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MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds The Vocabulary of Sectarianism by Aaron Y. Zelin, Phillip Smyth Jan 29, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Aaron Y. Zelin Aaron Y. Zelin is the Richard Borow Fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy where his research focuses on Sunni Arab jihadi groups in North Africa and Syria as well as the trend of foreign fighting and online jihadism. Phillip Smyth Phillip Smyth was a Soref Fellow at The Washington Institute from 2018-2021. Articles & Testimony Many players in Syria are pursuing a long-term sectarian dehumanization strategy because they view the war as an existential religious struggle between Sunnis and Shiites, indicating that peace conferences are unlikely to resolve the conflict. s the conflict in Syria continues to spread throughout the Levant and adopt a broader sectarian tone -- Sunni A Salafis on one side and Iranian-backed, ideologically influenced Shiite Islamists on the other -- it is important to know how the main actors have cast one another. Unlike the rhetoric during the Iraq War (2003), sectarian language on both sides is regularly finding its way into common discourse. Fighting between Sunnis and Shiites has picked back up in Iraq, is slowly escalating in Lebanon, and there have been incidents in Australia, Azerbaijan, Britain, and Egypt. The utilization of these words in militant and clerical lingo reflects a broader and far more portentous shift: A developing sectarian war and strategy of dehumanization. This is not simply a representation of petty tribal hatreds or a simple reflection on Syria's war, but a grander regional and religious issue. -
The Silk Roads Mecca (Haiphong) Hanoi PACIFIC Suakin INDIAN the Silk Roads Are Part of a Vast Region Comprised SUBCONTINENT OCEAN
l a r Prague Krakow Kiev U Seine Volga Paris Rostov On Don EURASIAN STEPPES Karakorum Rhone Elista Lyon Venice Crimea Astrakhan Syr Darya (Iaxartes) MONGOLIAN STEPPES Shanh-du CAUCASUS A RA L Urumqi (Xanadu) Genoa CA S P I A N S E A Danube Turfan BLACK SEA Amu Darya (Oxus) Otrar Porto BALKANS DerbentSEA Khiva Istanbul Tbilisi Kuqa GOBI DESERT Barcelona (Constantinople) (Khwarezm) Beijing Rome Trebizond Kokand Ferghana Dunhuang Bursa Shaki He Huang (Khanbalik) Valencia CENTRAL ASIA Xinjiang Sardis Baku P K JAPAN Lisbon ANATOLIA Erzurum Bukhara E O Aras Samarkand Kashgar N R Ephesus Konya Tabriz Nisa Merv Pyongyang IN E Athens Dara S A Cordoba Granada Gorgan U N Alanya Antioch Nishapur Khotan Penglai Seoul L Nisibis Balkh A Gyengju Aleppo (Bactra) YELLOW Busan Palmyra Rayy Osaka Fez Ecbatana Loyang SEA MEDITERRANEAN SEA Tyre Bagdad IRANIAN Taxila PLATEAU OF TIBET Fukuoka Nara Damascus Ctesiphon PLATEAU Xi'an Yangzhou Tigris Nagasaki Tripoli Jerusalem MESOPOTAMIA (Changan) Alexandria Gaza E Isfahan Nanjing u Harappa Petra p Qalhat Cairo hr ArvandSusa Chengdu Hangzhou ate Chang JiangWuhan s PERSIAN GULF Ningbo Apologos Delhi Qusair Siraf s ( Myos-Hormos) Hormuz u Ganges d n I Foochow Leuce Come Karachi CHINA (Fuzhou) GULF Brahamaputra Medina Zaitun Sohar OF OMAN Canton ARABIAN Barbaricon (Ghuangzhou) (Qhuanzhou) Jeddah Muscat PENINSULA Barygaza Tamralipti Cattigara Nile R E D S E A Qalhat Macau The Silk Roads Mecca (Haiphong) Hanoi PACIFIC Suakin INDIAN The Silk Roads are part of a vast region comprised SUBCONTINENT OCEAN Salalah Pegu M of a network of maritime and land routes. ARABIAN SEA e k o Bolinao n San’a Goa g Hội An They pass through South Asia and Southeast Cana Muza BAY OF BENGAL SOUTH Asia, crossing the Central Asian subcontinent, Aden Madras CHINA the Russian steppes, the Iranian and Anatolian Calicut Pondicherry SEA plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula. -
Policies for Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility in Cities of Mali
Page 1 Policies for sustainable mobility and accessibility in cities of Mali Page 2 ¾ SSATP – Mali - Policies for Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility in Urban Areas – October 2019 Page 3 ¾ SSATP – Mali - Policies for Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility in Urban Areas – October 2019 Policies for sustainable mobility and accessibility in urban areas of Mali An international partnership supported by: Page 4 ¾ SSATP – Mali - Policies for Sustainable Mobility and Accessibility in Urban Areas – October 2019 The SSATP is an international partnership to facilitate policy development and related capacity building in the transport sector in Africa. Sound policies lead to safe, reliable, and cost-effective transport, freeing people to lift themselves out of poverty and helping countries to compete internationally. * * * * * * * The SSATP is a partnership of 42 African countries: Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; 8 Regional Economic Communities (RECs); 2 African institutions: African Union Commission (AUC) and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA); Financing partners for the Third Development Plan: European Commission (main donor), -
Indian Notices to Mariners
INDIAN NOTICES TO MARINERS EDITION NO. 21 DATED 01 NOV 2020 (CONTAINS NOTICES 206 TO 215) REACH US 24 x 7 [email protected] +91-135-2748373 [email protected] National Hydrographic Office Commander (H) 107-A, Rajpur Road Maritime Safety Information Services Dehradun – 248001 +91- 135 - 2746290-117 INDIA www.hydrobharat.gov.in CONTENTS Section No. Title I List of Charts Affected II Permanent Notices III Temporary and Preliminary Notices IV Marine Information V NAVAREA VIII Warnings inforce VI Corrections to Sailing Directions VII Corrections to List of Lights VIII Corrections to List of Radio Signals IX Reporting of Navigational Dangers ST TH (PUBLISHED ON NHO WEBSITE ON 1 & 16 OF EVERY MONTH) FEEDBACK: [email protected] INSIST ON INDIAN CHARTS AND PUBLICATIONS Original, Authentic and Up-to-Date © Govt. of India Copyright No permission is required to make copies of these Notices. However, such copies are not to be commercially sold. II MARINER’S OBLIGATION AND A CHART MAKER’S PLEA Observing changes at sea proactively and reporting them promptly to the concerned charting agency, is an obligation that all mariners owe to the entire maritime community towards SOLAS. Mariners are requested to notify the Chief Hydrographer to the Government of India at the above mentioned address/fax number/ E mail address immediately on discovering new or suspected dangers to navigation, changes/ defects pertaining to navigational aids, and shortcomings in Indian charts/ publications. The Hydrographic Note [Form IH – 102] is a convenient form to notify such changes. Specimen form is attached at Section IX with this notice. -
A Symbol of Global Protec- 7 1 5 4 5 10 10 17 5 4 8 4 7 1 1213 6 JAPAN 3 14 1 6 16 CHINA 33 2 6 18 AF Tion for the Heritage of All Humankind
4 T rom the vast plains of the Serengeti to historic cities such T 7 ICELAND as Vienna, Lima and Kyoto; from the prehistoric rock art 1 5 on the Iberian Peninsula to the Statue of Liberty; from the 2 8 Kasbah of Algiers to the Imperial Palace in Beijing — all 5 2 of these places, as varied as they are, have one thing in common. FINLAND O 3 All are World Heritage sites of outstanding cultural or natural 3 T 15 6 SWEDEN 13 4 value to humanity and are worthy of protection for future 1 5 1 1 14 T 24 NORWAY 11 2 20 generations to know and enjoy. 2 RUSSIAN 23 NIO M O UN IM D 1 R I 3 4 T A FEDERATION A L T • P 7 • W L 1 O 17 A 2 I 5 ESTONIA 6 R D L D N 7 O 7 H E M R 4 I E 3 T IN AG O 18 E • IM 8 PATR Key LATVIA 6 United Nations World 1 Cultural property The designations employed and the presentation 1 T Educational, Scientific and Heritage of material on this map do not imply the expres- 12 Cultural Organization Convention 1 Natural property 28 T sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of 14 10 1 1 22 DENMARK 9 LITHUANIA Mixed property (cultural and natural) 7 3 N UNESCO and National Geographic Society con- G 1 A UNITED 2 2 Transnational property cerning the legal status of any country, territory, 2 6 5 1 30 X BELARUS 1 city or area or of its authorities, or concerning 1 Property currently inscribed on the KINGDOM 4 1 the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Proquest Dissertations
The history of the conquest of Egypt, being a partial translation of Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam's "Futuh Misr" and an analysis of this translation Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hilloowala, Yasmin, 1969- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 10/10/2021 21:08:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282810 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi-om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectiotiing the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. -
Legends of Sarı Saltık in the Seyahatnâme and the Bektashi
EVLİYÂ ÇELEBİ Studies and Essays Commemorating the 400th Anniversary of his Birth EDITORS Nuran Tezcan · Semih Tezcan Robert Danko" REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM PUBLICATIONS © REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE © THE BANKS ASSOCIATION OF TURKEY AND TOURISM GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF LIBRARIES AND PUBLICATIONS Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism 3358 The Banks Association of Turkey Publications General Directorate of Libraries and Publications 290, Series of Culture:5 Series of Biographies and Memoirs 40 )+I$%Q%E($+!1:R=+I2!@W@OO eeeK&:'$:I$:I%URK`0GK$I eeeK$==K0I`K$I +;R(%'2!8(8%R'(If&:'$:I$:I%URK`0GK$I +;R(%'2!$==f$==K0I`K$I c/712!CWO;CWB;@W;6P@W;O c/712!CWO;P>B;B63W;@C;5 ORIGINAL TURKISH EDITION First Edition Evliyâ Çelebi, ©Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism General Directorate of Libraries and Publications, Ankara, 2011. Print Run: 500. Editors Nuran Tezcan, Semih Tezcan ENGLISH EDITION Editor of the English Edition Robert Dankoff PRODUCTION Isbank Culture Publication Address!"#$%&'('!)(**+#%,!-+.+'%&!/0&(&!102!345,!65566!7+809':;"#$(<=:'! Phone!>!?3@3A!3B3!6C!C@ PRINTED BY D0'*+<!-+*8(!-($=((EF'F&!G+!H%E(I+$!JKLK @>>K!MF'!-NK!-(#;/%$!@K!)(*K!102!OO! 7(9EF'(I!"#$(<=:' ?>3@3A!P3C!>>!35 )+I$%Q%E($+!1:R=+I2!@36BO PRINT RUN 2000 copies. PUBLICATION PLACE AND DATE Istanbul, 2012. COVER FIGURE H0S&(SF!/(I(8F!-TU+#%,!V(U%<+!3@5O!?J'=:R,!EK!@W3>;6>A!O( X#R(<'F!Y+#%R!/(<($F!?Z*%$+*!=82!/+IS%'!7(9EF,![%'%U!\(9R(<,!DT<#+'!Y+<*(,!]+I+<!H(<F<*F^! _T'$TI!G+!H:I%UR!7(&(<'F9F!M(8F<'(IF,!"#$(<=:',!3>>PA!Q%`K!@C5K -
MMC 2012 St George the Anatoli
Saint George the Anatolian, Master of frontiers Maria Couroucli To cite this version: Maria Couroucli. Saint George the Anatolian, Master of frontiers. Sharing sacred spaces in the Mediterranean. Christians, Muslims, and Jews at Shrines and Sanctuaries., pp.118-130, 2012, 978-0- 253-22317-3. halshs-01218190 HAL Id: halshs-01218190 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01218190 Submitted on 20 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Saint George the Anatolian, Master of frontiers Maria Couroucli, CNRS in: Albera, D. and M. Couroucli (eds), Sharing Sacred Spaces in the Mediterranean, Indiana University Press, pp. THE VALIANT MAID (MOTHER OF DIGENIS) AND THE SARACEN1 There is fighting in the East and fighting in the West Learning of this, a beautiful woman goes off to war. Dressed as a man, the beautiful warrior takes up her arms. The saddle of her horse is decorated with serpents, The harness fastened with vipers. With one prick of the spur, her horse covers forty leagues, With a second, she is in the thick of the battle. Elle moves on and they get out of her way. -
2015? A) Sultan Bin Abd Al- Aziz Al- Saud B) Nayef Bin Abd Al- Aziz Al- Saud C) Salman Bin Abd Al- Aziz Al- Saud D) Fahd Bin Abd Al- Aziz Al- Saud
15616 120 MINUTES 1. Shaqq al- Sadr event means: A) Ascension of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) as statesman of Madinah B) Splitting of the chest of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) C) Historic win in the battle of Badr D) None of the above 2. Aam an- Hazn means: A) Year of Remorse B) Year of Gratitude C) Year of Sorrow D) Year of Recompense 3. Arrange the event chronologically: i) Demise of Abi Talib ii) Harb al- Basus iii) Hunt for Sajah iv) Prophet Muhammad (SAW) journey to Taif A) iv, iii, i, ii B) ii, i, iv, iii C) i, iii, iv, ii D) iii, iv, ii, i 4. The significant virtue related to the conquest of Makkah: A) Enemy of Islam surrendered after heavy fighting B) Abu Sufiyan and Hinda professed Islam C) Islamisation of Arabia accomplished D) It was a bloodless conquest 5. Invasion and conquest of Ghurid dynasty in India led to the: A) Drain in the wealth B) Unification of Indian rulers under one command of Dahir C) Foundation of Delhi Sultanate D) All of the above 6. Tughlaqs were: A) Arabs B) Mongols C) Turks D) Persians 7. Which century marks the introduction of Islam in the Indian Sub-Continent? A) 6th century AD B) 7th century AD C) 8th century AD D) None of the above 8. Mujahidin Movement originated against: A) Sikhs B) Hindus C) Jains D) Buddhist 9. The sufistic notion propounded by Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi in negation to Ibn Arabi is: A) Wahdat al- Qaim B) Wahdat al- Haqq C) Wahdat al- Wujud D) Wahdat al- Shuhud 10. -
Tingis Spring2005.Pdf
tingis_spring2005.qxp 4/4/2005 5:52 PM Page 1 Spring 2005 www.tingismagazine.com TITA Moroccan-AmericanI N MagazineGISG of Ideas andI CultureS USA: $4.95 Morocco: 25 DH tingis_spring2005.qxp 4/4/2005 5:52 PM Page 2 Discover the Magic of M Discover the O MAGIC that Awaits You in R the Kingdom of Enchantment O We Invite You to Join Our Special C Moroccan Arts Tour Nov 04th-17th C Learn more about our Cultural and Outdoor Adventure Tours at http://www.gateway2morocco.com or Call us Toll Free O 1.866.410.1300 gateway2morocco.com Gateway2Morocco.com is a destination site owned and managed by Gateway2Discovery.com. ©2004-2008 All Rights Reserved At Gateway2Morocco, our commitment and unrelenting pursuit of excellent service will 317 Monte Carlo Drive, ensure an authentic, captivating and truly Newport Beach, CA 92660 enriching travel experience. Tel: 949.719.7724 • Fax: 949.719.7734 tingis_spring2005.qxp 4/4/2005 5:52 PM Page 3 T I N G I S tingismagazine.com TINGIS A Moroccan-American Magazine of Ideas and Culture Spring 2005 - Volume 2, Number 2 Editor-in-Chief Anouar Majid Art Director Aydin Baltaci Webmaster Roshan D’Souza Tingis is a quarterly magazine that highlights the cultur- al concerns, ideas, and issues of Moroccans, friends of Morocco, and all those who have some interest in Morocco or in the larger Arab, Muslim, and Mediterranean worlds. The focus could be on religion, culture, gender, Africa, the Berber heritage, the Jewish legacy, Moroccan art and literature, film, music, but also on the United States and the rest of the Americas, Western and Asian cultures, and, more gener- ally, on all issues of interest to the Moroccan and world communities. -
Muslims in Romania
3 4 Regional issues I S I M NEWSLETTER 3 / 9 9 Eastern Europe GEORGE GRIGORE Muslims in Romania Romanian principalities, once known as the ‘gates of b e y l i r b e y l i k of Rumelia. Dobrudja had been cessive emigrations, there are three Tartar have remained in Romania for a while, the Levant’, have a history of religious and ethnic di- under unceasing Ottoman domination until dialects in Dobrudja: the Crimean dialect or which makes these communities very unsta- versity. In Romania today, the Muslim population 1877 when, after the Russian-Romanian-Ot- the steppe dialect (in Tartar: k r i m or sol tili, ble. On the other hand, many Turks from traditionally lives together with the Romanian ma- toman War, Romania gained independence 70%), the Noghai dialect (in Tartar: n o g h a i Turkey have joined the old Turkish commu- jority (Christian-Orthodox) in an area called Dobrud- as a state, subsequently acknowledging Do- t i l i, 20%) and the seaside dialect (in Tartar: nity in Romania and consolidated it. There is ja, a territory bordered to the east by the Black Sea, brudja’s annexation by the Treaty of Berlin yaliboyi tili, 10%). also a small number of Romanians that have to the west and north by the Danube River and to the ( 1 8 7 8 ) . In order to accentuate the element of recently become Muslims, yet have not south by the Romanian-Bulgarian frontier. The first Muslims Ð a group of 10-12,000 Islam in Dobrudja, the Ottomans brought in formed a unified community. -
Punishment for Rape in Islamic Law
Page 1 Malayan Law Journal Articles/2009/Volume 5/PUNISHMENT FOR RAPE IN ISLAMIC LAW [2009] 5 MLJ cxiv Malayan Law Journal Articles 2009 PUNISHMENT FOR RAPE IN ISLAMIC LAW Dr Azman Mohd Noor Assistant Professor Department of Fiqh and Usul al-Fiqh International Islamic University Malaysia In Islam, rape is considered to be a serious sexual crime. Since it consists of forcible sexual intercourse, most of the classical jurists called it zina bi al-ikrah, that is, forcible unlawful sexual intercourse. The ques- tionarises as to whether rape is part of zina or an isolated crime. This paper focuses on the notion of rape, including a definition of this crime, its punishments and a comparison between rape and zina in Islamic ju- risprudence. INTRODUCTION Many controversial issues have arisen recently pertaining to rape, ranging from the actual definition of rape, its classification, adjudication and punishment, and ending with the compensation that is to be paid to the rape victim(s). To a layman, rape has always been associated with zina in the sense that both crimes involve sexual intercourse; this perception is in fact not quite right. To make things more confusing, some modern Islamic Courts in the Muslim world today too, have posited rape to zina in which the victim could be liable for slanderous accusation (qadhf) if she fails to produce four male eyewitnesses to support her indictment. Modern as well as classical scholars of the past have thoroughly studied the issues, based on Islamic sources, and have arrived at the standard of proof required to convict a rapist.