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Home , James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans

Notes

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: AMERICA AND THE EXCESSIVE

1. Louis Legrand Noble, The Life and Works of , ed. E. S. Vesell (Cambridge, Mass., 1964) p. 72. 2. Ibid., p. 148. 3. Quoted in Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York, 1965) p. 302. 4. Daniel]. Boors tin, The Americans: The National Experience (London, 1966) p. 352. 5. , The Complete Poems, ed. F. Murphy (London, 1975) pp. 741-2. 6. Ibid., pp. 742-3. 7. Ibid., p. 749. 8. Ibid., p. 760. 9. William H. Prescott, The History of the Conquest of Peru, ed. J. F. Kirk (London, 1886) p. 126. 10. William H. Prescott, The History of the Conquest of Mexico, ed. J. F. Kirk (London, 1886) p. 178. 11. Ibid., p. 313. 12. Ibid., pp. 313-14. 13. , La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (New York, 1956) p. 146. 14. Ibid., pp. 226--7. 15. Ibid., p. 225. 16. Ibid., p. 319. 17. , (New York, 1963) n, 44. 18. James Parton, Famous Americans of Recent Times (New York, 1967), p. 88. 19. Ibid., pp. 138--9. 20. H. von Holst,john C. Calhoun (, 1882), p. 199. 21. John William Ward, - Symbol for an Age (New York, 1955) p. 159. 22. See Alan Heimert, 'Moby-Dick and American Political Symbolism', American Quarterly, 15 (Winter 1963) 498--534. 23. Ward, Andrew jackson, pp. 164-5. 24. Robert V. Remini, Andrew jackson (New York, 1969) pp. 97-8. 25. Sydney Nathans, and jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore and London, 1973) p. 70. 26. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 58.

221 222 Notes

27. , The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Ix; 184~7, ed. R. H. Orth and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), pp. 250--1. 28. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 204. 29. Ibid., p. 203. 30. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel (London, 1838) I, 179. 31. Ibid., I, 182. 32. Ibid., I, 148. 33. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 5. 34. Ibid., p. 45. 35. The Happy Republic, ed. G. E. Probst (New York, 1962) p. 125. 36. American Social History, ed. A. Nevins (New York, 1923) p. 261. 37. Ibid. 38. Captain Frederick Marryat, A Diary in America, ed. Sydney Jackman (New York, 1962) p. 62. 39. Ibid., p. 26. 40. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. and abridged R. D. Heffner (New York, 1956) p. 184. 41. Harriet Martineau, Sociery in America (New York, 1966), p. 185. 42. Charles Dickens, American Notes and Pictures from Italy, with intro. and notes by Andrew Lang (New York, 1898) pp. 295-6. 43. Marryat, Diary, p. 140. 44. Selected Letters of P. T. Barnum, ed. A. H. Saxon (New York, 1983) p. 15. 45. Quoted in Constance Rourke, Trumpets ofjubilee (New York, 1963) p. 24. 46. Quoted ibid., p. 33. 47. Quoted in Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District (New York, 1965) p. 210. 48. See Anne C. Rose, as a Social Movement 1830-1850 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981) Appendix B, p. 233. 49. Quoted in Alice Felt Tyler, Freedom's Ferment (New York, 1962) p. 337. 50. Michael Chevalier, Sociery, Manners and in the United States, ed.J. W. Ward (Gloucester, Mass., 1967), p. 167. 51. Dickens, American Notes, p. 294.

CHAPTER 2. FENIMORE COOPER: THE EXCESSIVE PATHFINDER

Page references to works by Cooper are given in the text. For most novels, the edition cited is the Edition (London, 1867-9). The exceptions are The Red Rover (London, 1834) and , ed.J. F. Beard, L. Schachterle and K. M. Andersen,Jr (Albany, N.Y., 1980).

1. WarrenS. Walker, Introduction to James Fenimore Cooper, (New York, 1960) p. 1. 2. Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage, ed. G. Dekker andJ. P. McWilliams (London, 1973) p.68. 3. Ibid. Notes 223

4. Ibid., p. 196. 5. Ibid., p. 210. 6. See David Morse, : A Structural Anarysis (London, 1982) pp. 121-2. 7. Sir , Waverll!)l, Border Edition (London, 1900) p. 648. 8. Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage, p. 62. 9. Ibid., p. 62. 10. Ibid., p. 123. II. Ibid., p. 197. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., pp. 192-3. 14. Ibid., p. 198. 15. Ibid., pp. 282-3. 16. See Blake Nevius, Cooper's : An Essay on the Picturesque Vision (Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles and London, 1976) p. 94. 17. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Collected Works I, ed. R. E. Spiller and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) p. 21.

CHAPTER 3. BROCKDEN BROWN AND POE: INNER EXCESSES I. , Arthur Mervyn, ed. S. J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1980) p. 137. 2. Charles Brockden Brown, Ormond, ed. S.J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1982) p. 112. 3. Ibid., p. 252. 4. Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Huntry, ed. D. Stineback (New Haven, Conn., 1973) p. 39. 5. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political justice, ed. I. Kramnick (London, 1978) p. 367. 6. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, pp. 166-7. 7. Brockden Brown, Edgar Huntry, p. 79. 8. Ibid., p. 46. 9. Ibid., p. 94. 10. Brockden Brown, Ormond, p. 283. II. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, p. 335. 12. Ibid., p. 336. 13. Charles Brockden Brown, Weiland, ed. S.J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1980) p. 130. 14. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, p. 228. 15. All quotations from Poe cite , Collected Works, ed. T. 0. Mabbott with E. D. Kewer and M. C. Mabbott (Cambridge, Mass., an_d London, 1978). References, by volume and page, are given in the text.

CHAPTER 4. EMERSON, THOREAU AND WHITMAN: TRANSCENDENTAL SUPERMEN I. George Santayana, Selected Critical Writings, ed. N. Henfrey (London, 1968) I, 119. 224 Notes

2. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations from Emerson cite Ralph Waldo Emerson, Collected Works (abbreviated ECW), I, ed. R. E. Spiller and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), and n, ed. A. R. Ferguson,]. F. Carr and J. Slater (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1979). References, by volume and page, are given in the text. 3. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, vn: 1838-42, ed. A. W. Plumstead and H. Hayford (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) p. 254. 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, IX: 184~7, ed. R. H. Orth and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) p. 269. 5. The Portable Emerson, ed. C. Bode and M. Cowley (New York, 1981) p. 255. 6. Ibid., pp. 255-6. 7. Selected Writings of the American Transcendentalists, ed. G. Hochfield (New York, 1966) p. 65. 8. Ibid., p. 68. 9. Ibid., p. 82. 10. Ibid., pp. 82-3. II. Ibid., p. 183. 12. Ibid., pp. 137-8. 13. Ibid., p. 101. 14. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, v: 1835--8, ed. M. M. Sealts,Jr (Cambridge, Mass., 1965) p. 92. 15. Emerson,Joumals, VII, 60. 16. Ibid., v, 374. 17. Ibid., VII, 270. 18. Ibid., VII, 106. 19. Ibid., VII, 353. 20. American Transcendentalists, p. 86. 21. Henry D. Thoreau, Journal, I: 1837-1844, ed. E. H. Witherell, W. L. Howarth, R. Sattelmeyer and T. Blanding (Princeton, NJ, 1981) p. 309. 22. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations from Thoreau cite Henry D. Thoreau, The Variorum Walden (abbreviated VW), ed. W. Harding (New York, 1962). Page references are given in the text. 23. Henry D. Thoreau, Reform Papers, ed. W. Gluck (Princeton, NJ, 1973) p. 78. 24. Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, ed. F. Murphy (London, 1975) p. 753. 25. Ibid., p. 775.

CHAPTER 5: : EXCESSIVE INTERPRETATION

Quotations from Hawthorne cite the Centenary Edition (Columbus, Ohio) and page references are given in the text. The individual volumes cited are The Blithedale Romance (1964), The House of the Seven Gables (1965), The Marble Faun ( 1968), The Scarlet Letter ( 1972), Mosses from an Old Manse ( 1972), The Snow Image and Uncollected Tales ( 1972) and Twice-told Tales ( 1974).

I. Michael Davitt Bell, The Development of American Romance (Chicago and London, 1980) p. 180. Notes 225

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, VII: 1838-42, ed. A. W. Plumstead and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp. 493-4. 3. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (New York, 1967) I, 27. 4. Sacvan Bercovich, The American jeremiad (Madison, Wis., 1978) p. 92. 5. Mather, Magnalia, I, 25. 6. Ibid., I, 28. 7. Ibid., I, 30. Admittedly Cotton Mather earlier pays lip service to the idea of the 'impartial historian' (p. 29), but since he then goes on to assert his right both to censure and to defend and speak out on behalf of the Church as he sees it, he once more becomes confessedly partisan. The tmth of his history is finally bound up with its implicit claim to be written under divine guidance, as when he writes (II, 448), 'For my own part, I would be as exceedingly afraid of writing afalse thing, as of doing an ill thing: but have my pen always move in thefearofGod.' 8. Quoted in Charles Feidelson, Symbolism and (Chicago, 1953) p. 89. 9. Mather, Magnalia, n, 27. 10. Ibid., I, 93. II. Ibid., I, 372. 12. Ibid., II, 77. 13. Michel Foucault, The OrderojThings (London, 1970) pp. 25-6. 14. Ibid., p. 26. 15. Mather, Magnalia, I, 297. 16. Ibid., II, 495. 17. Ibid., I, 223. 18. Ibid., I, 147. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid., I, 148. 21. Ibid., II, 372. 22. Ibid., II, 579. 23. Ibid., II, 580. 24. Emerson,Joumals, VII, 197. 25. Sir Walter Scott, Peveril of the Peak, Border Edition (London, 1900) p. 47. 26. Ibid., pp. 44-5. In his British Influence on the Birth of American Literature (London, 1982) Linden Peach draws attention to this influence of Scott's novel on The Scarlet Letter and especially to the affinity between the characters of Pearl and Fenella (pp. 117-22). 27. William Godwin, Caleb Williams, ed. D. McCracken (London, 1970). Index

Adams, john Quincy, 13-14 Clay, Henry, 11-12 Alcott, Bronson, 25, 125-7 Cole, Thomas, 3-4, 86--7 Amundsen, Roald Engelbregt Cooper, james Fenimore, 2, 11, 28, Gravning, 64 30-87 Audubon,Johnjames, 165 , 86 , 73, 80-6 Baldwin,]. C., 18--19 The Last of the , 42, 47, 50, Ballou, Aden, 25 55-62, 71 Balzac, Honore, de, 47, 72-3, 79 Lionel Lincoln, 30, 37-41 Barnum, P. T., 22 Littlepage Trilogy, 48--9 Beecher, Henry Ward, 27 The Pathfinder, 56, 72-80 Beecher, Lyman, 23-7 The Pilot, 42-3, 69, 72 Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich, 72- The Pioneers, 42, 47, 48, 49, 50, 3 51-5,56,59-61,62,65,68, Bell, Michael Davitt, 170 71, 82 Beman, Nathaniel, 24 , 42, 48, 49, 62-9, 71 Bercovich, Sacvan, I 73 , 41 Biddle, Nicholas, 14 The Red Rover, 42, 43-5, 69-70, 72 Boehme, Jacob, 127 Satanstoe, 48 Boorstin, Daniel]., 21 The Sealions, 85 Brockden Brown, Charles, 2, 28, 88-- The Spy, 30-7, 40, 41, 69 97, 104, 190 The Water-witch, 42, 45-6, 69-71, Arthur Mervyn, 88, 90, 92-3, 96 72 Edgar Huntly, 89-96 The Wept of Wish-ton-Wish, 42 Ormond,89,90,95-6 The Wing-and-wing, 42 Wieland, 89, 90-1, 96--7 U7andotte, 4 7 Browne, Sir Thomas, 98 Cooper, Susan Fenimore, 42 Bryant, William Cullen, 3-4, 77 Cortes, Hernando, 7-9 Burr,Jonathan, 177 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 72 Dante, Alighieri, 148, 212 The Corsair, 42 De Stae1, Madame de, 1"29 Dickens, Charles, 20-1, 27 Calhoun, john C., 11-14, 16--17 Dickinson, Charles, 13 Carew, Thomas, 154 Diogenes, 155 Carlyle, Thomas, 72, 171 Cervantes, Miguel de, 155 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 15-16, 25, Channing, William Ellery, 123-4, 28, 68, 84, 119-149, 151, 158, 126--7, 144 163, 166, 170-2, 186, 191 Chevalier, Michel, 26 Everett, Edward, 5

226 Index 227

Foucault, Michel, 172, 177-8 Lawrence, David Herbert, 30 Fuller, Margaret, 134 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 50 Lewis, Matthew, 201, 217 Gardiner, W. H., 55 Lewis, R. W. B., 174 Glanville,Joseph, 107-8 Louis XIV, I 0 Godwin, William, 20 I Lowell, James Russell, 5-6 Political Justice, 89 Caleb Williams, 88, 203 Malory, Sir Thomas, 137 Goethe, johann Wolfgang von, 72 Margry, Pierre, 9 Goodrich, S. G., 16 Marryat, Frederick, 19, 21 Grattan, T. C., 19 Martineau, Harriet, 16-17, 20 Mather, Cotton, 212 Harrison, William Henry, 15, 19 Magnalia Christi Americana, I 72-82 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 2, 25, 28, Mather, Samuel, 174 169--220 Maturin, Charles, 21 7 'The Birthmark', 190-1 Melville, Herman, 2, 28, 213 The Blithedale Romance, 196, 197, Israel Potter, 42 206-13 Moby-Dick, 13 'Ethan Brand', 190 Pierre, 86 The House of the Seven Gables, 191, Redburn, 183 195-6,213 Miller, Perry, 5 The Marble Faun, 199, 213-20 Montcalm, Louisjoseph, Marquis 'The Maypole of the de,9 Merrymount', 205, 215-16 Montezuma, 8 'The Minister's Black Veil', 187-8 'My Kinsman Major Molyneux', Nathans, Sydney, 14 184-5 Nevius, Blake, 83 'The New Adam and Eve', 185-6 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 189 'Rappaccini's Daughter', 186-7 Norton,John, 178,201 The Scarlet Letter, 169--72, 192-206, , 98 210, 213 Noyes, john Humphrey, 25 'Wakefield', 189--90 'Young Goodman Brown', 183-4 Owen, Robert, 25 Henry, Patrick, 12 Hitchcock, Alfred, 31 Parkman, Francis, 7, 9--11 Holderlin, Friedrich, 98 Parton,James, 11-12, 17 Hopkins, Edward, 181, 198, 212 Pascal, Blaise de, I 76 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 126 Irving, Washington, 16, 28 Pizarre, Francisco, 7-8 Plato, 139 Jackson, Andrew, 11-15, 19, 22, 161, Poe, Edgar Allan, 2, 13, 28, 88, 97- 198 118 'Berenice', 105-6 Kant, Immanuel, 5 'The Black Cat', 116-1 7 Kierkegaard, S0ren, 36 'The Domain of Arnheim', 113 Kimball, Moses, 22 'Eleonora', 109 'The Fall of the House of Usher', Land, Charles, 25 109-13 La Salle, Robert Cavalier, 10 'The Gold bug', I 03-5 228 Index

Poe, Edgar Allan - continued The Pirate, 42 'The Imp of the Perverse', 11 7 Rob Roy, 37 'Ligeia', 105, 107-9 Waverlry, 39, 50, 51 'The Man of the Crowd', 114 Smith, Anne C., 24 'The Masque of the Red Death', Smith, joseph, 25 113 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 23, 27-8 'Morella', 105, 106--7, 108 Swedenborg, Immanuel, 124, 127 'The Murders in the Rue Morgue' 98-101, 102, 110-13 Thomas a Kempis, 120 'The Purloined Letter', 101-3 Thoreau, Henry David 'The Tell-tale Heart', 116--18 Walden, 148-58, 161, 210 'William Wilson', 113-16, 118 Thucydides, 137 Praxiteles, 216 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 20 Prescott, William, 7-9 Twain, Mark, 2, 39, 47, 73-4 Randolph, John, II, 16 Ranke, Leopold von, 173-4 van Buren, Martin, 14 Reed, Sampson, 124-5, 127, 134, 186 Virgil, 148 Remini, Robert V., 13 von Holst, H., 12 Ripley, George, 25, 125 Walker, WarrenS., 31 Santayana, George, 119 Ward, john William, 13 Schiller, Friedrich von, 5, 139 Washington, George, 5-6, 31-6, 39 Scott, Robert Falcon, 64 Webster, Daniel, 11-16, 86, 160 Scott, Sir Walter, 46, 47, 50, 55 Weld, Theodore, 27 The Abbot, 215 Whitman, Walt, 6--7 The Antiquary, 51 A Song of Myself, 158-68 The Fair Maid of Perth, 218 Williams, Roger, I 79--80 The Heart of Midlothian, 50 Withington, Revd Leonard, 26 The Legend of Montrose, 51 Wolfe,James, 9 Peveril of the Peak, 194-5 Wyman, William, 15