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The University of Chicago Constantinople in The THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO CONSTANTINOPLE IN THE IBERIAN IMAGINATION: 1400-1650 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES BY DAVID M. REHER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS AUGUST 2020 Copyright 2020 by David M. Reher ii Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... vi Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Thesis ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Turcica in the Spanish Golden Age........................................................................................................... 5 Orientalism and the Ottomans ................................................................................................................ 10 Critical framework .................................................................................................................................. 15 Orientalism ............................................................................................................................................. 19 Part 1: Constantinople as Heterotopia .................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 1: Heterotopia of the Fallen City .............................................................................................. 27 Thesis ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 Andanzas y viajes de un caballero español (1454) ................................................................................. 37 Tirant lo Blanc (1511) ............................................................................................................................ 59 Viaje de Turquía (1557) .......................................................................................................................... 67 La Santa Liga (1621) .............................................................................................................................. 77 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 94 Chapter 2: Heterotopia of the Founded city ......................................................................................... 102 Place and Non-Place ............................................................................................................................ 102 Embajada a Tamorlán (1406) ............................................................................................................... 108 La Destruycion de Constantinopla (1587) ............................................................................................ 150 Part 2: Heterotopias in Constantinople ................................................................................................ 172 Chapter 3: Female Homosocial Heterotopia ........................................................................................ 174 The last Visigoth King ........................................................................................................................... 181 Tirant lo Blanc (1511) .......................................................................................................................... 187 Viaje de Turquía (1557) ........................................................................................................................ 200 El amante liberal (1613) ....................................................................................................................... 211 La gran sultana (1615) ......................................................................................................................... 220 El Conde Partinuplés (1653) ................................................................................................................ 233 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 248 Chapter 4: The Male Homosocial Heterotopia .................................................................................... 251 The last Visigoth King ........................................................................................................................... 259 iii Tirant lo Blanc (1511) .......................................................................................................................... 266 Viaje de Turquía (1557) ........................................................................................................................ 280 El amante liberal (1613) ...................................................................................................................... 290 La gran sultana (1615) ......................................................................................................................... 303 El conde Partinuplés (1653) ................................................................................................................. 317 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 324 Epilogue ................................................................................................................................................... 328 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................................. 333 iv List of Figures Figure 1: Titian. La Religión socorrida por España. 1572-5. Courtesy of ARTstor. .................................. 87 v Acknowledgements I wish to thank my dissertation committee for supporting me throughout the highs and lows of this project: to Steven Hutchinson, who, after an all-to-brief meeting, agreed to be part of my committee, and whose expertise has been invaluable in helping my dissertation to reach its full potential; to Miguel Martínez, whose attention to pedagogy and active learning has been an inspiration, and who has always pushed me to excel; to Fred de Armas, without whose advocacy I simply could not have not made it this far—I am forever indebted to your patience, understanding, and belief in my ability to do this. I am grateful also to the University of Chicago, the Department of Romance Languages, the Fulbright committee, the CLS, the Delmas Foundation, the Newberry Library and others for their financial contributions in making my project possible. I would also be remiss in not recognizing my unofficial mentors, who were kind enough to take a shy newcomer under their wings: Felipe, for nudging me to become social secretary and into our trips throughout Scandinavia; Katrina, for countless lunches and your friendship; and Jaime, for giving me the push I needed for my first conference paper, and for your willingness to give share your thoughts with countless writing projects. My experience at U-Chicago was greatly enriched by all of you, and I’m overwhelmed by your generosity. Thank you also to Cristina—we met when I first started this project, and it feels right that our relationship is also starting a new stage as we finish this. Gracias de verdad por todo tu amor, por no dejar de creer en mí, y por ser la única persona que ha leído mi tesis sin tener la obligación. Una vida contigo se me hace corta. And, finally, profound thanks to my parents, who have always encouraged my love for reading, and my curiosity about the world. Thank you for your love, patience and understanding—I could not have asked for better parents. vi Abstract Research on the Ottomans during the Renaissance and early modern periods has primarily fallen into a dichotomy of fear and fascination—that is, either in scholarship that centers on the prejudice with which the Spanish viewed the East Mediterranean Orient, or, less often, criticism that uncovers surprising moments of tolerance and appreciation. While such an approach has been valuable, it proves limiting in considering how places such as Constantinople also provided a screen on which to discuss issues that preoccupied Spanish society such as race, gender and collective identity. I suggest an alternative framework that better encompasses the flexibility and diversity with which Spanish authors imagined the opposite end of the Mediterranean: Foucault’s heterotopia. Heterotopias are places where multiple utopian visions for a space overlap, often juxtaposing different times and places into a single, imagined site, chivalric novels, novelas, and treatises. I frame my project as a heterotopia in two ways: Constantinople as heterotopia, a city that evokes other historical cities; and Constantinople made of heterotopias, how places like the Harem and Turkish bagnios
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