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La pena de muerte en la Cataluña bajomedieval (La peine de mort dans la Catalogne du bas Moyen Âge Capital punishment in lower medieval Catalonia Heriotza-zigorra Behe Erdi Aroko Katalunian) Flocel SABATÉ Universidad de Lleida nº 4 (2007), pp. 117-276 And the gallows wait for martyrs whose papers are in order1 Resumen: En la Cataluña bajomedieval la pena de muerte ocupa un lugar axial, porque la posesión de la plena capacidad jurisdiccional se demuestra ostentando horcas; las vías de consolidación del poder regio incorporan esta pena; las ordenanzas municipa- les la integran en su discurso de orden social; la población asume su carácter represor como fórmula para garantizar un orden cada vez más enrarecido; las modalidades de su aplicación gradúan la perversidad de quienes deben de ser extirpados del tejido social; y, en defi- nitiva, se erige como recurso utilizado de modo creciente como instrumento de un específico orden social y político. Palabras clave: Criminalidad, Justicia, Poder, Sociedad, Cataluña. Résumé: Dans la Catalogne du bas Moyen Âge, la peine de mort a une place centrale parce que la possession de la pleine capa- cité juridictionnel se démontre au moyen de l’ostentation de gibiers; les voies de consolidation du pouvoir royal prennent en charge cette peine; les ordonnances municipales l’incorporent dans leur discours d’ordre social; le peuple accepte son caractère répresseur afin de garantir un ordre de plus en plus rarifié; les différentes façons de l’appliquer graduent la perversité de ceux qui doivent être extirpés du tissu social; et, en définitive, la peine de mort s'érige comme recours utilisé de façon croissante comme instrument d'un ordre social et politique concret. Mots clés: Criminalité, Justice, Pouvoir, Société, Catalogne. Abstract: In Lower Medieval Catalonia the death penalty had an axial position, as the possession of full jurisdictional capa- city was shown through the use of the gallows; the ways of consolidating royal power incorporated this punishment; the municipal ordi- nances integrated it into their discourse on social order; the population assumed its repressive character as a formula to guarantee an ever more tense order; the modes of applying it measured the perversity of those who had to be rooted out of the social fabric; and, to sum up, it became a resource increasingly used as an instrument of a specific social and political order. Key words: Criminality, Justice, Power, Society, Catalonia. 1 SPRINGSTEEN, Bruce: «Mary Queen of Arkansas», Bruce Springsteen Tracks, Columbia, sin indi- car lugar de edición, 1998, p. 3. Clio & Crimen ISSN: 1698-4374 nº 4 (2007), pp. 117/276 D.L.: BI-1741-04 La pena de muerte en la Cataluña bajomedieval Flocel Sabaté Laburpena: Behe Erdi Aroko Katalunian, heriotza-zigorra garai hartako gizarte-egituraren ardatzetariko bat zen; izan ere, urkabeak agerian ipintzen ziren, jurisdikzio-gaitasun osoaren adierazpide gisa. Erregearen boterea sendotzeko bideek zigor horretan zuten funtsa; udal-ordenantzek gizarte-ordenari buruzko diskurtsoa jasotzen zuten; herritarrek errege-boterearen izaera errepresiogi- lea onartzen zuten, gero eta gehiago nahasten ari zen ordena bermatzeko. Heriotza-zigorra ezartzeko moduek gizartearen errotik atera behar ziren pertsonen maltzurkeria mailakatzen zuten; azken batean, gero eta gehiago erabiltzen zen ordena sozial eta politikoaren baliabidea zen. Giltza-hitzak: Kriminalitatea, Justizia, Boterea, Gizartea, Katalunia. Clio & Crimen ISSN: 1698-4374 nº 4 (2007), pp. 118/276 D.L.: BI-1741-04 La pena de muerte en la Cataluña bajomedieval Flocel Sabaté Como subscribirían tanto Beccaria2 como Voltaire3, la pena de muerte, en el lla- mado Antiguo Régimen, implica la existencia de un poder que se irroga la capaci- dad jurisdiccional y legislada de decidir sobre la vida de los sometidos y de una población que acepta este espectáculo público, justificado por su carácter morali- zante y por la supuesta gravedad de los hechos castigados, si bien siempre bajo el tamiz de la interpretación del juez y del titular de la jurisdicción.Así, analizar la rea- lidad de la pena de muerte en la Cataluña bajomedieval, es decir, su aplicación y sus condicionantes, comporta un recorrido a través de la noción de poder, de los con- tenidos ideológicos compartidos por la población y de los entresijos del entramado social, lo que implica, en definitiva, un ejercicio de indagación en los mismos inters- ticios de la sociedad desde la intersección entre el delito y la pena llevados a su máxi- ma contundencia4. 1. La precedente realidad altomedieval a historiografía actual coincide en apreciar la prolongación del código legis- Llativo visigodo a lo largo de toda la alta Edad Media5, no por un principio de vinculación con la lejana autoridad legisladora sino por tratarse de un texto útil y equitativo para dirimir conflictos y delitos, incluso sancionado por la Iglesia a tenor de las invocaciones a los concilios de Toledo6. Ciertamente, los contundentes envi- 2 BECCARIA, Cesare: De los delitos y de las pena. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1986, pp. 74-81. 3 VOLTAIRE: Cándido. Alianza Editorial, Madrid, 1982, pp. 199-204. 4 La investigación que sustenta este texto, se integra en el Proyecto de Investigación del Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia HUM-2005-03125/HIST y se beneficia de integrarse en el Grupo Consolidado de Investigación en Estudios Medievales “Espai, Poder i Cultura” (SGR2005-700). Abreviaturas utilizadas: ACA, Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó; ACA C, Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Cancillería; ACA MR Arxiu de la Corona d’Aragó, Reial Patrimoni, Mestre Racional; ACB, Arxiu Capitular de Barcelona; ACF, Arxiu de la Cúria Fumada (Vic); ACP, Archives Comunales de Perpignan; ADPO, Archives Départementales des Pyrénées-Orientales; AHCB, Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona; AHCB ABVB, Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona Arxiu del Batlle i el Veguer de Barcelona; AHCC, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Cervera; AHCG, Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Girona; AHCI, Arxiu Històric Comarcal d’Igualada; AHCM, Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Manresa;AHCO,Arxiu Històric Comarcal d’Olot;AHCP,Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Puigcerdà; AHCR, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Reus; AHCT, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Tàrrega; AHCTe, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Terrassa; AHCTE, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de les Terres de l’Ebre; AHCV, Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Valls; AHFF, Arxiu Històric Fidel Fita (Arenys de Mar); AHMTM,Arxiu Històric Municipal de Torroella de Montgrí; AHMV,Arxiu Històric Municipal de Vic;AHPB,Arxiu Històric de Protocols de Barcelona;AHN,Arxiu Històric Nacional de Catalunya; AHT,Arxiu Històric de Tarragona; AMC,Arxiu Municipal de Camprodon; AML, Arxiu Municipal de Lleida; AMLM, Arxiu Municipal de Lloret de Mar; AMP, Archives Municipales de Pamiers; AMSJA, Arxiu del Monestir de Sant Joan de les Abadesses; AMT,Arxiu Municipal de Tremp; ANC, Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya;ASM, Arxiu de la Seu de Manresa;AVV,Arxiu del Veguer de Vic; BC, Biblioteca de Catalunya; BML, Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon. 5 RUCQUOI,Adeline : «Maintien et création du droit dans l’Espagne chrétienne», Guerre, pouvoirs et idéologies dans l’Espagne chrétienne aux alentours de l’an mil, DESWARTE,Thomas y SÉNAC, Philippe (dirs.), Brepols,Turnhout, 2005, pp. 123-133. 6 IGLESIA,Aquilino: «Ley y costumbre en la Cataluña altomedieval», El dret Comú i Catalunya.Actes del V Simposi Internacional (Barcelona 26-27 de maig de 1995), Fundació Noguera, Barcelona, 1996, p. 220. Clio & Crimen ISSN: 1698-4374 nº 4 (2007), pp. 119/276 D.L.: BI-1741-04 La pena de muerte en la Cataluña bajomedieval Flocel Sabaté tes inherentes al desarrollo de la feudalidad en el siglo XI7 mantienen una cotidia- neidad basada en el marco jurídico establecido por el Liber8, tal como refleja el ejer- cicio judicial hasta el siglo XII9. El Liber aboga por la penalización pública, dando así importancia a las nociones de vergüenza y aleccionamiento social: «Iudex quociens occisurus est reum, non in secretis aut absconsis locis, sed in conventu publice exerceat discipli - nam»10. El código visigodo dispone la pena de muerte en casos considerados de excepcional gravedad, como la traición al rey o al reino11 y el asesinato, especial- mente de parientes próximos12, añadiendo una penalización similar sobre jueces que hayan impuesto la pena capital injustamente13, lo que resalta, por tanto, las preten- siones de afianzar la cohesión política del reino, preservar el linaje y amedrentar con- tra abusos judiciales extremos. En muchos casos, especialmente al tratarse de muer- tes por negligencia, la pena con facilidad deriva, según las mismas disposiciones visi- godas, hacia una compensación económica14. Bajo la invocación de este código legislativo, la práctica judicial efectiva, recogi- da en el testimonio documental de los juicios por materia criminal celebrados en los siglos X y XI, demuestra la permanente imposición de puniciones pecuniarias, que evita aplicar la pena capital incluso en crímenes cometidos dentro del propio entor- no familiar. La falta de capacidad económica comporta la cesión del culpable a la familia de la víctima, como indica Sabida, en el 953, en referencia al «servo meo nomi - ne Samuel qui mihi fui traditi in placito per manum saionis, ordinante iudices, pro ac causa unde ego eum petivi quo illi occissi filio meo innocente»15. Las partes implicadas perciben que la penalización ordinaria es de carácter pecuniario, de tal modo que la esclavi- tud se impone por la pobreza del acusado, como lo confiesa Pedro, en Osona en 987, tras ser condenado por haber asesinado a su esposa: «me trado me medipsum quia non 7 SABATÉ, Flocel: «La feudalització de la societat catalana», El temps i l’espai del feudalismo, SABATÉ, Flocel y FARRÉ, Joan (dirs.), Pagès editors, Lérida, 2004, pp. 269-281, 387-396. 8 SABATÉ, Flocel: «L’apparition du féodalisme dans la péninsule Ibérique. État de la recherche au commencement du XXIe siècle», Cahiers de civilisation médiévale, nº 49 (2006), p. 54. 9 SABATÉ, Flocel: «Corona de Aragón», La época medieval: administración y gobierno, Istmo, Madrid, 2003, pp.
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    Please provide footnote text CHAPTER 4 The Expansion of Christianity in Lycaonian Cities and Villages 4.1 Introduction The following survey of Christian inscriptions from Lycaonia and the adjacent region around Isaura and the lake region of eastern Pisidia forms the backbone of this study on the rise of early Christianity in Lycaonia. In each subsection of this chapter evidence attesting the presence of Christians in the cities and vil- lages of Lycaonia and adjacent areas is discussed and indicated on the accom- panying maps.1 In the selection of the material the authors decided to quote the full text of inscriptions that cannot with certainty be identified as Christian only by exception. Some of these inscriptions might well be Christian too. The documentation of “The Expansion of the Christian Religion” into Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria by Harnack in his Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums includes only a few inscriptions and does not go beyond to AD 325.2 We expand his brief geographically orientated list of locations in which Christianity set foot into a full presentation of the available evidence. This survey shows how habitable space in Lycaonia and adjacent areas gradu- ally became Christianised. By the 5th century the church gained control over a vast area through the mechanism of bishops ruling the cities and their ter- ritories. The survey is organised around the major cities and their regions, starting with a brief description of the location and overviews of the ancient testimonies to Christianity referring to the city or its territory. Apart from the Lycaonian locations of Paul’s mission mentioned (Iconium, Lystra and Derbe) or implied (Laodicea Combusta) in the Acts of the Apostles, which “cities” or villages should be included under “Lycaonian and adjacent areas”?3 For Strabo the easternmost town of Lycaonia was Coropassus, a fortified outpost (φρούριον).
  • Historical Geography of Lykaonia Region Asuman Baldiran, Erdener Pehlivan

    Historical Geography of Lykaonia Region Asuman Baldiran, Erdener Pehlivan

    World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol:9, No:3, 2015 Historical Geography of Lykaonia Region Asuman Baldiran, Erdener Pehlivan Abstract—In this study, the root of the name Lykaonia and the geographical area defined as Lykaonia Region are mentioned. In this context, information concerning the settlements of Paleolithic Age, Neolithic Age and Chalcolithic Age are given place. Particularly the settlements belonging to Classical Age are localized and brief information about the history of these settlements is provided. In the light of this information, roads of Antique period in the region are evaluated. Keywords—Ancient Cities, Central Anatolia, Historical Geography, Lykaonia Region. I. INTRODUCTION N Hittite texts, the overall region of Central Anatolia is I called “Luviya”. Hittites divided Anatolia into different geographical regions. It is considered the name “Lukkuwaniya” used for Central Anatolia transformed into Lykaonia in process of time [1], [2]. In the region, following the archeological researches carried byy Solecki, Farrand, Kokten and French, areas which provide Fig. 1 Paleolithic settlements in the region Lykaonia Paleolithic materials has been determined and the main ones of these areas are as such: Kurtunini Cave in the west of Lake Sugla [3]. This cave is an important place in terms of providing the Paleolithic material. Another residence is Pinarbasi Cave which is within the boundaries of Adakale Village in Karaman and which is located near Hotamis Lake spring [3]. This cave is also an important localization providing Paleolithic materials. Tursunlu which is within the booundaries of Aksehir District in Konya city and which provides singular findings is an important localization [4].
  • Horrorosa Cogida Y Muerte De Manuel Granero "* *>.; Wf • !*•

    .; Wf • !*•" class="text-overflow-clamp2"> Horrorosa Cogida Y Muerte De Manuel Granero "* *>.; Wf • !*•

    NUMERO SUELTO NUMERO SUELTO CEISITUVIOS DENCIA DE E 10 Redacción y talleres, Factor, 7. FUNDADOR; D. MANUEL M.' DE SANTA ANA Administración, Arenal, I, pr4. ANO LXXV. —NÜM. 23.281 MADRID.—LUNES 8 DE MAYO DE 1922. I VARIAS EDICIONES DIARIAS NUESTRA ACCIÓN EN ÁFRICA Ayer se ha Gombatido en la zona occídeotaL-ManzaDO ocDpó las posiciones del morabito de Sidí Abde- rranan y Selalem y el collado Haddad.-SanjRrjo ocupó los aduares Haddadin y Ain Faza.-Las fuerzas de Manzano tnyieron 8 muertos y 60 herídos.--Las de Sanjurjo un capitán de Intendencia muerto y 14 heridos. EN LA PLAZA DE TOROS DE MADRID Horrorosa cogida y muerte de Manuel Granero "* *>.; Wf • !*• ,. >yf__ PARTE OFICIAL DEL DOMINGO iPOBRE GRANERO! Al salir de la plaza ottpos en todas par­ e Cincunem, leve. Reg'imlento mrxto tes la misma lamentaci<ki, qoe al mult». Las fuerzas del general Man-¡f^'^^^t^Herí a de Ceuta: cabo" José Mateo Pri­ pilcarse es tristísimo clamoreo, en el qiie zano.-El avance mo, leve; soldado Antonio Soto Alvarez, leve; Ise percibían distúitamenté estas palabras; ídem Félix Lardier, leve; fd. Luis Flores «¡ Pobre Granero! ¡ Pobre tQUctuicho I». A las t'i'^s die la madrugada rompieron la Doria, leve; Id. Santiago Villacampa Pardl- Apenas harbían t^j|scum4íP veinte minu­ marcha las fuerzas del general Manzano en ña, leve; Id. Victoriano Jiménez Portillo, dos columjias, a las órdenes del general grave. Tercio Extranjero: cabo Ag^a^jito San­ tos desde el m«imeiitó en qoe ae^íodujo la Marzo y corcKiel Serrano, concentr/mdose en tamaría Expósito, menos grave; soldado Flo­ terrible desgracia, cuando ni laponpefa to­ la posición Aina;in, desde donde partieron rentino Calla Puerto, grave; ídem Francisco do Madrid en sus trágicos oetau^ Ui^ jco con gran decisión y a! amparo de líi arti­ I Castro Fuentes, leve; ídem Félix Retuerto, Ide dolor, millares de veces repetido, sona­ llería sobre sus objeiivus, siendo de señalar leve; ídem Adolfo Balienilia, leve; id.