that scopic particles suspended in the fluid to be rected and will help prevent downtime when may reduce oil flow. It leads to high oxi- analyzed are identified and measured in parts the machine is needed. dation, oil thickening, high acidity, and per million by weight. Several companies have developed oil engine failure if not corrected. The analyzed elements are grouped into analysis kits that make oil analysis conven- • Fuel dilution thins oil, lowers lubricating three main categories: i.e wear metals, ient. These kits include the sample bottles, ability, and might drop oil pressure. This contaminants and additives. These tests are suction pump and tubing, and possibly a pre- usually causes higher wear. done by emission spectroscopy. Though not addressed, postage-paid mailing container. • Oxidation measures gums, varnishes and exhaustive, the table below table gives an idea The reasonable cost and convenience of oxidation products. High oxidation from of the sources of chemical elements found in oil analysis for use makes it another man- oil used too hot or too long can leave an oil sample. agement tool that should be considered by sludge and varnish deposits and thicken anyone wanting to do preventive mainte- the oil. The results nance. • Total base number generally indicates Results of the laboratory analysis are typi- The return on investment is easily 15 to the acid-neutralizing capacity still in the cally returned in two to seven days after the every Shilling spent. .

16 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 ‘You cannot have high quality [lubricant] that is extremely See story cheap. Quality commands a premium, hence quality has been compromised in favour of low prices.’ — Jonathan Njine P.26

OIL ANALYSIS Total Kenya Test Diagnostic Lubricants Laboratory

he Total Kenya Test Diagnostic Lubri- cants Laboratory (TDL) set up in 1999 T serves Total clients within the Eastern Africa region - Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Madagascar, , Ethiopia and Southern Sudan. Strategi- cally located in Nairobi, it is well linked to its Inside Total Kenya Test Diagnostic Laboratory (TDL). clients. With a mean reporting cycle of 48 hours or less per sample, this Lab has kept the spirit of TDL alive and helped revolution- ize the concept of Lubrication for many of its clients. It is certified under ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System with a cumula- tive analysis base of more than 120,000. This

With a mean reporting cycle of 48 hours or less per sample, this Lab has kept the spirit of TDL alive and helped revolutionize the concept of Lubrication for many of its clients has ensured reliability and consistency across its operational base. The analytical reports are transmitted on electronic mail to clients whenever alarming trends are observed to ensure prompt intervention. With its well- equipped structure, the Lab is also resource- ful in addressing quality queries associated with Lubricants. The TDL concept will be upgraded to analysis compared (ANAC) by the end of 2012. ANAC will enable the clients to view their reports online, generate reports, trends and graphs in addition to more accu- rate diagnosis, thanks to its over 3.5 million data base for comparison purpose. Visit www. total.co.ke ,www.anac-diagnosis.com for more information. .

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 17 ADVERTISER’S FEATURE

SPOTLIGHT Consumer choices lubricants survey – GFK

he Research industry in Kenya has been known more for the Opinion polls that seem to elicit as much support as criticism depending on what side of the political divide is favoured by the opinion polls results. Obviously, Lubezine is not changing its core focus from Lubricants business T into politics! However, our interest was attracted to this particular firm due to a unique research project that they have started in Nairobi focusing on the Lubes business. We caught up the Managing Director, Mr. John Muthee (pictured left) to give us more insight into this one-of-a-kind industry survey.

1. Briefly tell us who GFK is. GfK is one of the world’s largest research companies. 11,500 GfK experts are working to discover new insights about the way people live, think and shop, in over 100 markets, every day. We are constantly innovating to use the latest technologies and the smartest methodologies to give clients the clearest understanding of the most important people in the world: their customers. That knowl- edge empowers GfK’s clients to make the right decisions, and position their businesses for the future. GfK is an acronym that stands for Growth from Knowledge and has its Headquarters based in Germany. We are proud of our German heritage and are proud to bring to Kenya “Research Made in Germany!” In Kenya, we have been present since 2006 from our Southern Africa office. In 2010, we set up a fully-fledged office handling research in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Ethiopia.

2. What is GfK’s scope of Research in In 2012, we made a conscious decision to that we had the capacity to address locally. Kenya? start tracking products that would address the In February and March of this year, we GfK in Kenya was set up to with a focus on needs of the local industries. We approached undertook a study to understand the product tracking sales of electronic consumer goods some players in these sectors and undertook flow of the above products from the manu- from Retail outlets. These products include to understand whether there were any infor- facturers to the end consumers and identified Mobile phone handsets, TVs, Refrigeration mation gaps that existed that GfK had the channels that we believed that the largest and IT equipment. This research was driven capacity to address. After a series of meetings gaps existed. by multinational companies manufacturing we selected Paints, Cement, Tyres and Lubri- Interestingly, we found out that there were the above products. cants and sectors that had information gaps no universally agreed upon facts with regards

18 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 GfK is an acronym that stands from Growth from Knowledge and has its Headquarters based in Germany. We are proud of our German heritage and are proud to bring to Kenya “Research Made in Germany!”

to the total market especially with regards to reflect the features of the products sold and 6. Had such a survey ever been done market size, number of resellers and brands this is used to analyze the market. before in the country? performance within these sectors. We are 3 research companies in Kenya cur- In March 2012, we started a retail panel 4. What is the objective of the rently undertaking Retail Audit based on that is currently only limited to Nairobi as a consumer choices survey? retail panels. GfK are the pioneers in tracking first step to start collecting facts about these Consumer Choices, as the name suggests lubricant sales from the resellers market. products. aims at understanding what consumers purchased. This is important as all other 7. Market share reports by oil majors 3. Does GfK have experience in carry- factors e.g. promotions, advertisements can are generally available. What is the ing out market research for the lubri- be tracked through the sell out from the difference between this and theG fK cants industry? channels. The success of any initiative can report? Yes! GfK is currently tracking Lubricants in be ultimately measured by what it was to the The current information on the sales is avail- Germany, Britain, Malaysia, France and we final consumer. This is what we measure. able at a global level and also based on self- are glad to be the first country in Africa to reporting by the industry players. start tracking lubricants. We have received 5. Briefly tell us what was measured GfK reports track all the brands sold in necessary training to start the tracking of by the survey the market, and also track the sales at the this product. The following is the information that we are SKU levels. We believe this information is The basis of most research methodologies able to measure and report on trends by: critical for the success of companies who are is based on the use of a sample to represent the • Brand performance interested in growing their revenue from the universe within the distribution channels. • SKU performance lubricants market. Obviously, we have to take into considera- • Price trends tion the variances that exist in the resellers • Feature trends 8. How is the data gathered? markets in building up of a representative • Packaging trends On a monthly basis, our field auditors collect sample that is used to represent the market. • Numeric distribution the sales from the participating outlets. We Our research involves the recording of all • Weighted distribution insist that the information that is collected is the SKUs sold in the shops within our market • Regional performance – once we expand validated from all the participating outlets. on a monthly basis and the SKUs are coded to countrywide Another validation method used is through

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 19 PACKAGING FEATURE

Consumer choices Innovations lubricants survey – GFK back checks to ensure that sales received are correct. New trends 9. What kind of challenges do you encounter in data collection? We encounter many problems in collecting in lubricants data in the field. Obviously, the first one is convincing the reseller to share data with GfK. Usually we only achieve success after about 5 visits to be able to receive the data. packaging Another challenge is of record keeping of the sales that is usually manually kept and extracting the information is time consum- ackaging is a handling (in both use and storage) are just as ing. very impor- important here as ideas that improve comfort: We have been facing similar challenges P tant marketing closure mechanisms, portioning and see- in tracking of mobile phones and we have strategy to glamorize through windows, for example. come up with ways in which we are able to your product in order 4. Innovation: Novelty has exceptionally address these challenges. to attract the consum- strong appeal. An innovative pack can even er’s attention. Some- make “new products” out of familiar ones. 10. Who in your opinion would times packaging is Unusual solutions, functional new develop- benefit from the results of your so important that it ments and originality not only set design research? By James Wakiru costs more than the trends but also boost sales! The companies with a focus on lubricants in James Wakiru is product itself in order 5. Material: What is printed on board is read the resellers market are the main beneficiar- a lubricants and to lure the consumers particularly willingly, while what is packaged ies of our research. lubrication specialist to buy it. Packaging in board sells particularly well. Sustainability, We believe that using our information, a and has been involved should definitely easy disposal and, above all, great design vari- focus on consumer behaviour may lead to in lubricants market be included in the 4 ety and potential are particular features of the changes of the consumption patterns that development activities major P’s of market- material. Popular with consumers, particular- would ultimately benefit the whole market. for the past 12 years ing (Product, Place, ly high appeal and many other advantages too. Promotion and Price). 6. Efficient communication:The packag- 11. What is your future plan for the Most consumers judge a product by its pack- ing is the credible medium at the point of sale region’s lubricants industry? aging before buying. Some of the consumer and is consulted willingly and intensively (see At the moment we are preparing to under- requests as pertains packaging are: “Material”). This makes it an efficient means take a basic census of all the outlets that are of communication and, in addition, one that selling products that we are currently track- 1. Eye-catching appearance: A distinc- gets closer to the consumer than all others. If ing which will include spare parts shops, tive, unmistakable and eye-catching appear- several of his senses are appealed to as well, petrol stations and any other outlets that ance is a signal at the POS (Point of Sale) to he can be persuaded particularly successfully. are selling oil. At the moment, we are seeing which all consumers and particularly the 7. Multisensory appeal: Anyone who some supermarkets selling lubricants. Our younger ones respond positively. Whatever approaches consumers via several of his tracking should be able to track the growth stands out clearly in the monotonous com- senses attracts greater attention, intensifies of this channel. This information will be petitive environment, whatever is surprising perception and stimulates interest in buying. available to any player interested by Octo- scores points with the consumer. Special effort Packaging that can be felt, smelled and heard ber 2012. makes a special impression - and is allowed to as well as looked at wins the customer’s favour At the moment, our tracking is based on cost more too. so much so that he is willing to pay a higher the resellers market, specifically the spare 2. Design, shape and colour: The pur- price for this multisensory appeal. parts shops, in Nairobi and its environment. pose of a well-considered design, and creative 8. Appropriateness of the product: We are hoping to attract interest from printing and finishing is to entice the con- Packaging is considered to be an important the industry to ensure that the tracking is sumer to devote attention to the pack and its indicator of quality. The quality of the product undertaken throughout Kenya that would contents at the POS. therefore has to be communicated by good allow us track the brand performance per 3. Functionality: Functional aspects are packaging and not just by promises of quality region. . the basis for all successful packaging and made in the text on the packaging. A credible Mr John Muthee is the Managing Director, thus for greater product success too. Product “overall work of art” is created as a result, in GfK East Africa. He can be reached at john. and aroma protection, hygiene and tightness, which the contents and the packaging are [email protected] environmental responsibility and practical coherent and the consumer is convinced by

20 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 Did you know... Ecobox uses 89 % less material compared to rigid plastic bottles. This offers a substantial decrease of land fill waste hence protecting the environment.

their consistency. Innovative Packaging Solution (IPS) for safe, 9. Value Packaging is an excellent way to guaranteed quality, environmentally-friendly communicate sophistication, class and value. supply of lubricants in bulk in rural Africa. This makes it an ideal strategic option for Engen partnered with Fluid-Bag of Finland to expressing premium positioning - as well as come up with this type of package. being the instrument of choice when a prod- The packaging system is designed to over- uct needs to be upgraded or a brand needs to come the transit and storage challenges that be revitalised. Products in classy packaging are come with large-scale supply (versus supply particularly popular presents too. in drums or rental IBC’s) of lubricants, grease 10. Additional benefits: Successful pack- and transformer oils, and features unique aging not only combines what is pleasant with dispensing equipment designs to deal with the what is functionally useful but also provides increased mass of product while also meeting additional benefits. For example, as a gift or for Shell’s Ecobox quality standards. presentation, with entertaining components stantial decrease of land fill waste hence or simply by making it possible to continue protecting the environment. Standards-dictated design using the packaging for something else after • Ecobox ensures efficient utilization of stor- The 900-litre bulk lube bags feature inner con- the product has been consumed. age space and transportation. tainers made of a choice between aluminium • Ecobox uniquely engineered box, bag foil, high-density polyethylene with specifica- Shell Lubricants Drive Success with and valve help owners and operators of tions dictated by the application in question. Ecobox (USA &CANADA) oil change facilities to deliver oil to their The bag is designed to meet various aspects like Back in 1965, a winemaker in Australia had customers with 99.9% efficient dispensing preserving food-grade oil quality, offer grease a novel idea. He decided that wine in a bottle without surging, foaming, splashing or any resistance, prevent water ingress or bar oxygen was wasteful in many ways and thus came for- product loss. or other gases, transport and dispensing of the ward with the invention of boxed wine. While • The bag containing the oil in the Ecobox oils. some applauded his innovative thinking, carton is designed to help improve speed Moreover, the pack offers the most environ- wine purists thought that the invention was and ease of use compared to bottles, as it mentally-friendly disposal possible, containing all kinds of evil. 45 years later, Shell Lubricants requires less handling than quart bottles. carbons and hydrogen. has decided to reuse his idea in a totally dif- Currently Ecobox™ is available for Pen- Bags are sealed and each unit has a unique ferent way by offering boxed motor oil. Shell nzoil®, Quaker State® and Shell Rotella® serial number linked back to Fluid-Bag’s quality describes its new packaging as, “an innovative products in the US and Canada. Shell Lubri- system. This is due to the fact that each bag is product called Ecobox, an alternative to tradi- cants has plans to eventually expand the leak tested with Nitrogen and quality checked tional plastic packaging for motor oil.” Ecobox™ as a global offering for customers prior to shipping to Engen in Durban. Shell Lubricants was keen to satisfy their and consumers from all over the world to customers’ need for the most sustainable enjoy the unique benefits the system has to Benefits and advantages and ergonomic package for motor oil in the offer. The IPS lube bag packaging system offers the industry. Moreover, Shell also needed to following benefits and advantages: respond to service operators’ call for an easier- Engen Innovative Packaging • Cost-effective – it is single-use, meaning to-use, faster and more economical package. Solution meets Bulk African Lube no return freight, cleaning or maintenance Therefore, the packaging format that Shell Supply Challenge costs Lubricants was looking for was expected to Engen, the African marketer of petroleum and • Convenient – one pack holds over four provide significant versatile advantages over petrochemical products, has launched the drums’ worth of lubricant, for more lubri- the traditional rigid packaging. This package cant on tap in less space (900L) is eco-friendly. • Clean and safe – it’s sealed, so contaminants Shell Lubricants and Scholle Packaging don’t get in developed a bag-in-box solution with radical • It’s environmentally friendly – made from improvements compared to the traditional non-toxic materials, the unit is entirely rigid plastic bottles. The result of the Scholle- recyclable and reusable to transport used Shell relationship is Ecobox™ offering a lubes wide range of benefits to the motor oil pro- • The solution reduces the capital expendi- ducer, retailer, and consumer. Ecobox™ is an ture for bulk and dispensing equipment by example of a packaging solution that offers 70% many more benefits than simply holding the • Logistic optimisation product: • Light weight container (packaging total • Ecobox uses 89 % less material compared weight empty is below 38kg) – some 60% to rigid plastic bottles. This offers a sub- lighter than conventional IBC’s. .

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 21 Engen’s innovative packaging solution (IPS) TECHNOLOGY FEATURE

OIL CHANGE Oil degradation

il or lubricant degradation is the main reason why lubricants require being changed and is responsible for many kinds of equipment failures. A lubricant in service is subjected to a wide range of conditions which can cause degradation of its base oil and additive system. Such conditions or factors include heat, entrained air, incompatible gases, O moisture, internal or external contamination, process constituents, radiation and inadvertent mixing of a different fluid. If an oil is used in a total loss By Jonathan Njine Jonathan Njine is the application, where the oil is disposed after one cycle of lubrication, such as a drip-feed, MD of lubesol limited,. picking up of moisture and dirt is not a factor, as the oil is used once then discarded. Lubesol are appointed Left untreated, industrial oils will degrade over time, through exposure to external distributors of various influences such as water, particles and dirt, through the breakdown of oil additives, specialty lubricants. and through the process of oxidation.

Contamination by particles to specific degradation mechanisms. Monitor- Most oils are used in enclosed systems or ing additive depletion can be complicated and reservoirs, however, where they re-circulate hard depending upon the chemistry of the through the operating system. As the oil additive component. re-circulates, it lubricates, cools and flushes The additives present in most oils contain away debris from normal wear particles and chemicals that work to extend the life of the cleans the equipment parts. This wear debris, oil. These consist mainly of antioxidants, rust depending on the size of the particles, may inhibitors, anti-foam agents, de-emulsifiers, etc. settle in the oil reservoir, be removed by the Water, heat and oxygen, individually or filters, or simply be re-circulated, if it is too combined, cause damage to both the base oil small to be removed. Sometimes, the wear and the additive system. Water reacts with Oil filter debris can remain in the oil not settling as covered many oil additives and hydrolyzes them, expected. in sludge denaturing the additive into two or more These particles not settled but still chemical fragments. These reaction products suspended in the oil, cause damage through air. Very few oil systems and reservoirs have may or may not be oil-soluble and they may act abrasive wear each time they circulate through air filters and if any, efficient air filters. Dirt as catalysts for the further decomposition of the lubrication system. particles light enough to float in the air are the oil or additives. Research conducted over the past few drawn into the reservoir every time the oil level Oxygen will react with the additives and years demonstrates that particles as small as 5 in the tank goes down, by the breathing effect the oil to form oxidation by-products. These microns, when present in large quantities, will causing some of the dust particles to settle out by-products will generally be acidic in nature cause severe pump and valve wear by acting as into the oil. at first, and may act as catalysts for further a lapping compound. Oil systems and reservoirs with levels that oxidation. Foreign substances can greatly influence the change frequently can pump many times their type and rate of lubricant degradation. Metals volume of air every hour. This exposes the oil Oxidation such as copper and iron are catalysts to the in the tank to potentially very large amounts Oxidation is the reaction of materials especially degradation process like oxidation. Water and of dirt. This is how new oil delivered from most hydrocarbons with oxygen in the presence air can provide a large source of oxygen to react oil companies becomes contaminated with dirt of heat or high temperature. Oxidation is with the oil. Large amounts of water would as well. the single most negative factor in extending cause formation of sludges. lubricants life, hence controlling oxidation Additives depletion is a major challenge in trying to extend the Dirt Most additive systems are designed to get used lubricant’s life. Dirt can be introduced into the oil system by up in service. Monitoring additive levels is The process of oxidation is naturally air and while charging in dirty oil. Most of dirt important not only to assess the health of the occurring in the oil, but the rate at which this is introduced into the oil system through the lubricant, but it also may provide clues related happens depends on the following factors:

22 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 Did you know... Based on the Arhenius Rule, for every 10°C increase in temperature above 40°C, the oil life is halved.

• Temperature – the higher the temperature, Eventually, the level of oxidation will reach At temperatures greatly exceeding the the shorter the oil life. Based on the a point where the lubricant must be removed thermal stability point of the lubricant, larger Arhenius Rule, for every 10°C increase and replaced with new oil. Purification is not molecules will break apart into smaller in temperature above 40°C, the oil life is recommended at this stage as one is not be able molecules. This thermal cracking, often halved. to get the life of the lubricant again . referred to as thermal breakdown, can initiate • Moisture – the more water present the side reactions, induce polymerization, produce faster the oxidation rate Thermal Breakdown gaseous by-products, destroy additives and • Oxygen – the more oxygen from splashing In a mechanical working environment, the generate insoluble particles in the lubricant. In induced by low oil levels the faster the temperature of the lubricant is a primary some cases, thermal breakdown or degrada- oxidation rate concern. In addition to separating the moving tion will cause a decrease in viscosity of the • Catalytic reactions – most typically from parts of the machinery, the lubricant must also lubricant. copper and other wear debris particles cool the moving parts as it dissipates heat. This • The quality of the base stock oil in terms of means the lubricant will sometimes be heated Conclusion the levels of impurities above its recommended stable temperature. Oil degradation is the main reason why oil • The quality of the additive pack in terms of Overheating can cause the light ends of the change needs to be done. There are therefore the anti-oxidants available to slow down the lubricant to vaporize or the lubricant itself to all reasons for one to monitor the process oxidation rate of the oil. decompose. This can cause certain additives to and ensure all the causes of the degradation As the oil oxidises, there are two parallel be removed from the system without perform- are reduced if not eliminated as this provides problems arising: ing their job, or the viscosity of the lubricant significant insight to the machine’s or equip- • Firstly, as a result of the oil molecules react- may increase. ment’s health. . ing and joining together, the oil becomes thicker and darker. The heavier the molecules become, the heavier or thicker the oil gets. • Secondly, a by-product of the oxidation is the formation of acids, which increases the risk of corrosion of component surfaces. A close examination of an old engine will reveal the chemical damage that is visible on the surface of the component. Oxidation is mainly responsible for: • Viscosity increase • Varnish formation • Sludge and sediment formation • Additive depletion • Base oil breakdown • Filter plugging • Loss in foam properties • acid number increase • Rust and corrosion Antioxidants protect against oxidation only if they are present in sufficient quantities. When an antioxidant falls below a certain level it will become less effective. As it is further reduced, it will become completely ineffective. Antioxidants are used up slowly under normal conditions. They protect by being consumed as they react with and neutralize oxidation products. Both heat and moisture will accelerate consumption of an antioxidant. As the additive quantity falls below critical level , this is usually different for each oil, the rate of oxidation will increase. Oxidation by-products will act as catalyst in the oxida- tion process. This consequently means that the more by-products are present, the faster oxidation will occur.

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 23 EQUIPMENT FEATURE

EQUIPMENT Lubrication equipment for a profitable and professional workshop i. Automotive: • motorbikes, bicycles, • cars, trucks • industrial vehicles • service stations, • tyre service stations • Quick lube centre • Fleet maintenance: Cars, buses, trucks, military vehicles, trains and trans ships

ii. Industrial : • General machinery maintenance and manufacturing process • Assembling • machine • stamping, • metallurgy • chemical • General manufacturing The Control of fluid usage and accurate fluid dispensing are priorities for a profitable work- shop. Statistically, 10% of the lubricants used in a workshop are not charged to a customer but is lost as spillage. Waste oil is an environmental and health hazard. The use of appropriate equipment eliminates spills and splashes and the risk of waste oil to skin contact.

Disadvantages of manual dispensing of lubricants In a busy workshop, manual operations have been found to have the following disadvan- By Lucy Wanjohi tages: eatness in an oil change workshop is an 1. Manual operations is Lucy Wanjohi indication of professionalism and also inconveniencing and costs Money: is a business a safeguard against accidents caused by • Every time Oil is taken out from the barrel , development oil spills. When oil is dispensed from some spillage occurs manager at • When the oil is being measured some quan- the conventional 5L and 4L containers, Amity Equipment tity will invariably be spilled. LTD. Amity is spillages and generation of waste plastic • When the oil is poured into the vehicle, the authorized containersN will result. A professional workshop must some will get spilled distributor of therefore address these issues in the most cost effective • It is impossible to have accurate measure- Samoa lubrication manner. This is easily achieved by use of oil dispensing ment all the time when using manual equipments in equipments. measuring devices hence revenues will be the country. She lost over time. All sectors of industry, both service and can be reached at On average, if a workshop uses 10 barrels of lucie.wanjohi@ manufacturing require lubrication in form of oils or lubricants per month the spillage per month is amitykenya.com grease. Some of the typical applications are: estimated to be about 63 litres.

24 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 On average, if a workshop uses 10 barrels of lubricants per month the spillage per month is estimated to be about 63 litres

2. Contamination of the environment Lubricants handling All the oil that is spilled during dispensing ends equipment types up polluting the environment. The spilled oil is Typical lubricants handling equipment include: cleaned with cotton waste and this is disposed in the dustbin. This trash is sent to the dump yard (oil is not degradable). When it rains, this 1. Air operated piston 6. Fluid and inventory management water mixes with oil and seeps into the ground. pumps systems Additionally, when the workshop floor is These are mostly used It is possible to incorporate software in washed, the oil is washed into the ground. A for oils and greases the lubrication system for more accurate study conducted by EPA (Environment Protec- monitoring of oil usage. tion Agency in US) found out that 1 litre of oil can contaminate 50,000 litres of ground water. Another way that the oil contaminates the ground water is when the extra oil remaining in the 5L or / 4L container is given to the customer 2. Diaphragm pumps 7. Mobile and and in most of the cases, the customer dumps it These are used for stationary Equipment into the dustbin from where it finds its way into antifreeze, coolant and for waste oil collection the ground water. AdBlue The system is not 3. Loss of man hours complete without waste oil collection For every transaction, the technician is required system. Such units to go to the store and get the oil can. Sometimes have pneumatic system he is waiting for the delivery or gossiping. This that enables the oil to process can take 15-20 minutes. For example, if be pumped out into the waiting used oil in a workshop, oil change is done in 45 vehicles 3. Electric pumps collection/disposable facility. per day, then 45 x 20 min = 900 min is LOST These can be used for man hours. oil and also diesel Factors to consider when choosing Benefits of using lubrication equipments lubrication equipment When considering oil change equipment, it is imperative to engage a team of experienced professionals to provide a comprehensive solu- tion. Ideally such a team will: 1. Analyze the workshop requirements and advice on the equipment type and capacities 4. Hose reels 2. Give a comprehensive plan of the lubrica- These enable oil to be tion equipment solution dispensed far from where 3. Install the equipment the oil is stored. They 4. Train the operators on proper usage of the have been designed equipment to withstand the high 5. Provide after sales service as and when pressures carried by the system and also to required. Numerous benefits can be accrued be inert to the type of from automation of the workshop: product being dispensed. Fluids dispensed by Lubrication • Increased profitability in the handling equipments workshop (standard workshops can Lubrication handling equipments are able to have 10% fluid losses ) 5. Hose end meters, handle a wide variety of fluids .These include: • Increased Productivity (avoid stock delivery guns and • Grease rupture, accuracy in dispensed high pressure • Transmission fluid quantity) greasing guns • Coolant and antifreeze solution The meters enable • Quick Return on Investment (ROI) • Diesel accurate measurements • Workers control • AdBlue (DEF) of the fluid being • Robust and attractive design – • Compressed air dispensed good image to the customers. • Mineral and synthetic based motor oil, gear oil, hydraulic oil. .

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 25 questions 10 for lubricants professionals

e trace lubricants professionals who have made immense contribu- W tions to the growth and develop- ment of the industry and get their opinions on various issues. Mr. Jonathan Njine is one such professional who has and still continues to make notable contribution to the lubricants industry. We asked him 10 questions outlin- ing his journey though the industry and his views on where the industry is headed. 1. Tell us when you started your career in lubricants. I started my career in lubricants 15 years ago.

2. How many companies have you worked for and in what trained on power plants, cement plants, 9. Looking at the market then positions? manned and aviation compressors among and now, what is your comment I have worked in Mobil as a Lubes engineer, a others. The training was both theoretical and in regards to quality and regula- technical manager for the East Africa cluster, practical and was offered in different parts of tions in the lubricants industry? and as the quality and technical services the world. Unfortunately, the regulations have not been manager for East & Southern Africa cluster air tight. There are plenty of products that are and most recently as the technical manager produced from recycled base stocks and low for Africa at Libya Oil. Currently, I’m the 6. How was the industry then quality lubricants with quality claims that Managing Director of Lubesol Kenya Limited. compared to now? cannot be ascertained. Previously, there were just a few players in You cannot have high quality that is the market and the drive was to maximise extremely cheap. Quality commands a 3. I see you are still active in the customer’s experience with the lubricant premium, hence quality has been compro- the lubricants industry by saving them money through technical mised in favour of low prices. Yes, I’m still very actively involved. support. Today however, there are many more players in the market all competing for the same clients and therefore making the market 10. What would be your 4. Which were some of your more price-driven. advice to young professionals most memorable moments in thinking of starting a career in the your career in the early years? lubricants field? This must have been the opportunity to 7. How competitive was the I would begin by telling them that it is an redesign a cement kiln and cement mill girth market then? interesting career with many opportunities gear lubrication system from a grease system It was very receptive to technical support for training. To hone their skills, they should to a high viscosity synthetic lubricant system and high quality lubricants. It was also much be prepared to spend time reading and (ISO VG 6800 )and hence reducing the plant more ethical as compared to now. researching in order to understand customers’ annual consumption from about 30 drums of equipments and match that with quality grease to 2 drums of the synthetic product. lubricants that keep the machine in good 8. Looking back at those years mechanical shape. In most cases, the cost of and now, what would you say the equipment is so high that a compromise 5. During those early times, has been the biggest changes the that would damage the equipment is unac- how was the country developing industry has gone through? ceptable. . lubricants professionals? There are many more players now and there We had local and international trainings is minimal focus on technical support. There Jonathan Njine is the Managing Director that were initially general lubricant training is also an increase in price-driven supply with of Lubesol Kenya Ltd. He can be reached and later sector-specific. For example, I was less technically trained personnel. on [email protected]

26 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 ADVERTISER’S FEATURE

GULF ENERGY SUGARPRESS BR The ultimate solution in sugar mill lubrication

n a sugar mill, lubrication of I the mill bearings has over years been a major source of headache to many maintenance engineers. This is clearly so because By Richard of the operating Mugambi environment, the Richard mugambi very high loads on the is a lubricants mill bearings and the engineer working very low speeds that with Gulf Energy. the mills rotate. Lubrication of these bearings demands a product that is dispensed from a lube pump at various intervals in order to ensure reduced friction which further ensures the operating temperatures are below 50 degrees c for protection of the fragile brass material that make up these bearings. Since the lubricant is not collected in a sump like in most other applications for reuse, there is the require- ment to minimize on volume consumed to avoid waste and the environmental challenges that come with disposal of used oil. Balance between reducing friction, operating at minimal temperatures and Top: Sugar press pump system in a mill lubrication. reduced lubricant use, are the factors that a Left: Gulf Energy Sugarpress BR lubricant mill engineer has to contend with. Most of the products available in the market have making it valuable to organizations that are not been able to satisfactorily offer this environment conscious. To ensure ration- solution. alization of inventory, the product has the SUGARPRESS BR has been specially added benefit of being multi-functional. In developed with this challenge in perspec- addition to lubrication of the mill bearings, tive. The product has very high viscosity of it fits well in lubricating crown pinions, bull 20,000 cst @ 40 degrees celcius to ensure gears and crystallizer wheels among other proper lube film is formed between the shaft areas. and mill journals to reduce wear on the This means little amounts of the product are SUGARPRESS BR is the additional span- brass journals while carrying the very high used to keep the bearing cool and lubricated ner in a maintenance engineer’s toolbox mill loads. In addition, its high adhesion thereby reducing on the product consump- when it comes to trimming the mainte- capability makes it possible to stick on the tion. nance cost especially from a lubrication shaft while rotating at the very low speeds. SUGARPRESS BR is biodegradable point of view. .

July-September 2012 | Lubezine Magazine 27 LAST WORD

Oil workload Engine oil performance in numbers i t h t h e bers: a 4 cylinder vehicle engine with a piston situation upfront under the hood suddenly O l y m p i c s stroke (distance between top and bottom looks very complex and one can therefore W around the positions of the piston) of 85mm turning at understand the hullabaloo of why oil change, corner and looking at 1000rpms will require the piston to move up grade and quality make so much difference. the eager and focused and down almost 50 meters per minute while While Herr Otto and Herr Gottlieb barely athletes preparing, rubbing on the surface of the cylinder. These scratch the surface in comparison with my one can hardly picture may not be exactly spectacular numbers. favorite wonder, their design, with much the simplicity and However, if you factor in that the vehicle improvements over the last 100+ years are By Joseph Kitui purity of nature such will take a minimum of 10 hours to get to amazing to say the least. Joseph kitui has that winning or losing Mombasa on that holiday trip( driving within While their original designs probably had been working in the medal depends the speed limit!) the piston will travel upwards an oil change every week, there are now the transport and on miniscule things. of 25,000km(( 85x2x250x60x10)/1000) equiv- oils formulated to cover 20,000km between logistics sector for My favorite wonder alent to the equatorial diameter of the earth changes. close to 20 years in the human body is and still perform the following morning for I will not try to work the numbers of such the knee joint which that “drag” race with the tuk tuk guy over the in comparison to our trip to the coast (they comprises of 3 bones that are not permanent- New Nyali bridge…now are those spectacular are too mind boggling), however the severity ly connected to each other rubbing constantly numbers or what …! at which most engines take punishment can and in different directions and still absorbing Remember the oil is the only thing that only be imagined. upwards of 250 strikes per kilometer equat- separates the piston rings from the cylinder Most engines are designed to outlive the ing to nearly 40 tons of force per knee. All this liner surface and therefore protects the liner users both in performance and durability. happens in the background of science and from being corroded and minimizes wear on However, the difference between them doing most people hardly ever notice until one day the rings. It also carries out the function of so or not depends on the amount of TLC the when climbing that stair or bending to tie the cooling the engine (While we normally put engine and vehicle is given during its life. laces a cracking sound emanates and a whole water in the engine to cool it, the oil cools the To understand the forces at play in the lot of pain follows. pistons first and fast, the piston wallows in engine versus the demands we put on the While not nearly comparable in magna- the oil constantly while burning at upwards same, one begins to appreciate the herculean nimity, oil in the engine suffers similar fate of 6000C). The oil also deadens the noise in task that the oil does. It is the difference and is required to perform without breaking a the engine. between a hard rock and another hard rock sweat(and I mean that). Let’s look at the num- With this at the back of our minds, the moving very fast! .

28 Lubezine Magazine | July-September 2012 SHELL AD TOUGH ROAD UPHILLA4-outlined .pdf 1 6/22/12 10:53 AM

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