Estimation of Tire-Road Friction for Road Vehicles: a Time Delay Neural Network Approach
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TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION J (----- ( July 1993 )
If you have issues viewing or accessing this file contact us at NCJRS.gov. , ------ l' ,J .,~ " \; .c I, ~.. 2t . · I '~i t ". ,tt:1~ •. - I I I BASIC COU·RSE INSTRUCTOR j "· I " j • 1 UNI'T GUIDE I i ~----------------------~ i : h).~ J r: .... I ( 29 ) I \1 i TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION J (----- ( July 1993 ) 144216 U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the • person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated in this doc~ment ~re those o,f t,he authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or poliCies of the National Institute of Justice, Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permission of the copyright owner, /\ THiS COMMDSSiON . .' ~':) • 'ON PIEACIE OfFICER STANDARDS AND> lRAt£\H~.G .: • This unit of instruction is designed as a guideline for performance objective-based law enforcement basic training. It is part of the POST Basic Course guidelines system developed by California law enforcement trainers and criminal justice educators for the California Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training. This guide is designed to assist the instructor in developing an appropriate lesson plan to cover the performance objectives which are required as minimum content of the Basic Course. • • • II UNIT GUIDE 29 II TABLE OF CONTENTS u.ming Poruin 21 Tratfie Accident InvestigaIJon Page Exercises 9.14.1 Traffic Collision Investigation ......................... -
TPMS Brochure
SEE THE LIGHT? WE CAN HELP. Standard® OE-Matching TPMS Sensors, Mounting Hardware, Service Kits, Shop Tools, and QWIK-SENSOR™ Universal Programmable Sensors ABOUT TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEMS The industry’s best blended TPMS program with 99% coverage. 2 Universal Sensors cover PAL, WAL, and Auto-Locate technologies. Our OE-Match sensors An Important Safety Warning Light Goes Unnoticed are direct-fit and ready-to-install right out of the During the past 10 years, more than 147 million vehicles were sold with Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS). That means there box. And both programs are the only 3rd-party are more than 590 million sensors with a 100% failure rate that will need to be replaced in the future. TPMS is a safety device that tested TPMS in the industry. measures, identifies and warns motorists when one or more of their tires are significantly under-inflated. If the system finds a tire with low air pressure, a sensor with a dead battery, or a system malfunction, it will illuminate the TPMS warning light on the dash. While this is common knowledge to technicians, it isn’t as well-known among motorists, as evidenced by the results from a recent survey on TPMS: TPMS PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS 96% 25% • Basic manufacturer in TPMS category Drivers who consider Vehicles that have at under-inflated tires an least one tire significantly - All makes & models – domestic and import covered important safety concern underinflated • Our OE-Matching and QWIK-SENSOR™ Universal Programs cover 99% of the vehicles you will service in your shop today -
Pavement Skid-Resistance Measurements and Analysis in The
Pavement Skid Resistance Measurement and Analysis in the Forensic Context C.C.O.Marks Pavement Skid Resistance Measurement and Analysis in the Forensic Context Christopher C. O’N. Marks Managing Director, Marks and Associates Limited ABSTRACT Skid resistance measurement and analysis is now a routine procedure in motor vehicle crash analysis. In fact it was one of the earliest investigative and analytical tools used for this work. Many different measurement methods are in common use, including: visual estimation assisted by friction tables; various dragged devices with friction force measurement and instrumented vehicle skid-to-rest testing, the last having become the preferred alternative for many investigators over the past decade or so. The skid resistance measurement devices at present commonly used by traffic engineers for pavement condition monitoring and maintenance intervention, such as SCRIM, ROAR, Griptester and the British Pendulum, are only rarely used for forensic purposes in New Zealand although in some other countries these may be applied as a routine procedure during crash-scene investigations. The interpretation and analysis of the results obtained by skid resistance measurement in the forensic context may seem to be an obvious process but it is not always straightforward. Uncertainties exist and there is considerable scope for fundamental error. The latter is of significant concern, given the potential adverse consequences of an analyst presenting flawed expert testimony in Court. This paper examines the most common skid resistance measuring methods used for forensic purposes and discusses the interpretation and analysis of the results obtained, the uncertainties involved and the expression of expert opinion in Court. -
The World's Most Beautiful And... Best Performing Custom Designed Tires
WelcomeWelcome ToTo TheThe World’sWorld’s MostMost BeautifulBeautiful and...and... BestBest PerformingPerforming CustomCustom DesignedDesigned TiresTires Bill Chapman Founder Diamond Back Classics I know what you are thinking! The tires on Bill’s Corvette are not correct. It’s not a show car-it is for my enjoyment. That’s the beauty of Diamond Back-you can get what’s period correct or you can get what you like. Custom whitewalls are not a problem. I offer many correct styles for the 60’s and 70’s cars or if you want something special, just let us know. My 2009 catalog features 16 product lines from 13” to 22” and anything in between. That’s more product than all the competitor’s combined. I’m also introducing two new top end product lines-the Diamond Back MX and the Diamond Back III. Both are built in North America by Michelin, the world’s most recognized tire manufacturer. If you’re going to spend over $200 per tire why not get the very best? Prices on the rest of my products will have a small increase and some will remain unchanged. Check out my warranty. It is the most solid, easy to understand warranty in the industry. My new extended warranty for $4.75 per tire is a smart move to protect your investment. As the year of the Great Recession begins, my goal remains unchanged-build the best looking, best performing product at a fair price. Thanks for all of your support! Confused and concerned about using radial tires on older rims? Get the facts .. -
Chapter Trans 305
Published under s. 35.93, Wis. Stats., by the Legislative Reference Bureau. 401 DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION Trans 305.02 Chapter Trans 305 STANDARDS FOR VEHICLE EQUIPMENT Subchapter I — General Provisions Trans 305.29 Steering and suspension. Trans 305.01 Purpose and scope. Trans 305.30 Tires and rims. Trans 305.02 Applicability. Trans 305.31 Modifications affecting height of a vehicle. Trans 305.03 Enforcement. Trans 305.32 Vent, side and rear windows. Trans 305.04 Penalty. Trans 305.33 Windshield defroster−defogger. Trans 305.05 Definitions. Trans 305.34 Windshields. Trans 305.06 Identification of vehicles. Trans 305.35 Windshield wipers. Trans 305.065 Homemade, replica, street modified, reconstructed and off−road vehicles. Subchapter III — Motorcycles Trans 305.37 Applicability of subch. II. Subchapter II — Automobiles, Motor Homes and Light Trucks Trans 305.38 Brakes. Trans 305.07 Definitions. Trans 305.39 Exhaust system. Trans 305.075 Auxiliary lamps. Trans 305.40 Fenders and bumpers. Trans 305.08 Back−up lamp. Trans 305.41 Fuel system. Trans 305.09 Direction signal lamps. Trans 305.42 Horn. Trans 305.10 Hazard warning lamps. Trans 305.43 Lighting. Trans 305.11 Headlamps. Trans 305.44 Mirrors. Trans 305.12 Parking lamps. Trans 305.45 Sidecars. Trans 305.13 Registration plate lamp. Trans 305.46 Suspension system. Trans 305.14 Side marker lamps, clearance lamps and reflectors. Trans 305.47 Tires, wheels and rims. Trans 305.15 Stop lamps. Trans 305.16 Tail lamps. Subchapter IV — Heavy Trucks, Trailers and Semitrailers Trans 305.17 Brakes. Trans 305.48 Definitions. Trans 305.18 Bumpers. -
School Bus Tires Item and Method of Inspection Point
SCHOOL BUS TIRES ITEM AND METHOD OF INSPECTION POINT VALUE AND REQUIREMENT DESCRIPTION (#) DESIGNATES POINTS TO BE DEDUCTED STANDARDS OF SAFETY AND REPAIR I. Tires: Visual Inspection of A. Front Tires (25)A.1. Recapped tires shall not 1. Recapped be used on front axle. 2. Tread Depth (Use a tread (25) 2. Front tire tread depth depth gauge) shall not be less than 4/32 inch in any two adja- a. See illustration tire cent major tread grooves wear measurement inform- at three equally spaced ation. Appendix A. intervals around the circumference of the tire. 3. Regrooved (25) 3. Any tire re-grooved or Re-cut below original groove depth when extra under-tread rubber was not provided for this purpose, or the tire is not marked "regroovable." 4. Condition = Visual (25) 4. a. Tire has unrepaired fabric defects of items a thru d break or was repaired by shall be cause for further use of a boot or blowout inspection of tire. patch. b. Tire has a bump, bulge, knot or separation. c. Tire has exposed or damaged body cords. 5. Size and Construction (25) 5. a. All tires on an axle a. Tires of a different must be of the same size size may be used, but and construction type not on the same axle. (bias ply or radial construction) tires must conform to the chassis manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating. b. Tires of a different b. All tires on a bus must be size may not be used on of the same size and load bus after 12/31/94. -
Environmental Comparison of Michelin Tweel™ and Pneumatic Tire Using Life Cycle Analysis
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARISON OF MICHELIN TWEEL™ AND PNEUMATIC TIRE USING LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented to The Academic Faculty by Austin Cobert In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master’s of Science in the School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology December 2009 Environmental Comparison of Michelin Tweel™ and Pneumatic Tire Using Life Cycle Analysis Approved By: Dr. Bert Bras, Advisor Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Jonathan Colton Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. John Muzzy Chemical and Biological Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: July 21, 2009 i Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................ VI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 THE PROBLEM ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Michelin’s Tweel™ ................................................................................................................................ -
Operation Manual
OPERATING MANUAL | STE-M, ST & SP TIRE SIPERS 800.223.4540 3451 S. 40th St., Phoenix, AZ | www.buytsi.com Fax: 602.437.5025 | Email: [email protected] June 19, 2019 Made in the USA at our plant in Monticello, MN TIRE SIPING MACHINE DECALS - MEANINGS READ INSTRUCTION WEAR PROTECTIVE WEAR DUST MASK USE PROPER LOCK OUT, MANUAL GLOVES TAG OUT PROCEDURES DO NOT STAND HAND CRUSH/ HAND ENTANGLEMENT FLYING DEBRIS/ PINCH POINT LOUD NOISES HUB SPRAY MIST TIRE SHAFT ROTATION GROUND ELECTRICAL CE MARK NEUTRAL PHYSICAL EARTH TIRE SIPING MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS ELECTRICAL REQUIRED: 120 Volts 1 Phase 60 Hertz 20 Amp Circuit Electrical supply shall be 20 Amp fused or 20 Amp circuit breaker. The electrical circuit must be protected with a short circuit protective device. AIR SUPPLY: Minimum of ¼ I.D. Air Hose Minimum of 130 PSIG at the machine 6 CFM should be available Air supply should be filtered lubricated air DIMENSIONS (Uncrated) 41"L x 44 "W x 46''H 460 lbs NOTE: The STE-M electrical system is capable of operation correctly within a humidity range of 20 to 95 percent. The STE-M will withstand storage and transportation temperatures within the range of -25C to 55C (-13F to + 131 F) and up to 70C (158F), for short period not exceeding 24 hours. The STE-M will operate at altitudes up to 1000 m. NOTE: If STE-M is operated below 32°F (0°C); The coolant media must either be a mixture containing anti-freeze or a windshield washer fluid. TIRE SIPING MACHINE TABLE OF CONTENTS SHIPPING & RECEIVING Unpacking 1 Package Contents 2 SET UP Basic Requirements 3 ORIENTATION Equipment Call Outs 4 Components 5-6 OPERATION Mounting and Dismounting 6-9 Siping 10-14 MAINTENANCE Main Unit 15-16 Expandable Hub 17-24 SIPER OPTIONS Wheel Lift 24 6030 Quick Lock Wheel Adapter 25 Automatic Cycle Feed 26 ----Troubleshooting 27-29 Sipe Angle 29 Wheel Adapters 29 APPENDIX 30 WARRANTY 31 TIRE SIPING MACHINE SHIPPING & RECEIVING - UNPACKING SECTION ONE From all of us at TSI thank you for purchasing your Tire Siping Machine. -
The Crime Scene
11/18/2013 Got Cars? Demonstrative Evidence & Visual Trial Theory Investigation & Prosecution of Vehicular Homicides Warren Diepraam Montgomery County District Attorney’s Office Vehicular Crimes Cases The Crime Scene • High Profile • Highly Emotional • Location? • Highly Likeable Defendants • Move Along? • High Degree of Expertise • Cleared Scene? • Highly Complicated • Police Attitudes? Question? • Evidence? What Evidence? No, Really! What Evidence? • Photos • 911 Calls • Maps • Medical Records • Photos • Diagrams • Autopsy • Charts • Insurance Records • Measurements • Reconstruction • Receipts • Cars • SFSTs • GPS Data • Phones • Blood Evidence • Dispatch Recordings • OnStar / AAA Roadside • Blood • Videos • Civil Documents • Cell Phones • Social Media • Internet Posting • Social Media • Statements • Doctor’s Records 1 11/18/2013 Got the Evidence –Now What? Learning Types • Demonstrative Evidence vs. Exhibits • Kinetic Learners = 5% • Predicates • Auditory Learners = 30% • Rules of Evidence • Visual Learners = 65% Kinetic • Publishing & Presenting 5% –Trial Fusion (www.trialfusion.net) Auditory –PowerPoint 30% Visual 65% • Consider . Visual Learners Introduction ‐ Visual Facts You MUST Make It Visual! Sounds Fun, But . • We Don’t Have the Equipment. – Forfeiture Funds? – Grants? – MADD or Other Organizations – Beg, Borrow, or Buy Your Own – Go “old school” and blow it up! = WINNING! 2 11/18/2013 When You Can –Bring It In! Photos –Key Points • Quantity? • Quality? • Get there Fast! • All the Evidence. • Think Outside the Box. • Consider the Defenses. Good Photo of Damage Better Photo of Damage Good Photo of Scene Good Photo of Scene 3 11/18/2013 Better Photo of Scene Better Photo of Scene Some Beer… Wine Cooler… 4 11/18/2013 Still Cold… Here’s Why DNA On the driver’s seat . and the wheel. -
HVE Data Inputs Based on Testing for a Wet Pavement Accident Involving an Intercity Bus and an SUV
WP#2005-1 HVE Data Inputs Based on Testing for a Wet Pavement Accident Involving an Intercity Bus and an SUV Lawrence E. Jackson, PE, MS, ACTAR, David Rayburn, Dan Walsh, PE, Jennifer Russert, National Transportation Safety Board and David Gents, George A. Tapia, Vincent M. Paolini General Dynamics Tire Research Facility ABSTRACT speeds, and with different water depths. The surface used on the TIRF was This paper will discuss the technique validated with the ASTM ribbed and used to simulate a wet pavement smooth tires. The results of these tire accident. It will discuss the weather tests are presented. Finally, the data data, the environment data and the inputs for the surface friction factors and surface friction inputs and the bus tire the tire in-use factors will be discussed. friction inputs used for an HVE SIMON(1)1 loss-of-control simulation on INTRODUCTION wet pavement. By knowing the rain intensity, texture, drainage path length In 2002, the National Highway Traffic and cross slope of the pavement, it could Safety Administration (NHTSA) be determined that the surface was reported that there were 2,981 fatal flooded. The surface was documented crashes, 207,000 injury crashes, and with an ASTM skid trailer using a 479,000 property damage only (pdo) treaded and a smooth tire. This data crashes when rain was reported(2). This showed that for smooth tires the friction represents 7.8% of the fatal crashes, changed both longitudinally every 0.1- 10.7% of the injury crashes and 11.0% mile and laterally between wheel paths, of the pdo crashes. -
Tire Tread Depth and Wet Traction – a Review
A Crain Communications Event 1725 Merriman Road * Akron, Ohio 44313-9006 Phone: 330.836.9180 * Fax: 330.836.1005 * www.rubbernews.com ITEC 2014 Paper W-4 All papers owned and copyrighted by Crain Communications, Inc. Reprint only with permission Tire Tread Depth and Wet Traction – A Review W. Blythe William Blythe, Inc. Palo Alto, California Introduction The relationship of tire tread depth to wet traction has been a subject of technical research and discussion since at least the mid 1960s. Now, nearly 50 years on, these discussions continue, and disagreements regarding the importance of improving wet traction also continue. During this time, bias-ply tires have been replaced by radial construction and, in the USA, highway speeds have increased; miles driven have approximately tripled. This Paper reviews research that strongly suggests an increase in minimum tire tread depth requirements would significantly and positively affect highway safety. Historical Data Radial tire wet frictional performance is compared to bias-ply tire performance in Figure 1, taken from [1], a 1967 Paper. Since radial tires comprise almost all passenger car tires in use, any conclusions relating to tire performance based upon bias-ply tires probably no longer are valid. In these braking tests of fully-treaded tires, water depth was controlled at ¼ inch. As an example of increased highway speeds, posted speed limits of 70 mph on “Interstate System and non-interstate system routes” changed in the USA from zero miles so posted in 1994 to 40,897 miles in 2000. [2] 1 Figure 1 – Radial vs Bias Ply Tires Braking Coefficients, ¼ Inch Water Depth, 1967 Figure 2 shows the estimated total miles driven on all USA roads per year from 1971 through 2013. -
Tire-Pavement Friction Coefficients
d........Tehia eot ... IEPVMN RCINCEFCET IX% r. .... Api.17 K 7 TechnicalAVAReotTR-AEMIENT FRICIONER COMCIN Sprored by h ~ ,~NAVLFACLTENIERINGCOMMAN 1 or fHFeder alnifor&enial Information Springfield, Va. 22151 This document ha been approved for public release and sia; its distribution is unlimited. TIRE-PAVEMENT FRICTION COEFFICIENTS Technical Report R-672 Y-F01 5-20-01-012 by Hisao Tomita A ABSTRACT An investigation consisting mainly of a literature review and a review of current research done outside NCEL was conducted to determine the and Marine o methods needed to provide safe, skid-resistant surfaces on Navy Corps airfield pavements. Much of the information reported herein serves to update the information contained in NCEL Technical Report R-303. or example, new information is included on friction-measuring methods, corre- lation of the measuring methods, factors affecting friction coefficients, minimum requirements for skid resistance, and methods of improving the skid resistance Gf slippery pavements. However, some new topics which are of recent interest are also discussed in detail. These topics include hydro- planing, the mechanism of rubber friction, the friction associated with various operating modes of aircraft tires, the relationship of friction coefficients to pavement surface texture and to surface drainage of water, and the effects of pavement grooving on hydroplaning and on friction coefficients. All the information from the investigation is summarized, and recommendations are given for research and development efforts needed to provide safe, skid-resistant surfaces for airfield pavements. ........................... ... .............\ ...................his document has been appro.-,d for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. ............ Vi - Ctopies availiable at the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific & Technicalti.