U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Prepared for the GEOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS SERIES I–2762 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ATLAS OF JOVIAN SATELLITES: GANYMEDE 180° 0° 55° NOTES ON BASE nm), and green (559 nm) for Galileo SSI. Individual images were projected to a Sinus- Seidelmann, P.K., Sinclair, A.T., Yallop, B., and Tjuflin, Y.S., 1996, Report of the –55° . This sheet is one in a series of maps of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter at a nominal oidal Equal-Area projection at an image resolution of 1.0 km/pixel. The global color IAU/IAG/COSPAR Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Geb scale of 1:15,000,000. This series is based on data from the Galileo Orbiter Solid-State map was processed in Sinusoidal projection with an image resolution of 6.0 km/pixel. Elements of the Planets and Satellites, 1994: Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Imaging (SSI) camera and the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. The color utilized the SSI filters 1-micron (991 nm) wavelength for red, SSI 559 nm Astronomy, v. 63, p. 127–148. for green, and SSI 413 nm for violet. Where SSI color coverage was lacking in the Davies, M.E., Colvin, T.R., Oberst, J., Zeitler, W., Schuster, P., Neukum, G., McEwen, PROJECTION . 210° longitude range of 210°–250°, Voyager 2 wide-angle images were included to com- A.S., Phillips, C.B., Thomas, P.C., Veverka, J., Belton, M.J.S., and Schubert, G., ° 330° 150° Latpon Ur Sulcus 30 Mercator and Polar Stereographic projections used for this map of Ganymede are plete the global coverage . The chosen filters for the Voyager 2 data were ~530 nm for 1998, The control networks of the Galilean satellites and implications for global . 60° based on a sphere having a radius of 2632.345 km. The scale is 1:8,388,000 at ±56° green, and ~480–500 nm for blue. The red band was synthesized in this area based on shape: Icarus, v. 135, p. 372–376. –60° Namtar latitude for both projections. Longitude increases to the west in accordance with the statistics calculated from the surrounding SSI 1-micron (991 nm) data and SSI and Davies, M.E., and Katayama, F.Y., 1981, Coordinates of features on the Galilean satel- . Agrotes International Astronomical Union (1971) (Davies and others, 1996). Latitude is plan- Voyager data in the green and blue bands. The final global color map was then scaled lites: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, no. A10, p. 8635–8657. Elam Sulci etographic. up to 1.0 km/pixel and merged with the monochrome base mosaic. The north pole and Eliason, E.M., 1997, Production of Digital Image Models using the ISIS system, in

Philae Sulcus south pole regions that lack digital color coverage have been completed with the mon- CONTROL Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary ochrome map coverage. The final constructed Sinusoidal projection mosaic was then Institute, p. 331. The geometric control network was computed at the RAND Corporation (Davies and reprojected to the Mercator and Polar Stereographic projections included on this sheet. Gaddis, L.R., Anderson, J., Becker, K., Becker, T.L., Cook, D., Edwards, K., Eliason, others, 1998; Davies and Katayama, 1981). (This map of Ganymede utilized RAND’s The color of the final mosaic was enhanced using commercial software. E.M., Hare, T., Kieffer, H.H., Lee, E.M., Mathews, J., Soderblom, L.A., Suchar- . Nigirsu most recent solution as of November 1999). This process involved selecting control ski, T., Torson, J., McEwen, A.S., Robinson, M., 1997, An overview of the Inte- points on the individual images, making pixel measurements of their locations, using NOMENCLATURE grated Software for Imaging Spectrometers (ISIS), in Lunar and Planetary reseau locations to correct for geometric distortions, and converting the measurements Names on this sheet are approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU, Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 387. to millimeters in the focal plane. These data are combined with the camera focal 1980, 1986, 1999, and 2001). Names have been applied for features clearly visible at Greeley, R., and Batson, R.M., 1990, Planetary mapping; Cambridge University Press, lengths and navigation solutions as input to photogrammetric triangulation software the scale of this map; for a complete list of nomenclature for Ganymede, please see Cambridge, p. 274–275. that solves for the best-fit sphere, the coordinates of the control points, the three orien- http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov. International Astronomical Union, 1971, Commission 16—Physical study of planets 70° tation angles of the camera at each exposure (right ascension, declination, and twist), Jg 15M CMNK: Abbreviation for Jupiter, Ganymede (satellite): 1:15,000,000 series, –70° and satellites, in Proceedings of the 14th General Assembly, Brighton, 1970: and an angle (W0) which defines the orientation of Ganymede in space. W0—in this controlled mosaic (CM), nomenclature (N), color (K) (Greeley and 240° Transactions of the International Astronomical Union, v. 14B, p. 128–137. 30 solution 44.064°—is the angle along the equator to the east, between the 0° meridian Batson, 1990). 60 0 120° ———1980, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, in Proceedings of ° ° and the equator’s intersection with the celestial equator at the standard epoch J2000.0. REFERENCES the 17th General Assembly, Montreal, 1979: Transactions of the International This solution places the crater Anat at its defined longitude of 128° (Davies and others, Astronomical Union, v. 17B, p. 300. 1996). Batson, R.M., 1987, Digital cartography of the planets—New methods, its status, and its future: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 53, no. 9, p. ———1986, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, in Proceedings of MAPPING TECHNIQUE 1211–1218. the 19th General Assembly, New Delhi, 1985: Transactions of the International This global map base uses the best image quality and moderate resolution coverage Becker, T.L., Archinal, B., Colvin, T.R., Davies, M.E., Gitlin, A., Kirk, R.L., and Astronomical Union, v. 19B, p. 351. . Humbaba supplied by Galileo SSI and Voyager 1 and 2 (Batson, 1987; Becker and others, 1998; Weller, L., 2001, Final digital global maps of Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto, in ———1999, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, in Proceedings of Becker and others, 1999; Becker and others, 2001). The monochrome and color data Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXII: Houston, Lunar and Planetary the 23rd General Assembly, Kyoto, 1997: Transactions of the International Astro- . Lagamal were both processed using Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) Institute, abs. no. 2009 [CD-ROM]. nomical Union, v. 23B, p. 234–235. (Eliason, 1997; Gaddis and others, 1997; Torson and Becker, 1997). The individual Becker, T.L, Rosanova, T., Cook, D., Davies, M.E., Colvin, T.R., Acton, C., Bachman, ———2001, Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, in Proceedings of the 24th General Assembly, Manchester, 2000: Transactions of the International . 80° images were radiometrically calibrated and photometrically normalized using a Lunar- N., Kirk, R.L., and Gaddis, L.R., 1999, Progress in improvement of geodetic con- Wepwawet –80° Lambert function with empirically derived values (McEwen, 1991; Kirk and others, trol and production of final image mosaics for Callisto and Ganymede, in Lunar Astronomical Union, v. 24B [in press]. 2000). A linear correction based on the statistics of all overlapping areas was then and Planetary Science Conference XXX: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Kirk, R.L., Thompson, K.T., Becker, T.L., and Lee, E.M., 2000, Photometric modeling applied to minimize image brightness variations. The image data were selected on the abs. no. 1692 [CD-ROM]. for planetary cartography, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXXI: basis of overall image quality, reasonable original input resolution (from 20 km/pixel Becker, T.L., Rosanova, T., Gaddis, L.R., McEwen, A.S., Phillips, C.B., Davies, M.E., Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, abs. no. 2025 [CD-ROM]. for gap fill to as much as 180 m/pixel), and availability of moderate emission/inci- and Colvin, T.R., 1998, Cartographic processing of the Galileo SSI data—An McEwen, A.S., 1991, Photometric functions for photoclinometry and other applica- dence angles for topography and albedo. The black and white monochrome base update on the production of global mosaics of the Galilean satellites, in Lunar tions: Icarus, v. 92, p. 298–311. mosaic was constructed separately from the three-band color mosaic. Although consis- and Planetary Science Conference XXIX: Houston, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Torson, J.M., and Becker, K.J., 1997, ISIS—A software architecture for processing tency was achieved where possible, different filters were included for the monochrome abs. no. 1892 [CD-ROM]. planetary images, in Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXVIII: Houston, . global image coverage as necessary: clear for Voyager 1 and 2; clear, near-IR (757 Davies, M.E., Abalakin, V.K., Bursa, M., Lieske, J.H., Morando, B., Morrison, D., Lunar and Planetary Institute, p. 1443. Teshub

90° 270° NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION NORTH POLAR REGION SOUTH POLAR REGION 90° 270° 180° 0° 180° 0° 180° 0° . Hathor

11 10 4 12 10 1 2 8 11 12 12 3 9 Anubis . 90° 270° 90° 270° 90° 12 8 270° 90° 270° 90° 270° 90° 270° 9 12 8 3 1 8 4 4 10 11 2 Bubastis Sulci 55° –55° 55° –55° 55° –55° . Neheh 0° 180° 0° 180° 0° 180° Dukug Sulcus 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 57° 57° 57° 57° 57° 57° 80° 12 9 –80° 4 7 6 4 11 11 Anzu 10 0° 0° 0° 8 0° 0° 0° 1 2 3 4 1 9 3 . . 1 Adapa Etana 2 5 2 11 . Gilgamesh 11 . –57° –57° –57° –57° –57° –57° Kishar . Aya 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 180° 90° 0° 270° 180° 120° 60° No Data No Data 300° 240° 0.0 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 7.0 9.0 30.0 . Footprint of the Galileo and Voyager black and white image observation boundaries Footprint of the Galileo and Voyager color image observation boundaries Ptah 70° Resolution expressed in kilometers per pixel (km/pix) –70° . Ninkasi No Data Isis Index showing approximate resolution of black and white images included in the mosaic 1– G1GSGLOBAL01–6km/pixel image resolution . Anu s0349632100 413 nm—violet s0349632200 559 nm—green . s0349632145 991 nm—red . Zaqar Gula 1-G8GSMELKRT01 s0584062100 c1640212 c1640550 c2063650 c2063817 c2064027 Listed at left are the images that were used to create 2– 10GSGLOBAL01–17 km/pixel image resolution . s0394532265 s0584062202 c1640202 c1640556 c2063653 c2063820 c2064037 the black and white photomosaic. Bold entries s0413627145 413 nm—violet s0394532266 s0584062201 c1640232 c1640548 c2063656 c2063829 c2064039 s0413627100 559 nm—green Tanit . Sapas represent Galileo observation names, which are areas . Achelous s0394532278 s0584062200 c1640242 c1640606 c2063659 c2063835 c2064041 of Ganymede that were targeted for scientific s0413627245 991 nm—red s0394532279 6- C9GSSULCUS01 c1640302 11- Voyager 2 c2063702 c2063837 c2064043 3– 14GSGLOBAL01–9 km/pixel image resolution . Sebek 2-G8GSCALDRA01 s0401668900 c1640312 c2063912 c2063705 c2063839 c2064047 investigation. The numbers and letters included in the s0441013145 413 nm—violet s0394532413 s0401668913 c1640322 c2063109 c2063708 c2063841 c2064053 observation names are in a standard format s0441013146 413 nm—violet 60° s0394532426 s0401668926 c1640354 c2063111 c2063711 c2063843 c2064051 (NNTIOOOOOOSS) where NN=orbit number, s0441013078 559 nm—green –60° 30° s0394532427 s0401668939 c1640334 c2063119 c2063714 c2063845 c2064051 T=target (Ganymede in this case), I=instrument, s0441013168 991 nm—red 150° 330° s0394532439 7- G8GSREGCON01 c1640344 c2063127 c2063717 c2063849 12-Low resolution OOOOOO=science targeting objective, and s0441013169 991 nm—red 210° s0394532440 s0394517800 c1640422 c2063129 c2063720 c2063851 G1GSGLOBAL01 SS=sequence number. The numbers connected with 4– Voyager 2 .Adad s0394532452 8- E6GSGLOBAL02 c1640444 c2063521 c2063723 c2063853 s0349632000 c2063531 ~530 nm—green, 9.9 km/pixel s0394532453 s0383881501 c1640446 c2063525 c2063726 c2063855 14GSGLOBAL01 these bold observation names correlate to the c2063539 ~480–500 nm—blue ,9.7 km/pixel s0394532465 s0383881514 c1640448 c2063529 c2063729 c2063857 s0441013078 numbers on the index above center and are listed in s0394532466 s0383881500 c1640456 c2063537 c2063732 c2063859 20GSGEOGAP01 order of descending resolution. The 's' and 'c' entries Listed above are the images that were used to create the color pho- 55° s0394532478 s0383881513 c1640454 c2063541 c2063735 c2063901 s0498116900 represent spacecraft clock times, which are used as tomosaic. Bold entries represent Galileo observation names, which –55° 0° 3- G8GSTIAMAT01 9- C9GSGLOBAL01 c1640719 c2063545 c2063738 c2063903 10GSGLOBCOL01 unique archival identifiers for each image; they are are areas of Ganymede that were targeted for scientific investiga- 180° s0394526200 s0401701000 c1640723 c2063549 c2063741 c2063905 s0413627200 SCALE 1:8 388 000 (1 mm = 8.39 km) AT 56° LATITUDE listed in the order they were mosaicked. tion. The numbers and letters included in the observation names are SCALE 1:8 388 000 (1 mm = 8.39 km) AT –56° LATITUDE s0394526201 s0401701013 c1640725 c2063556 c2063744 c2063907 Voyager 2 SCALE 1:9 172 068 (1 mm = 9.17 km) AT 90° LATITUDE in a standard format (NNTIOOOOOOSS) where NN=orbit number, SCALE 1:9 172 068 (1 mm = 9.17 km) AT –90° LATITUDE 4-29GSCAPCOL01 s0401701026 c1640502 c2063559 c2063747 c2063909 c2063912 POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION s0584060500 s0401701039 c1640504 c2063602 c2063750 c2063911 c2058308 T=target (Ganymede in this case), I=instrument, OOOOOO=science targeting objective, and SS=sequence number. The numbers con- 500 400 300 200 100 50 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 s0584060800 s0401701052 c1640510 c2063605 c2063753 c2063913 Voyager 1 500 400 300 200 100 50 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 90° 90° s0584061100 s0401701065 c1640512 c2063608 c2063756 c2063915 c1628936 nected with these bold observation names correlate to the numbers –90° –90° s0584061400 s0401701078 c1640518 c2063611 c2063759 c2063917 on the index above right and are listed in order of descending reso- 70° 70° s0584061700 10- Voyager 1 c1640520 c2063614 c2063802 c2063919 lution. The 's' and 'c' entries represent spacecraft clock times, which –70° –70° 55° 55° 5-29GSDARDAN01 c1640132 c1640528 c2063617 c2063805 c2063921 are used as unique archival identifiers for each image; they are listed –55° –55° KILOMETERS s0584062000 c1640142 c1640530 c2063641 c2063808 c2063951 KILOMETERS in the order they were mosaicked. s0584062102 c1640152 c1640542 c2063644 c2063811 c2063953 NORTH POLAR REGION s0584062101 c1640222 c1640546 c2063647 c2063814 c2064025 The abbreviation 'nm' represents wavelength in nanometers. SOUTH POLAR REGION

North 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 350° 340° 330° 320° 310° 300° 290° 280° 270° 260° 250° 240° 230° 220° 210° 200° 190° 180° 57° 57° . . Enlil Geb . Asshur Elam ossae . Sin Sulci Zu F ulcus Ur Sulcus S Sulci 50° ius 50° Aquar . Kadi Nun . Hershef Mashu Sulcus . Upuant Lakhm . Galileo . Nefertum Mont Ur gio . Nippur Sulcus Shu Byb u F Sulcus Philus Sulcus lus

40° En 40° ki C a ten SulcuAs kitu Sulcus Tettu a Facula . Lumha . Harakhtes errine uRs e . Halieus . P Abydos Gir . . Amon Facula Regio Kulla . Sulc Anhur . M Marius Nippur Sulcus . Zakar Sati Ammura . Mor a 30° Bigeh . s 30° . Mehit Neith . Min hu Akhmin ossae Facula on . Haroeris . Ta-urt S Facula Nine Sicy u Edfu Xibalba Sulcus lc v A u Facula eh . Ba'al ns s Sulcus ha . r Sul . Lugalmeslam . Bau Diment . . Ilah Atra-hasis cus Hermopolis Epigeus . Facula 20° Khepri 20° . . Heliopolis . Geinos Nidaba N . C Facula a Seima atena nshe . Busiris Regio Memphis . Agreus Selket Buto . Facula . Ningishzida Facula i . Ruti Tammuz Facula

Ur . Sulc U Coptos Tros m 10° 10° uk m Facula . Isimu Ter a ah T Thebes Siwah C ia . atena m Ninlil Barnard Regio a Facula Facula Ombos . t Antum ygia Sulcus us Facula Sulc

Phr arsa L S . . . Mysia u Maa Khensu El Ishkur . Kittu l . c 0° Sulcus 0° u S E a s t W e s t . Dendera s u l c . Mir u .Anat . . s Danel Misharu lcus S h Su L u E a . ru H r g Ninki Har Apophis p u e p r a a s c a ar s k g . –10° h h p S –10°

a u Kish S S l Sippar Sulcus gia c u Mysia Sulci u u Melkart l l . s c s . c Serapis u u S lc We-ila s u . u u . Ilus D s Gad S l . a c Ninsum u . Mush rd Su s a a l n e b lcus u . . r Eshmun Nah-Hunte s Mysia Sulci A

–20° –20°

S

h S u

u gio ru

l . p c Khumbam p

u . a Punt k . s Bes . Enkidu

S u lc –30° u –30° s . Hapi . . Cisti Irkalla . Hedetet . ulci Kingu S psu A . Khonsu Osiris . . Ashîma holson Re Seker . Tashmetum –40° Nic –40° Apsu Sulci . Thoth

. Nabu

–50° –50°

. Andjeti Nut . Humbaba

–57° –57° 180° 170° 160° 150° 140° 130° 120° 110° 100° 90° 80° 70° 60° 50° 40° 30° 20° 10° 0° 350° 340° 330° 320° 310° 300° 290° 280° 270° 260° 250° 240° 230° 220° 210° 200° 190° 180° South INTERIOR —GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, RESTON, VA—2002 Prepared on behalf of the Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program, Solar SCALE 1:15 000 000 (1 mm = 15 km) AT 0° LATITUDE System Exploration Division, Office of Space Science, National Aeronautics and MERCATOR PROJECTION Space Administration Manuscript approved for publication January 17, 2002 1000 500 400 300 200 100 50 0 50 100 200 300 400 500 1000 ±57° ±57°

±30° ±30° 0° 0° KILOMETERS

Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the NOTE TO USERS U.S. Government. CONTROLLED COLOR PHOTOMOSAIC MAP OF GANYMEDE For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services, Box 25286, Users noting errors or omissions are urged to indicate them Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, 1–800–ASK–USGS on the map and to forward it to the Astrogeology Team, U.S. Geological Survey, 2255 North Gemini Drive, Flagstaff, Jg 15M CMNK Arizona 86001. A replacement copy will be returned. 2002 Printed on recycled paper