2021 Retread Data Guide Truck & Bus Tires

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

2021 Retread Data Guide Truck & Bus Tires 2021 Retread Data Guide Truck & Bus Tires Continental Truck and Bus Tires | www.continental-truck.com Continental’s worldwide, cutting edge life cycle solution. A tailor-made program that lowers cost and prolongs the life of a tire. The new standard in premium retreads - new tire technology, new tire compounding & new tire tread designs. Providing fleets a complete tire life cycle with premium Continental products. Fleets rely on Continental new tires to deliver the lowest overall driving cost. Now fleets can experience the superior Continental performance through the entire life cycle of the casing. DELIVERING YOUR LOWEST OVERALL DRIVING COST. One of the largest automotive suppliers and tire manufacturers in the world, Continental develops pioneering technologies to make your fleet safer, more efficient, and more connected. With innovative tire technology and digital fleet solutions, Continental optimizes your tire management. Count on Continental to recommend the best tires and solutions for your specific fleet needs. IMPORTANT NOTE: Product details are subject to change. If the information you are looking for is not in this data guide, please visit www.continental-truck.com or contact your local sales representative for the most up to date information. 2 2021 ContiTread™ Data Guide CONTENTS Table of Contents OVERVIEW Premium Retreads ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................04 ContiTread™ Product Overview .........................................................................................................................................................................................06 Retread Availability Chart ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................08 Retread Comparison Chart ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................11 RETREAD PRODUCT DATA Long Haul Application Products ............................................................................................................................................................................................13 Regional Application Products ................................................................................................................................................................................................18 Urban Application Products ......................................................................................................................................................................................................24 Construction Application Products...................................................................................................................................................................................26 Off-Road Application Products ...............................................................................................................................................................................................28 TABLES/CHARTS Medium Truck Load/Inflation Tables .................................................................................................................................................................................30 Load Limits at Various Speeds ..............................................................................................................................................................................................34 Reading Tire Information..............................................................................................................................................................................................................36 Definitions .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................39 Low Aspect Ratio Tires...................................................................................................................................................................................................................40 Safety Warnings ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................41 Service Descriptions .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................44 Load Index Numbers.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................45 Tread Wear Conversion Table ..............................................................................................................................................................................................46 Retread Casing Fitment Guide...............................................................................................................................................................................................47 Conti Highlights ContiLink ................................................................................................ 05 CLC-Soft .................................................................................................. 17 ContiLifeCycle™ Retread Stages .................................................. 10 Janam XT2 Mobile Computer........................................................ 23 EPA SmartWay .................................................................................... 12 HorsePower Rewards Program .................................................... 25 Continental Truck and Bus Tires | www.continental-truck.com 3 2021 ContiTread™ Data Guide PRODUCT OVERVIEW The new standard in premium retreads. The long life of our Continental Truck Tires TM through the ContiLifeCycle Process. The life cycle of Continental Truck Tires Continental Truck Tires are designed for ultimate economy over the entire life of the new tire and far beyond that when it comes to the casing. The ContiLifeCycleTM starts with the new tire and ends with the premium retread solution, ContiTread TM. N E G W IN T I D R A E E S R T E R CASING 4 Continental Truck and Bus Tires | www.continental-truck.com ContiLink Your Connection to Dealer Support & Resources Order Tracking Whether you need to Marketing check product availability, Needs place an order, track shipping As a Continental dealer, you or monitor backorder can purchase sales literature Standard Claims reports, ContiLink has and point-of-sale material Processing your needs covered. for your showroom anytime, If you can name it, you can claim it… or download digital copies in pricing, shipping, sales tax, advertising PDF format. Simply log into and waste fee claims are just a few ContiLink and click on the that have the ability to process National Marketing Suite banner. through ContiLink. Accounts & Training Government Claims Center Through the National Accounts and Government Claims section Gain access to Engage360° of ContiLink, you can submit Training, our online training delivery receipts, review customer center that covers everything from product information to Financial requirements, submit government claims tire basics to sales scenarios Through ContiLink’s Financial and more. much more! feature, you have the ability to view Emergency real-time debits/credits on open Road Service items and print, email or save Tracking copies of invoices, statements With detailed reporting from and credit memos. Continental’s TrukFix emergency road service program, you can see at a glance your acceptance rates for calls and opportunities to increase service revenue with Continental. LOG ON TO WWW.CONTILINK.COM TODAY! Administration Digital Downloads Live Chat ContiLink gives Dealers the flexibility Need instant access to Continental Chat with a Truck Tires Inside Sales to update their profiles. Keep your resources? Visit the Marketing section of representative or a National Account dealer location information up the ContiLink site and download digital specialist to check your orders or if to date, and edit users and user copies of the literature you need, including you have a question about a delivery information as needed. your Dealer Marketing Program book. receipt. Get the information you need when you need it. Continental Truck and Bus Tires | www.continental-truck.com 2021 ContiTread™ Data Guide PRODUCT OVERVIEW Product Overview All-Position HSR 3 HSR - 18/32" HSR - 16/32" HSR1 LSR1 HAU 3 WT HSC 3 HSC - 18/32" HCS Drive Position HDL 3 LTL-R HDL2 DL HDL2 DL Eco Plus HDL HDL Eco Plus HDL2 Eco Plus HDR2 HDR2 Eco Plus HDR1 HDR1 Eco Plus 6 Continental Truck and Bus Tires | www.continental-truck.com 2021 ContiTread™ Data Guide PRODUCT OVERVIEW Product Overview Drive Position (Continued) Scandinavia HD3 HDW2 HDU 3 WT HDC 3 HDC1 HT Trailer
Recommended publications
  • What You Need to Know About Mounting Radial Tires on Classic Vehicle Rims
    What You Need to Know About Mounting Radial Tires on Classic Vehicle Rims Over the past 100 years, tires, and the wheels that support them, have gone through significant changes as a result of technical innovations in design, technology and materials. No single factor affects the handling and safety of a car’s ride more than the tire and the wheel it is mounted on and how the two work together as a unit. One nagging question that has been the subject of a lot of anecdotal evidence, speculation, and even more widespread rumor is whether rims designed for Bias ply tires can handle the stresses placed on them by Radial ply tires. And the answer is - it depends. It depends on how the rim was originally designed and built as well as whether the rim has few enough cycles on it, and how it has been driven. But most importantly it depends upon the construction of the tire and how it transmits the vehicle's load to where the rubber meets the road. In this paper, we want to educate you on the facts - not the wives tales or just plain bad information - about how Bias and Radial tires differ in working with the rim to provide a safe ride. Why is there a possible rim concern between Radial and Bias Tires? The fitting of radial tires, to wheels and rims originally designed for bias tires, is an application that may result in rim durability issues. Even same-sized bias and radial tires stress a rim differently, despite their nearly identical dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • Blowout Resistant Tire Study for Commercial Highway Vehicles
    Final Technical Report for Task Order No. 4 (DTRS57-97-C-00051) Blowout Resistant Tire Study for Commercial Highway Vehicles Z. Bareket D. F. Blower C. MacAdam The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute August 31,2000 Technical Report Documen~tationPage Table of Contents 1. Overview ..................... ..........................................................................................1 2 . Crash Data Analysis of Truck Tire Blowouts ........................................ 3 Truck tire blowouts in FARS (Fatality Analysis Reporting System) and TIFA (Trucks Involved in Fatal Accidents) ........................................................................................3 Truck tire blowouts in GES .........................................................................................8 Fatalities and injuries in truck tire blowout crashes ..................................................10 State data analysis ....................................................................................................10 Crashes related to truck tire debris ...........................................................................12 3 . Information Review of Truck Tire Blowouts .........................................................15 Literature Review ................. .............................................................................15 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations, Rules and Notices ...................................21 Patent Database Research ....................... .. .......................................................23
    [Show full text]
  • Tubeless-Ready Bead Tire Instructions Say Goodbye to Cold
    TUBELESS-READY BEAD TIRE INSTRUCTIONS SAY GOODBYE TO COLD. SAY HELLO TO COMFORT. INTENDED USE 45North is built on real-world needs and knowledge. Our collection Studded tires: winter commuting, fatbiking and winter delivers unrivaled comfort and control through advanced technical off-road cycling. design and effective use of materials. We have more people who Fatbike tires: for bicycles that accommodate a 26 x 3.7" or larger ride more miles in colder weather than anywhere on the planet. tire, for winter off-road cycling. Enjoy. NOTE: 45North Studded tires are not intended for long-haul loaded WARNING: CYCLING CAN BE DANGEROUS. touring on pavement. BICYCLE PRODUCTS SHOULD BE INSTALLED AND SERVICED BY A PROFESSIONAL MECHANIC. NEVER MODIFY YOUR RIM COMPATIBILITY BICYCLE OR ACCESSORIES. READ AND FOLLOW ALL PRODUCT WARNING: Standard bead 45North tires are not tubeless ready. INSTRUCTIONS AND WARNINGS INCLUDING INFORMATION ON THE MANUFACTURER’S WEBSITE. INSPECT YOUR BICYCLE Tire Width Outside Rim Width BEFORE EVERY RIDE. ALWAYS WEAR A HELMET. 30mm 20–25mm WARNING: Tires are a part of your bike that will wear out with 35mm 20–25mm use. Tires may pick up foreign objects such as glass or road debris that will puncture the tire and inner tube, causing a loss of air 38mm 20–28mm pressure and reduced ability to control or stop the bike, which 54mm (2.1") 25–35mm could lead to a crash resulting in serious injury or death. Before each ride check to ensure that your tires are in good condition, 60mm (2.35") 25–40mm properly seated on the rim, and properly inflated.
    [Show full text]
  • TPMS Brochure
    SEE THE LIGHT? WE CAN HELP. Standard® OE-Matching TPMS Sensors, Mounting Hardware, Service Kits, Shop Tools, and QWIK-SENSOR™ Universal Programmable Sensors ABOUT TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEMS The industry’s best blended TPMS program with 99% coverage. 2 Universal Sensors cover PAL, WAL, and Auto-Locate technologies. Our OE-Match sensors An Important Safety Warning Light Goes Unnoticed are direct-fit and ready-to-install right out of the During the past 10 years, more than 147 million vehicles were sold with Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS). That means there box. And both programs are the only 3rd-party are more than 590 million sensors with a 100% failure rate that will need to be replaced in the future. TPMS is a safety device that tested TPMS in the industry. measures, identifies and warns motorists when one or more of their tires are significantly under-inflated. If the system finds a tire with low air pressure, a sensor with a dead battery, or a system malfunction, it will illuminate the TPMS warning light on the dash. While this is common knowledge to technicians, it isn’t as well-known among motorists, as evidenced by the results from a recent survey on TPMS: TPMS PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS 96% 25% • Basic manufacturer in TPMS category Drivers who consider Vehicles that have at under-inflated tires an least one tire significantly - All makes & models – domestic and import covered important safety concern underinflated • Our OE-Matching and QWIK-SENSOR™ Universal Programs cover 99% of the vehicles you will service in your shop today
    [Show full text]
  • FAA Advisory Circular 20-97B
    Subject: AIRCRAFT TIRE MAINTENANCE Date: 4/18/05 AC No.: 20-97B AND OPERATIONAL PRACTICES Initiated by: AFS-306 Change: 1. PURPOSE. This advisory circular (AC) provides recommended tire care and maintenance practices needed to assure the safety of support personnel and the continued airworthiness of aircraft. Specifically, this AC provides guidance on the installation, inflation, maintenance, and removal of aircraft tires. In addition, this AC provides guidance on those operational practices necessary to maintain safe aircraft operations. This AC is not mandatory and does not constitute a regulation. It is issued for guidance purposes and to outline acceptable tire maintenance and operational practices. In lieu of following this method without deviation, operators may elect to follow an alternative method that has also been found acceptable by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 2. CANCELLATION. AC 20-97A, High-Speed Tire Maintenance and Operational Practices, dated May 13, 1987, is cancelled. 3. RELATED REGULATIONS AND DOCUMENTS. a. Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR): (1) Part 21, subpart O, Technical Standard Order Authorizations. (2) Part 23, Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes. (3) Part 25, Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes. (4) Part 27, Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft. (5) Part 29, Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft. (6) Part 43, Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration. (7) Part 145, Repair Stations. b. FAA ACs. Copies of the following ACs may be obtained from the U.S. Department of Transportation, Subsequent Distribution Center, Ardmore East Business Center, 3341 Q 75th Avenue, Landover, MD 20785, and may be downloaded at the following Web site: http://www.faa.gov/avr/afs/acs/ac-idx.htm.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall-2016-All-Pages
    MCGEE COMPANY SINCE 1951 Denver • Salt Lake Automotive Service Equipment Albuquerque • Dallas Tire Service Supplies 1-800-525-8888 Retreading Equipment & Supplies www.McGeeCompany.com Passenger/Truck/OTR EXPIRES 1/31/17 All prices are F.O.B. our warehouse unless otherwise specified. Lease figures are PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE approximate and subject to change. VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED 1/2” Drive Super Duty Air Impact Wrench #MTK Pouch • 2” extended anvil $25.95 • Handle exhaust Includes: 1 ea GA115 Gauge • Free speed: 8000 RPM 20- 120 PSI • Maximum torque: 600 ft./lbs. 1 ea MK White Markal • Proven design and the most popular 1 ea 1246D Flip Socket 3/4-13/16 Thin Wall configuration in the tire service industry 1 ea 1291DT Flip Socket 19mm-21mm 1 ea 595TM Trend Depth Gauge • Powered by the durable and high performing twin 1 ea TL620 Core Tool hammer mechanism 153-23120 • Net weight: 5.6 lbs. 5LD74 empty pouch available! $119.95 Made in Taiwan Largest stock of tire chains in the Ascot No. McGee No. Description Rocky Mountain Area! 153-23120 15323120 1/2” Drive Air Impact Wrench - 2” Extended Anvil M Series Ascot No. McGee No. Description Price Wide Base Truck Autosock DUO Tractor Chains Safety Inflator Gauge. 12” Hose With Dual Cam Chains Foot Chuck. 10 To 120 PSI. Available 6ft, 9ft, & 477-00001 1406M $39.95 12ft hose Double Seal Cap • A time, money and labor saving alternative to common valve caps Prema Combi Repairs • Reduce pressure check time by 65% • Designed for high pressure truck tire service • Easy and • Inflate, deflate or gauge directly thru the DS-1 saving fast for time during inflation and pressure checks repairing tire with injury in Now approved by crown area UPS and Ryder.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling Tire Blow-Out in Roadside Hardware Simulations Using Ls-Dyna
    Proceedings of IMECE’03 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition Washington, D.C., November 16-21, 2003 IMECE2003-55057 MODELING TIRE BLOW-OUT IN ROADSIDE HARDWARE SIMULATIONS USING LS-DYNA Fabio Orengo, Graduate Research Assistant, Malcolm H. Ray, Ph. D., Associate Professor Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01605 Chuck A. Plaxico, Ph.D. Senior Research Engineer Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201 ABSTRACT impact with other structures, such as roadside hardware, where Often when vehicles interact with roadside hardware like the tires are only one aspect of many intricate parts that must be guardrails, bridge rails and curbs, the interaction between the modeled. roadside hardware and the tire causes the tire to lose its air seal In most cases, the simulation of vehicle impact into and "blow-out". Once the seal between the rim and rubber tire roadside hardware has been approached using relatively simple is lost, the tire deflates. The behavior of the deflated tire is models, where the particular aspects of the tire structure were much different than the behavior of an inflated tire such that not reproduced. Typically, the tire has been modeled with when this behavior is observed in real world crashes or in full- isotropic membrane elements (thin shells) which may be scale crash tests, the vehicle kinematics are strongly coupled to effective when the dynamics of the tire are negligible. A more the behavior of the deflated tire. Accounting for this behavior realistic model is needed when the tire interacts significantly in LS-DYNA models is crucial in many types of roadside with other elements of the roadside environment, for instance, hardware simulations since the forces generated by the deflated in those conditions where the tire directly plays an important tire often introduce instability into the vehicle that can cause role in the vehicle kinematics and stability.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Zealand & Australian Experience with Central Tyre Inflation
    TheThe NewNew ZealandZealand && AustralianAustralian ExperienceExperience withwith CentralCentral TyreTyre InflationInflation Neil Wylie Innovative Transport Equipment Ltd Log Transport Safety Council Tyre Development • 1846 – Robert William Thomson invented and patented the pneumatic tire • 1888 – First commercial pneumatic bicycle tire produced by Dunlop • 1889 – John Boyd Dunlop patented the pneumatic tire in the UK • 1890 – Dunlop, and William Harvey Du Cros began production of pneumatic tires in Ireland • 1890 – Bartlett Clincher rim introduced • 1891 – Dunlop's patent invalidated in favor of Thomson’s patent • 1892 – Beaded edge tires introduced in the U.S. • 1894 – E.J. Pennington invents the first balloon tire • 1895 – Michelin introduced pneumatic automobile tires • 1898 – Schrader valve stem patented • 1900 – Cord Tires introduced by Palmer (England) and BFGoodrich (U.S.) • 1903 – Goodyear Tire Company patented the first tubeless tire, however it was not introduced until 1954 • 1904 – Goodyear and Firestone started producing cord reinforced tires • 1904 – Mountable rims were introduced that allowed drivers to fix their own flats • 1908 – Frank Seiberling invented grooved tires with improved road traction • 1910 – BFGoodrich Company invented longer life tires by adding carbon black to the rubber • 1919 – Goodyear and Dunlop announced pneumatic truck tires[2] • 1938 – Goodyear introduced the rayon cord tire • 1940 – BFGoodrich introduced the first commercial synthetic rubber tire • 1946 – Michelin introduced the radial tire •
    [Show full text]
  • Tubeless Kit Instructions
    Tubeless Kit Instructions Hi there. Thanks for spending your hard-earned cash on this Surly product. Surly stuff is designed to be useful and durable. We’re confident it will serve you well for years to come. WARNING: Cycling can be dangerous. Bicycle products should be installed and serviced by a professional mechanic. Never modify your bicycle or accessories. Read and follow all product instructions and warnings including information on the manufacturer’s website. Inspect your bicycle before every ride. Always wear a helmet. For additional safety information about all Surly products visit: surlybikes.com/safety Tubeless Kit Compatibility and Intended Use This kit is intended to only be used with the Surly MOBD rims and tubeless ready tires. We recommend a Surly or 45NRTH tubeless ready tire for best performance. Parts Included • Surly nylon rim strip (qty 2) • Tubeless valve (qty 2) • Problem Solver valve nut (qty 2) • Whisky Tubeless Rim Tape 80mm wide Recommended for Installation • Surly MOBD rims • Tubeless compatible tire • Tubeless tire sealant and sealant injector Tools Needed • Scissors or blade • Rubbing alcohol • Safety glasses • Awl • Air compressor or high volume pump • Clean rag • Valve core removal tool Installation of the Tubeless Kit 1. Clean inner surface of rim thoroughly with lint free rag and rubbing alcohol. Any debris or residue left on rim could inhibit the tape from properly adhering to the rim and create an air leak. Allow rim to dry before moving on to the next step. 2. Install rim strip. Pull (wrestle) the rim strip on to the rim. Make sure that the strip is centered on the rim and that the valve hole lines up with the valve hole in the rim.
    [Show full text]
  • The World's Most Beautiful And... Best Performing Custom Designed Tires
    WelcomeWelcome ToTo TheThe World’sWorld’s MostMost BeautifulBeautiful and...and... BestBest PerformingPerforming CustomCustom DesignedDesigned TiresTires Bill Chapman Founder Diamond Back Classics I know what you are thinking! The tires on Bill’s Corvette are not correct. It’s not a show car-it is for my enjoyment. That’s the beauty of Diamond Back-you can get what’s period correct or you can get what you like. Custom whitewalls are not a problem. I offer many correct styles for the 60’s and 70’s cars or if you want something special, just let us know. My 2009 catalog features 16 product lines from 13” to 22” and anything in between. That’s more product than all the competitor’s combined. I’m also introducing two new top end product lines-the Diamond Back MX and the Diamond Back III. Both are built in North America by Michelin, the world’s most recognized tire manufacturer. If you’re going to spend over $200 per tire why not get the very best? Prices on the rest of my products will have a small increase and some will remain unchanged. Check out my warranty. It is the most solid, easy to understand warranty in the industry. My new extended warranty for $4.75 per tire is a smart move to protect your investment. As the year of the Great Recession begins, my goal remains unchanged-build the best looking, best performing product at a fair price. Thanks for all of your support! Confused and concerned about using radial tires on older rims? Get the facts ..
    [Show full text]
  • Portable Tire Blaster and Air Tank
    Portable Tire Blaster and Air Tank Owner's Manual MODEL #: EA05-TB EA10-TB THIS INSTRUCTION MANUAL CONTAINS IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION. READ CAREFULLY AND UNDERSTAND ALL INFORMATION BEFORE OPERATING THIS TOOL. SAVE THIS MANUAL FOR FUTURE REFERENCE. MAXIMUM PRESSURE 150 PSI. RECOMMENDED OPERATING PRESSURE 85-150 PSI. *OVERFILLING MAY RESULT IN DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY* FILL THIS TANK ONLY FROM A SERVICE STATION OR SIMILAR LOW PRESSURE, -150-PSI AIR COMPRESS- OR *REPLACE FILLER VALVES, AIR HOSE, GAUGE WITH LIKE FITTING. DEFLATE TANK BEFORE REMOVING FITTING. DISCHARGE TANK WHEN NOT IN USE. EAR PROTECTION RECOMMENDED. *WEAR SAFETY GLASSES* THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS CHEMICALS KNOW TO THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA TO CAUSE CANCER AND BIRTH DEFECTS OR OTHER REPRODUCTIVE HARM. WASH HANDS THOROUGHLY AFTER HANDLING. DO NOT REMOVE OR DEFACE THIS LABEL WARNING: Do not store or transport a charged tank. Do not discharge the device towards anyone. Do not clean a tire with a flammable solvent before using this device. Do not subject the tank to any stress or impact that might weaken it. TIRE BLASTER / AIR TANK COMPONENT DRAWING 1 Air Tank 7 ASME Check Valve 2 Quick Connect Male 8 Pressure Gauge 3 1/4" Ball valve 9 1.5" Ball Valve 4 1/4" Elbow 10 Lock Nut 5 Hand Grip 11 Tire Blaster Tube w/ Flange 6 Air Hose with Chuck Page 2 DESCRIPTION The EAGLE PORTABLE TIRE BLASTER and AIR TANK uses compressed air to properly seat the bead on Auto, ATV, and Truck tires. Please read the following instructions below before proceeding with tool operation.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Tire-Road Friction for Road Vehicles: a Time Delay Neural Network Approach
    Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Estimation of Tire-Road Friction for Road Vehicles: a Time Delay Neural Network Approach Alexandre M. Ribeiro · Alexandra Moutinho · Andr´eR. Fioravanti · Ely C. de Paiva Received: date / Accepted: date Abstract The performance of vehicle active safety sys- different road surfaces and driving maneuvers to verify tems is dependent on the friction force arising from the effectiveness of the proposed estimation method. the contact of tires and the road surface. Therefore, an The results are compared with a classical approach, a adequate knowledge of the tire-road friction coefficient model-based method modeled as a nonlinear regression. is of great importance to achieve a good performance Keywords Road friction estimation Artificial neural of different vehicle control systems. This paper deals · networks Recursive least squares Vehicle safety with the tire-road friction coefficient estimation prob- · · · Road vehicles lem through the knowledge of lateral tire force. A time delay neural network (TDNN) is adopted for the pro- posed estimation design. The TDNN aims at detecting 1 Introduction road friction coefficient under lateral force excitations avoiding the use of standard mathematical tire models, One of the primary challenges of vehicle control is that which may provide a more efficient method with robust the source of force generation is strongly limited by the results. Moreover, the approach is able to estimate the available friction between the tire tread elements and road friction at each wheel independently, instead of the road. In order to better understand vehicle handling using lumped axle models simplifications.
    [Show full text]