Understanding the Tipping Point of Urban Conflict: the Case of Santiago, Chile
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Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world Working Paper #3 May 2012 Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: the case of Santiago, Chile Alfredo Rodríguez, Marisol Saborido and Olga Segovia Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world Alfredo Rodríguez is a city planner and Executive Director of SUR, Corporación de Estudios Sociales y Educación, Chile. Marisol Saborido is an architect, international consultant, researcher and member of SUR Corporación de Estudios Sociales y Educación, Chile. Olga Segovia is an architect and a researcher at SUR Corporación de Estudios Sociales y Educación, Chile. The Urban Tipping Point project is funded by an award from the ESRC/DFID Joint Scheme for Research on International Development (Poverty Alleviation). The Principal Investigator is Professor Caroline Moser, Director of the Global Urban Research Centre (GURC). The Co-Investigator is Dr Dennis Rodgers, Senior Researcher, Brooks World Poverty Institute (BWPI), both at the University of Manchester. © Urban Tipping Point (UTP) The University of Manchester Humanities Bridgeford Street Building Manchester M13 9PL UK www.urbantippingpoint.org Table of Contents Abstract 1 Presentation 3 Part I City Profile Chapter 1: Santiago, a Neoliberal City 5 1. Neoliberal urban policies 7 1.1 The struggle for the city: the project of a social state 7 1.2 Dismantling the social state 8 1.3 The bases of the new urban order (1973-1985) 8 1.4 The expansion of the model (1985-2000) 11 2. Changes in Santiago between 1970 and 2010 13 2.1 Changes in the urban structure of the city 13 2.2 Changes in the productive structure of the city 14 2.3 Changes in the distribution of income in the city, 1970-2010 14 3. A balance: gains and losses 16 Chapter 2: Violence and Insecurity in Santiago 17 1. Conceptual framework 17 1.1 Types of violence 17 1.2 Categories of violence 19 1.3 Gender-based violence 21 1.4 Gender violence in public and private spaces: in the street and in the home 22 2. Violence in Santiago: differentiated by location, class and gender 23 2.1 Direct violence 23 2.2 Structural violence 26 2.3 Cultural violence: market violence 29 Part II Fieldwork Report Participatory Violence Appraisal (PVA) methodology Chapter 3: The Sub-City Study: Violence in Three Areas of Santiago: El Castillo, Contraloría and La Dehesa 31 1. Methodology: Participatory Violence Appraisal — PVA 31 1.1 General background 31 1.2 Implementation of PVA in three areas of Santiago 31 2. The conceptual approach: tipping points and violence chains 32 3. Sketch of the areas 33 3.1 General background 33 3.2 Socio-economic characteristics of the three areas 39 4. Violence-related problems that affect women and men in public places and in the home 40 4.1 El Castillo, Municipality of La Pintana 40 4.2 Contraloría, Municipality of La Florida 52 4.3 La Dehesa, Municipality of Lo Barnechea 62 5 Conclusions from the PVA. Reflections after the fieldwork 70 5.1 Problems and types of violence 70 5.2 Institutions 72 Appendices 75 Appendix A 75 Appendix B 77 References 81 List of Tables Table 1.1 Santiago 1970 to 2010: population, area, poverty, work force 6 Table 1.2 Changes in Santiago’s urban structure 1970-2010 13 Table 1.3 Changes in the productive structure of the Metropolitan Region 1967, 1995, 2005 (percentages of GDP) 14 Table 1.4 Indicators of gains and losses 16 Table 2.1 Conceptual framework for flow of violence from inequalities and conflict 17 Table 2.2 Types, categories and expression of violence in Santiago, Chile 20 Table 2.3 Perception of vulnerability to crime (percentages) 25 Table 2.4 How much does direct violence affect quality of life? (selected districts) 25 Table 2.5 Human Development Index (HDI) (selected districts) 26 Table 3.1 Socio-economic description: The municipalities of La Pintana, La Florida, and Lo Barnechea 34 Table 3.2 Socio-economic descriptions of the three areas according to participants’ perceptions 39 Table 3.3 Violence-related problems cited, and the frequency with which they were mentioned, El Castillo 40 Table 3.4 Institutions identified in El Castillo 49 Table 3.5 Violence-related problems cited, and the frequency with which they were mentioned, Contraloría 52 Table 3.6 Institutions identified in Contraloría 60 Table 3.7 Violence-related problems cited, and the frequency with which they were mentioned, La Dehesa 62 Table 3.8 Institutions identified in La Dehesa 68 Table A.1 Injury rates per 100,000 inhabitants in relation to location 75 Table A.2 Number of rapes per 100,000 inhabitants (2010) 75 Table A.3 Arrests following drug related crimes, 2010 75 Table A.4 What activities are avoided by men and women in order to protect themselves from becoming victims of crimes, by sex and residential district 75 Table A.5 SIMCE (Education Quality Measurement System) 2009 results (Selected districts) 76 Table A.6 Population distribution according to health care system (Selected districts) (percentages) 76 Table A.7 Job participation and unemployment rates according to sex (Selected districts) 76 Table A.8 Participation rates in care of household members as main activity, and average of daily hours dedicated to that activity, by sex and quintile 76 Table B.1 Summary of violence-related problems — El Castillo, Contraloría, La Dehesa 77 Table B.2a Focus groups by area according to gender and age: El Castillo, Contraloría, La Dehesa 79 Table B.2b Breakdown of focus groups. El Castillo, Contraloría, La Dehesa 79 Table B.3 Workshops to share results of the PVA, Santiago, June 2011 80 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Location of 310 camps in Santiago, 1972 7 Figure 1.2 Eradication of pobladores from campamentos in the Santiago Metropolitan Area by commune; from origin to destination, 1979-1985 10 Figure 2.1 Visible and invisible levels of violence 18 Figure 3.1 Map showing the location of the three areas under study, Metropolitan Area of Santiago 33 Figure 3.2 Housing in El Castillo 34 Figure 3.3 Timeline of the history of violence in El Castillo in Santiago, Chile 35 Figure 3.4 Time line of the history of gender violence in El Castillo in Santiago, Chile 36 Figure 3.5 Timeline of the history of violence in Contraloría in Santiago, Chile 37 Figure 3.6 Map of dangerous places in La Dehesa 38 Figure 3.7 Causal flow diagram and chains of violence based on women involved in drug consumption and trafficking, El Castillo 43 Figure 3.8 Listing and ranking of violence-related problems that affect women and men in public places and in the home in El Castillo 46 Figure 3.9 Flow diagram and chains of violence based on domestic violence because of drug trafficking 48 Figure 3.10 Institutional mapping. El Castillo 50 Figure 3.11 Flow diagram of causes and consequences, based on verbal aggression against women in public places, Contraloría 53 Figure 3.12 Flow diagram of causes and consequences and chains of violence that affect women, based on job uncertainty, Contraloría 54 Figure 3.13 Flow diagram of causes and consequence, illustrates how drug addiction is simultaneously a case and consequence of intra-family violence. Contraloría 55 Figure 3.14 Flow diagram of a violence chain caused by drug adiction and alcoholism, Contraloría 57 Figure 3.15 Flow diagram and violence chain caused by fights between fathers and sons, Contraloría 58 Figure 3.16 Flow diagram and violence chain based on mothers that are beaten by their sons, Contraloría 59 Figure 3.17 Cause-flow diagram based on social inequality as a cause of fear of break-ins, La Dehesa 64 Figure 3.18 Flow diagram and violence chain based on fights among young men for various reasons, La Dehesa 67 Figure 3.19 Specific types of violence and cross-cutting violence in the three areas – El Castillo, Contraloría and La Dehesa. 72 List of Graphs Graph 1.1 Santiago, evolution of the Gini coefficient from 1960 to 2010 15 Graph 1.2 Participation rate of women in unpaid domestic work, according to quintiles, Greater Santiago 29 Abstract This working paper presents the results of the research project on Understanding the tipping point of urban conflict: violence, cities and poverty reduction in the developing world, undertaken in Santiago, Chile. The paper consists of two sections: the city profile and the sub-city study. The city profile uses secondary sources and is structured in two chapters. Chapter 1 presents changes in the city’s structure that have developed over the last 40 years, identifying the tipping points that have marked the process of neoliberal urban development. Chapter 2 establishes what is understood by ‘violence’ and offers an analysis of the types and categories of urban violence in Santiago. The sub-city study, Chapter 3, is presented in the second section of this working paper. This chapter describes results of the Participatory Violence Appraisal methodology applied in three urban areas of Santiago. The sub-city study identifies violence-related problems that affect women and men both in public places and in the home, tipping points and violence chains at the sub-city level, as well as institutions linked to violence in the three areas. The sub-city study highlighted the fact that all three city areas evidence manifestations of direct violence that are economic, socio-economic and social in nature. Participants reported the existence of violence against people as well as violence against property.