Lesson 2: Plant Classification
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Malosma Laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. Ex Abrams
I. SPECIES Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Abrams NRCS CODE: Family: Anacardiaceae MALA6 Subfamily: Anacardiodeae Order: Sapindales Subclass: Rosidae Class: Magnoliopsida Immature fruits are green to red in mid-summer. Plants tend to flower in May to June. A. Subspecific taxa none B. Synonyms Rhus laurina Nutt. (USDA PLANTS 2017) C. Common name laurel sumac (McMinn 1939, Calflora 2016) There is only one species of Malosma. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data and a combination of D. Taxonomic relationships molecular and structural data place Malosma as distinct but related to both Toxicodendron and Rhus (Miller et al. 2001, Yi et al. 2004, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). E. Related taxa in region Rhus ovata and Rhus integrifolia may be the closest relatives and laurel sumac co-occurs with both species. Very early, Malosma was separated out of the genus Rhus in part because it has smaller fruits and lacks the following traits possessed by all species of Rhus : red-glandular hairs on the fruits and axis of the inflorescence, hairs on sepal margins, and glands on the leaf blades (Barkley 1937, Andrés-Hernández et al. 2014). F. Taxonomic issues none G. Other The name Malosma refers to the strong odor of the plant (Miller & Wilken 2017). The odor of the crushed leaves has been described as apple-like, but some think the smell is more like bitter almonds (Allen & Roberts 2013). The leaves are similar to those of the laurel tree and many others in family Lauraceae, hence the specific epithet "laurina." Montgomery & Cheo (1971) found time to ignition for dried leaf blades of laurel sumac to be intermediate and similar to scrub oak, Prunus ilicifolia, and Rhamnus crocea; faster than Heteromeles arbutifolia, Arctostaphylos densiflora, and Rhus ovata; and slower than Salvia mellifera. -
Scientific Name Species Common Name Abies Lasiocarpa FIR Subalpine Acacia Macracantha ACACIA Long-Spine
Scientific Name Species Common Name Abies lasiocarpa FIR Subalpine Acacia macracantha ACACIA Long-spine Acacia roemeriana CATCLAW Roemer Acer grandidentatum MAPLE Canyon Acer nigrum MAPLE Black Acer platanoides MAPLE Norway Acer saccharinum MAPLE Silver Aesculus pavia BUCKEYE Red Aesculus sylvatica BUCKEYE Painted Ailanthus altissima AILANTHUS Tree-of-heaven Albizia julibrissin SILKTREE Mimosa Albizia lebbek LEBBEK Lebbek Alnus iridis ssp. sinuata ALDER Sitka Alnus maritima ALDER Seaside Alvaradoa amorphoides ALVARADOA Mexican Amelanchier laevis SERVICEBERRY Allegheny Amyris balsamifera TORCHWOOD Balsam Annona squamosa SUGAR-APPLE NA Araucaria cunninghamii ARAUCARIA Cunningham Arctostaphylos glauca MANZANITA Bigberry Asimina obovata PAWPAW Bigflower Bourreria radula STRONGBACK Rough Brasiliopuntia brasiliensis PRICKLY-PEAR Brazilian Bursera simaruba GUMBO-LIMBO NA Caesalpinia pulcherrima FLOWERFENCE NA Capparis flexuosa CAPERTREE Limber CRUCIFIXION- Castela emoryi THORN NA Casuarina equisetifolia CASUARINA Horsetail Ceanothus arboreus CEANOTHUS Feltleaf Ceanothus spinosus CEANOTHUS Greenbark Celtis lindheimeri HACKBERRY Lindheimer Celtis occidentalis HACKBERRY Common Cephalanthus occidentalis BUTTONBUSH Common Cercis canadensis REDBUD Eastern Cercocarpus traskiae CERCOCARPUS Catalina Chrysophyllum oliviforme SATINLEAF NA Citharexylum berlandieri FIDDLEWOOD Berlandier Citrus aurantifolia LIME NA Citrus sinensis ORANGE Orange Coccoloba uvifera SEAGRAPE NA Colubrina arborescens COLUBRINA Coffee Colubrina cubensis COLUBRINA Cuba Condalia globosa -
The Collection of Oak Trees of Mexico and Central America in Iturraran Botanical Gardens
The Collection of Oak Trees of Mexico and Central America in Iturraran Botanical Gardens Francisco Garin Garcia Iturraran Botanical Gardens, northern Spain [email protected] Overview Iturraran Botanical Gardens occupy 25 hectares of the northern area of Spain’s Pagoeta Natural Park. They extend along the slopes of the Iturraran hill upon the former hay meadows belonging to the farmhouse of the same name, currently the Reception Centre of the Park. The minimum altitude is 130 m above sea level, and the maximum is 220 m. Within its bounds there are indigenous wooded copses of Quercus robur and other non-coniferous species. Annual precipitation ranges from 140 to 160 cm/year. The maximum temperatures can reach 30º C on some days of summer and even during periods of southern winds on isolated days from October to March; the winter minimums fall to -3º C or -5 º C, occasionally registering as low as -7º C. Frosty days are few and they do not last long. It may snow several days each year. Soils are fairly shallow, with a calcareous substratum, but acidified by the abundant rainfall. In general, the pH is neutral due to their action. Collections The first plantations date back to late 1987. There are currently approximately 5,000 different taxa, the majority being trees and shrubs. There are around 3,000 species, including around 300 species from the genus Quercus; 100 of them are from Mexico and Central America. Quercus costaricensis photo©Francisco Garcia 48 International Oak Journal No. 22 Spring 2011 Oaks from Mexico and Oaks from Mexico -
Diseases of Herbaceous Ornamental Plants
122 Ageratum VI. DISEASES OF HERBACEOUS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AGERATUM Yellows (Callistephus virus 1) caused mod. damage to flowers in Assiniboine Park, Winnipeg, Man, (W L. Gordon). ALTHAEA - Hollyhock Rust (Puccinia malvacearum). Heavy infections occurred at Fort Garry, Man. (W.L.G.). Several gardens at Dorval, Que. had tr. -25% rust (D. W. Creelman). It was sev, on specimens received from East Angus and Coaticook, and mod. in several gardens in St, Jean, Que. (R. Crete). Infections were mod- sev, in gardens in Charlottetown, P, E.I. (R.R. Hurst, J.E. Campbell). ANEMONE Rust (Tranzchelia pruni-spinosae) occurred on A. coronaria in a garden at Sidney, B.C. Nearby prune trees were heavily infected. (W. Newton), ANTIRRHINUM - Snapdragon Stem Rot (Botrytis cinerea). A tr, of stem rot was seen at Hamilton, Ont. and some wilting was evident, Botrytis was sporulating on the stem cankers and was isolated from diseased tissue (W.G.K.). Powdery Mildew (Oidium sp, was tr, on the lower leaves of a few plants at Hamilton, Ont. (W.G.K.). ARALIA Wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum), One infected plant was seen at Victoria, B.C. (W.R. Foster). ASTER Rust (Coleosporium asterum =C$solidaginis). Infection was sev, in a 1/4 acre planting at Bowmanville, Oz, (H.S, Thompson). BEGONIA Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe cfchoracearurn) was noted at Saskatoon, Sask. (T. C Vanterpool). Mildew infection varied from sl. - sev. on 25/150 tuberous begonias observed at Hamilton, Ont. (W.G.K.). Specimens were received from Charlesbourg, Que ~ (D. Leblond). Ring Spot (virus). Numerous chlorotic rings were observed on the foliage of a single potted tuberous begonia at Grantham, Ont, Juice extract from the leaves when rubbed on cucumber produced chlorotic rings on the true leaves, The virus has not been identified, Similar symptoms were seen on 2/150 plants in a commercial greenhouse at Hamilton, Ont. -
Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese -
Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, History of Botanical Nomenclature
Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Module 15: Botanical Nomenclature: Concept, history of botanical nomenclature (local and scientific) and its advantages, formation of code. Content writer: Dr.AvishekBhattacharjee, Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, P.O. – B. Garden, Howrah – 711 103. Module – 15; Content writer: AvishekBhattacharjee Botanical Nomenclature:Concept – A name is a handle by which a mental image is passed. Names are just labels we use to ensure we are understood when we communicate. Nomenclature is a mechanism for unambiguous communication about the elements of taxonomy. Botanical Nomenclature, i.e. naming of plants is that part of plant systematics dealing with application of scientific names to plants according to some set rules. It is related to, but distinct from taxonomy. A botanical name is a unique identifier to which information of a taxon can be attached, thus enabling the movement of data across languages, scientific disciplines, and electronic retrieval systems. A plant’s name permits ready summarization of information content of the taxon in a nested framework. A systemofnamingplantsforscientificcommunicationmustbe international inscope,andmustprovideconsistencyintheapplicationof names.Itmustalsobeacceptedbymost,ifnotall,membersofthe scientific community. These criteria led, almost inevitably, to International Botanical Congresses (IBCs) being the venue at which agreement on a system of scientific nomenclature for plants was sought. The IBCs led to publication of different ‘Codes’ which embodied the rules and regulations of botanical nomenclature and the decisions taken during these Congresses. Advantages ofBotanical Nomenclature: Though a common name may be much easier to remember, there are several good reasons to use botanical names for plant identification. Common names are not unique to a specific plant. -
The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition Supplement II December 2014
The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition Supplement II December 2014 In the pages that follow are treatments that have been revised since the publication of the Jepson eFlora, Revision 1 (July 2013). The information in these revisions is intended to supersede that in the second edition of The Jepson Manual (2012). The revised treatments, as well as errata and other small changes not noted here, are included in the Jepson eFlora (http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html). For a list of errata and small changes in treatments that are not included here, please see: http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/JM12_errata.html Citation for the entire Jepson eFlora: Jepson Flora Project (eds.) [year] Jepson eFlora, http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/IJM.html [accessed on month, day, year] Citation for an individual treatment in this supplement: [Author of taxon treatment] 2014. [Taxon name], Revision 2, in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora, [URL for treatment]. Accessed on [month, day, year]. Copyright © 2014 Regents of the University of California Supplement II, Page 1 Summary of changes made in Revision 2 of the Jepson eFlora, December 2014 PTERIDACEAE *Pteridaceae key to genera: All of the CA members of Cheilanthes transferred to Myriopteris *Cheilanthes: Cheilanthes clevelandii D. C. Eaton changed to Myriopteris clevelandii (D. C. Eaton) Grusz & Windham, as native Cheilanthes cooperae D. C. Eaton changed to Myriopteris cooperae (D. C. Eaton) Grusz & Windham, as native Cheilanthes covillei Maxon changed to Myriopteris covillei (Maxon) Á. Löve & D. Löve, as native Cheilanthes feei T. Moore changed to Myriopteris gracilis Fée, as native Cheilanthes gracillima D. -
The Nature of Naming What’S in a Name?
The Nature of Naming What’s in a Name? • "A rose is a rose," it has been said • And most of us know a rose when we see one • As we know the African marigolds • Maples, elms, cedars, and pines that shade our backyards and line our streets What’s in a Name? • We usually call these plants by their common names • But if we wanted to know more about the cedar tree in our front yard, we would find that "cedar" may refer to: – Eastern red cedar What’s in a Name? • Incense cedar What’s in a Name? • Western red cedar What’s in a Name? • Atlantic white cedar What’s in a Name? • Spanish cedar What’s in a Name? • Biblical Lebanon cedar What’s in a Name? • In fact, we would find that cedars are found in three separate plant families What’s in a Name? • Later, after discovering that our "African" marigolds are in fact from Mexico and our "Spanish" cedar originated in the West Indies, we would realize how misleading the common names of plants can be. What’s in a Name? • The same plant can have many different common names – European white lily has at least 245 – Marsh marigold has at least 280 What’s in a Name? • Clearly, if we use only the common name of a plant, we cannot be sure of understanding very much about that plant Classification • It is for this reason that the scientific community prefers to use a more precise way of naming, or classification • Scientific classification, however, is more than just naming: it is a key to understanding • Botanists name a plant to give it a unique place in the biological world, as well as to clarify its relationships within that world How Are Plants Classified? • Science classifies living things in an orderly system through which they can be easily identified – Categories of increasing size, based upon relationships within those categories How Are Plants Classified? • For example, all plants can be put in order from the more primitive to the more advanced. -
Beneficial Trees for Wildlife Forestry and Plant Materials Technical Note
United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Technical Note No: TX-PM-16-01 August 2016 Beneficial Trees for Wildlife Forestry and Plant Materials Technical Note Background Trees provide shelter and food sources for a wide array of wildlife. White tail deer browse leaves and twigs along with acorns each fall and winter when other food sources are unavailable. More than 100 animal species eat acorns including rabbits, squirrels, wild hog, and gamebirds (Ober 2014). Songbirds and small mammals consume fruits and seeds. Wood peckers (Melanerpes sp.) and red tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicencis) nest in the cavities of hollow or dead trees (Dickson and Connor 1982). Butterflies, moths, and honeybees use trees as larval hosts, nectar sources, and shelter (Hill and Webster 1995). At right is a map illustrating forest types within the Western Gulf Coastal Plain. The Western Gulf Coastal Plain has a diversity of native hardwoods along with three species of southern pines (longleaf (Pinus palustris), shortleaf (Pinus echinata) and loblolly (Pinus taeda). Important native hardwoods used commercially and for wildlife include mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosa), hackberry (Celtis laevigata), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), black walnut (Juglans nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica), white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak (Quercus falcata), water oak (Quercus nigra), willow oak (Quercus phellos), shumard oak (Quercus shumardii), post oak (Quercus stellata), bald cypress (Taxodium distichum), and American elm (Ulmus americana) (Diggs 2006). 1 Purpose The purpose of this technical note is to assist conservation planners and land managers by providing basic tree establishment information and a list of beneficial wildlife trees (Table 1) when they are planning wildlife and pollinator habitat in east Texas, western Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma. -
A Trip to Study Oaks and Conifers in a Californian Landscape with the International Oak Society
A Trip to Study Oaks and Conifers in a Californian Landscape with the International Oak Society Harry Baldwin and Thomas Fry - 2018 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Aims and Objectives: .................................................................................................................................................. 4 How to achieve set objectives: ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Sharing knowledge of experience gained: ....................................................................................................................... 4 Map of Places Visited: ................................................................................................................................................. 5 Itinerary .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Background to Oaks .................................................................................................................................................... 8 Cosumnes River Preserve ........................................................................................................................................ -
Storm-Resistant Trees for Mississippi Landscapes
Storm-Resistant Trees for Mississippi Landscapes Mississippi has a humid, subtropical climate. Summers Ice Resistance are long and hot, but winters are relatively mild. Prevailing Occasional ice storms in Mississippi can be devastating southerly winds much of the year bring warm, humid to trees. Such storms occur when the polar jet stream dips air from the Gulf of Mexico across the state. Precipitation south in the winter. This phenomenon is known as the is distributed through the year with north Mississippi “Siberian Express,” and it brings arctic air and prolonged receiving about 55 inches and southern Mississippi freezing temperatures to the state. If a wet warm front about 65 inches. Southern Mississippi experiences more follows, then freezing rain and ice damage may result. In thunderstorms and hurricanes than the rest of the state. February 1994, a slow-moving front caused a severe ice The length of the state north to south spans several storm in the Deep South—across Arkansas, Tennessee, cold-hardiness zones, from 7b (5–10ºF average coldest Mississippi, and Alabama. Estimated damage was over $3 temperatures) in north Mississippi to 9a (20–25ºF average billion, and a million people were without power, some coldest temperatures) on the coast. Mississippi also has over a month. its share of stormy weather. These include occasional Tree species vary in their tolerance to ice accumulation. ice storms in winter; high winds from thunderstorms, Those species most resistant to breakage from ice generally hurricanes, and tornadoes; flooding from torrential rains; have strong branch attachment, flexible branches, low and storm surges from hurricanes. -
Common Ground and Differences Between Spirulina and Chlorella Spirulina
Common ground and differences between Spirulina and Chlorella Spirulina: Spirulina platensis microalgae belong to the most pre- cious alkaline natural substances of our time. In a concentrated natural form they provide more than Attributes Chlorella pyrenoidosa Spirulina platensis 50 vital substances for human beings and animals. In all eras they have been used as a supplement food, e. g. in Botanical name • Chlorella pyrenoidosa • Spirulina platensis previous ancient cultures of the Maya and Aztec. Species • green algae (Chlorophyta) • blue algae (Cyanobacteria) Conditions of growth • in fresh-water • in very alkaline soda-water • estimated age: approx. 3.1 billion years (pH-value 9 - 11) • natural sources: shallow, mineral rich lakes, in Microscopic pictures tropical or subtropical climes, e.g. Africa, South- America India, China, Taiwan, Japan • global use: as food and in food, as a food supplement, as animal feed, especially for ornamental fish, birds, and small animals, as a cosmetic agent Cell form characteristic • Protozoa, round • Protozoa in a thread-shaped compound, spiral Cell wall • cellulose with sporopollenin, of which it is • easily digestible polysaccharides, which said to have a heavy metal binding takes care of good digestibility and Chlorella: quality a good bioavailability of all vital substances Cell nucleus • with cell nucleus • no cell nucleus, free spiral DNA Chlorella probably has the highest chlorophyll content in the plant kingdom. From there it gets its neme which means „little greenness“. Nutrient characteristics • rich in nutrients, with over 50 vital substan- • rich in nutrients with over 50 vital substances Chlorophyll is an important oxidant carrier and is also cal- ces and all 8 essential amino acids and all 8 essential amino acids led „treasured up sunlight“.