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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 76-6511 GLADSKY, Thomas S., 1939- JAMES FENIMORE COOPER AND THE GENTEEL HERO OF ROMANCE. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Ph.D., 1975 Literature, general Xerox University Microfilms f Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 JAMES FENIMORE COOPER AND THE GENTEEL HERO OF ROMANCE by THOMAS GLADSKY A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor.of Philosophy Greensboro 19 75 Approved by Dissertation Adviser \ APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Dissertation V / Adviser /"X.eM> Committee Members I •>, \ (i' • <\ I , •v.1 AUaui \.j. XML t - ,U-i'JL:3d /c/7^> Datzfe of Acceptance by Committee xx GLADSKY, THOMAS. James Fenimore Cooper and the Genteel Hero of Romance. (1975) Directed by: Donald Darnell. Pp. 211 In virtually every one of his many novels, James Fenimore Cooper used one of literature's most familiar figures--the genteel hero, whose characterization and function had become literary cliches even by Cooper's time. Over the course of the novels, however, the genteel hero became Cooper's most important char­ acter in both a technical and a thematic sense. Although his characterization and function owe much to literary history, . the genteel hero, overlooked and maligned by Cooper scholars, is a developing character whose evolution in the novels is an indicator of Cooper's artistic and philosophical development. Structuring his plots around the movements and problems of his social beau ideal, Cooper gradually converted this minor character into the primary protagonist and narrator of his novels. From a passive, two dimensional, aristocrat, more­ over, the genteel hero develops into a realistic, intro­ spective democratic, American gentleman whose many roles attest to his significance and to Cooper's artistry. After adapting his hero to an American setting in the first few novels, Cooper portrayed him as a patriotic leader in the American revolution, a participant in the conquest of the frontier in The Leatherstocking Tales, a skilled and ef­ ficient sailor in the sea tales, a landed gentleman in the Littlepage trilogy, and a humble Christian gentleman in the last novels. In addition to his fictional growth and pivotal position in the novels, the genteel hero functions as a reposi­ tory of Cooper's own values and attitudes. At first implying, through character and symbolic action, a social and moral code consistent with Cooper's, he gradually becomes an outspoken social critic, spiritual ideal, and fictional spokesman for Cooper's point of view regarding the crucial problems facing America. Finally, through the evolution of the genteel hero, Cooper provided a fictional history of the American gentleman who stood at the very center of Cooper's philosophy. Tying together the adventure and love plots in which he is a major participant, the genteel hero functions as a structural device within individual novels. Moreover, as fictional protagonist and conceptual symbol, he adds co­ herence and unity to Cooper's fiction as a whole. Far from being a sop to a female audience or a leftover literary con­ vention, the genteel hero is instead the primary means by which we can understand the relationship of Cooper's thought to his art. I wish to thank my committee, particularly my advisor, Donald Darnell, for his exacting demands, sound judgments, and personal example. For sharing this and all tasks with me, my love to Rita, and to my daughters, Kristen and Jennifer, whose interest in Cora, Alice, Uncas, Magua, Hawkeye, and Chingachgook added so much joy. iii CONTENTS Page APPROVAL PAGE ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: The Genteel Hero 1 II. THE EARLY NOVELS: The Making of an American Gentleman 24 III. The Genteel Hero and the Frontier 52 IV. The Genteel Hero at Sea 93 V. THE LITTLEPAGE WORLD: The Rise and Fall of Genteel Values 136 VI. Cooper's Last Novels 170 VII. CONCLUSION 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY 207 iv 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: The Genteel Hero In virtually every one of his many novels, James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) used one of literature's most familiar figures—the genteel hero, whose character and plot functions had become literary cliches even by Cooper's time. Medieval romancers, Renaissance dramatists, and sentimental and historical novelists had all employed a well-bred, hand­ some, young man as the hero of their love plots where, in con­ nection with his courtship, he became involved in various adventures which served as character tests and a means of discovering, quite often, his own prestigious identity. So widespread was the appearance of this stock character and his female counterpart, the genteel heroine, that few would disagree with Lillie Loshe's statement that "the romance of two young persons aristocratic, either by birth or by reason of wealth or position, has always with few exceptions, turned the wheel of romantic adventure. Cooper himself read romances, studied Shakespeare, knew the sentimental novel, and imitated Sir Walter Scott's fictional "Srhe Early American Novel (New York: The Columbia University Press, 1907), p. 86. 2 O formula for the historical novel. Consequently, the genteel hero's appearance in Cooper's novels comes as no surprise. In Cooper's hands, however, the genteel hero assumed new and significant dimensions in both character and plot function. Adapting him to a wide variety of settings, situations, How much direct contact Cooper had with the medxeval romance is unclear. Henry Seidel Canby does point out that Cooper's mother "was a great reader of romances. One of the few indications we possess of her son's early taste in litera­ ture is that he read 'Don Belianis of Greece' and proposed to write a story like it." Furthermore, James F. Beard adds that Cooper, as a boarding student in Albany "entertained . his schoolmates by inventing impromptu romances which were continued from night to night in a clandestine manner." See respectively Classic Americans (New York: Harcourt Brace, 19 31), p. 128; and The Letters and Journals of James Fenimore Cooper, I, ed. James Franklin Beard (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard Press, 1960-62), 35. Judged by the number of chapter mottoes using lines from Shakespeare and the numerous references to him in Cooper's letters, Cooper's familiarity with Shakespeare was extensive. W. B. Gates, demonstrating Cooper's indebtedness to Shakespeare, makes some perceptive comments through which the genteel heroes of Cooper's novels can be compared with similar characters in Shakespeare's plays. See "Cooper's Indebtedness to Shakespeare," PMLA, 87 (September, 1952), 716-731. Cooper, who reviewed the novels of Catharine Maria Sedgwick early in his career, was apparently quite familiar with the sentimental novel and found in it convenient devices for his own use. See his review of A New England Tale reprinted in Early American Essays, ed. James F. Beard (Gainesville: Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, 1955). In addition, Herbert Ross Brown and G. W. Walker have examined Cooper's use of the didactic and the stock devices employed in the sentimental formula. See respectively The Sentimental Novel in America 1789-1860 (1940; rpt. Freeport, New York: Books for Libraries, 19 70) and "The Personal and Literary Relationship of Sir Walter Scott and JFC," Diss. North Carolina, 1950. For discussions of Scott's influence on Cooper, see, in addition to Walker, George Dekker, James Fenimore Cooper: The American Scott (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1967); Donald Davie, The Heyday of Sir Walter Scott (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,' 19'7l) • and C. Hugh Holman, "The Influence of Scott and Cooper on Simms," AL, 23 (May, 1951), 203-218. 3 and genres, providing him with the identity of an American gentleman, and employing him as a continuing standard of moral and social ideals, Cooper gradually developed this stock literary type into his most important fictional char­ acter.