Notes CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION: AMERICA AND THE EXCESSIVE 1. Louis Legrand Noble, The Life and Works of Thomas Cole, ed. E. S. Vesell (Cambridge, Mass., 1964) p. 72. 2. Ibid., p. 148. 3. Quoted in Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York, 1965) p. 302. 4. Daniel]. Boors tin, The Americans: The National Experience (London, 1966) p. 352. 5. Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, ed. F. Murphy (London, 1975) pp. 741-2. 6. Ibid., pp. 742-3. 7. Ibid., p. 749. 8. Ibid., p. 760. 9. William H. Prescott, The History of the Conquest of Peru, ed. J. F. Kirk (London, 1886) p. 126. 10. William H. Prescott, The History of the Conquest of Mexico, ed. J. F. Kirk (London, 1886) p. 178. 11. Ibid., p. 313. 12. Ibid., pp. 313-14. 13. Francis Parkman, La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West (New York, 1956) p. 146. 14. Ibid., pp. 226--7. 15. Ibid., p. 225. 16. Ibid., p. 319. 17. James Fenimore Cooper, Notions of the Americans (New York, 1963) n, 44. 18. James Parton, Famous Americans of Recent Times (New York, 1967), p. 88. 19. Ibid., pp. 138--9. 20. H. von Holst,john C. Calhoun (Boston, 1882), p. 199. 21. John William Ward, Andrew jackson- Symbol for an Age (New York, 1955) p. 159. 22. See Alan Heimert, 'Moby-Dick and American Political Symbolism', American Quarterly, 15 (Winter 1963) 498--534. 23. Ward, Andrew jackson, pp. 164-5. 24. Robert V. Remini, Andrew jackson (New York, 1969) pp. 97-8. 25. Sydney Nathans, Daniel Webster and jacksonian Democracy (Baltimore and London, 1973) p. 70. 26. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 58. 221 222 Notes 27. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, Ix; 184~7, ed. R. H. Orth and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), pp. 250--1. 28. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 204. 29. Ibid., p. 203. 30. Harriet Martineau, Retrospect of Western Travel (London, 1838) I, 179. 31. Ibid., I, 182. 32. Ibid., I, 148. 33. Parton, Famous Americans, p. 5. 34. Ibid., p. 45. 35. The Happy Republic, ed. G. E. Probst (New York, 1962) p. 125. 36. American Social History, ed. A. Nevins (New York, 1923) p. 261. 37. Ibid. 38. Captain Frederick Marryat, A Diary in America, ed. Sydney Jackman (New York, 1962) p. 62. 39. Ibid., p. 26. 40. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. and abridged R. D. Heffner (New York, 1956) p. 184. 41. Harriet Martineau, Sociery in America (New York, 1966), p. 185. 42. Charles Dickens, American Notes and Pictures from Italy, with intro. and notes by Andrew Lang (New York, 1898) pp. 295-6. 43. Marryat, Diary, p. 140. 44. Selected Letters of P. T. Barnum, ed. A. H. Saxon (New York, 1983) p. 15. 45. Quoted in Constance Rourke, Trumpets ofjubilee (New York, 1963) p. 24. 46. Quoted ibid., p. 33. 47. Quoted in Whitney R. Cross, The Burned-Over District (New York, 1965) p. 210. 48. See Anne C. Rose, Transcendentalism as a Social Movement 1830-1850 (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1981) Appendix B, p. 233. 49. Quoted in Alice Felt Tyler, Freedom's Ferment (New York, 1962) p. 337. 50. Michael Chevalier, Sociery, Manners and Politics in the United States, ed.J. W. Ward (Gloucester, Mass., 1967), p. 167. 51. Dickens, American Notes, p. 294. CHAPTER 2. FENIMORE COOPER: THE EXCESSIVE PATHFINDER Page references to works by Cooper are given in the text. For most novels, the edition cited is the Leatherstocking Edition (London, 1867-9). The exceptions are The Red Rover (London, 1834) and The Pioneers, ed.J. F. Beard, L. Schachterle and K. M. Andersen,Jr (Albany, N.Y., 1980). 1. WarrenS. Walker, Introduction to James Fenimore Cooper, The Spy (New York, 1960) p. 1. 2. Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage, ed. G. Dekker andJ. P. McWilliams (London, 1973) p.68. 3. Ibid. Notes 223 4. Ibid., p. 196. 5. Ibid., p. 210. 6. See David Morse, Romanticism: A Structural Anarysis (London, 1982) pp. 121-2. 7. Sir Walter Scott, Waverll!)l, Border Edition (London, 1900) p. 648. 8. Fenimore Cooper: The Critical Heritage, p. 62. 9. Ibid., p. 62. 10. Ibid., p. 123. II. Ibid., p. 197. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., pp. 192-3. 14. Ibid., p. 198. 15. Ibid., pp. 282-3. 16. See Blake Nevius, Cooper's Landscapes: An Essay on the Picturesque Vision (Berkeley, Calif., Los Angeles and London, 1976) p. 94. 17. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Collected Works I, ed. R. E. Spiller and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) p. 21. CHAPTER 3. BROCKDEN BROWN AND POE: INNER EXCESSES I. Charles Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, ed. S. J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1980) p. 137. 2. Charles Brockden Brown, Ormond, ed. S.J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1982) p. 112. 3. Ibid., p. 252. 4. Charles Brockden Brown, Edgar Huntry, ed. D. Stineback (New Haven, Conn., 1973) p. 39. 5. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political justice, ed. I. Kramnick (London, 1978) p. 367. 6. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, pp. 166-7. 7. Brockden Brown, Edgar Huntry, p. 79. 8. Ibid., p. 46. 9. Ibid., p. 94. 10. Brockden Brown, Ormond, p. 283. II. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, p. 335. 12. Ibid., p. 336. 13. Charles Brockden Brown, Weiland, ed. S.J. Krause and S. W. Reid (Kent, Ohio, 1980) p. 130. 14. Brockden Brown, Arthur Mervyn, p. 228. 15. All quotations from Poe cite Edgar Allan Poe, Collected Works, ed. T. 0. Mabbott with E. D. Kewer and M. C. Mabbott (Cambridge, Mass., an_d London, 1978). References, by volume and page, are given in the text. CHAPTER 4. EMERSON, THOREAU AND WHITMAN: TRANSCENDENTAL SUPERMEN I. George Santayana, Selected Critical Writings, ed. N. Henfrey (London, 1968) I, 119. 224 Notes 2. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations from Emerson cite Ralph Waldo Emerson, Collected Works (abbreviated ECW), I, ed. R. E. Spiller and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), and n, ed. A. R. Ferguson,]. F. Carr and J. Slater (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1979). References, by volume and page, are given in the text. 3. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, vn: 1838-42, ed. A. W. Plumstead and H. Hayford (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) p. 254. 4. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, IX: 184~7, ed. R. H. Orth and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1971) p. 269. 5. The Portable Emerson, ed. C. Bode and M. Cowley (New York, 1981) p. 255. 6. Ibid., pp. 255-6. 7. Selected Writings of the American Transcendentalists, ed. G. Hochfield (New York, 1966) p. 65. 8. Ibid., p. 68. 9. Ibid., p. 82. 10. Ibid., pp. 82-3. II. Ibid., p. 183. 12. Ibid., pp. 137-8. 13. Ibid., p. 101. 14. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, v: 1835--8, ed. M. M. Sealts,Jr (Cambridge, Mass., 1965) p. 92. 15. Emerson,Joumals, VII, 60. 16. Ibid., v, 374. 17. Ibid., VII, 270. 18. Ibid., VII, 106. 19. Ibid., VII, 353. 20. American Transcendentalists, p. 86. 21. Henry D. Thoreau, Journal, I: 1837-1844, ed. E. H. Witherell, W. L. Howarth, R. Sattelmeyer and T. Blanding (Princeton, NJ, 1981) p. 309. 22. Unless otherwise indicated, quotations from Thoreau cite Henry D. Thoreau, The Variorum Walden (abbreviated VW), ed. W. Harding (New York, 1962). Page references are given in the text. 23. Henry D. Thoreau, Reform Papers, ed. W. Gluck (Princeton, NJ, 1973) p. 78. 24. Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, ed. F. Murphy (London, 1975) p. 753. 25. Ibid., p. 775. CHAPTER 5: NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE: EXCESSIVE INTERPRETATION Quotations from Hawthorne cite the Centenary Edition (Columbus, Ohio) and page references are given in the text. The individual volumes cited are The Blithedale Romance (1964), The House of the Seven Gables (1965), The Marble Faun ( 1968), The Scarlet Letter ( 1972), Mosses from an Old Manse ( 1972), The Snow Image and Uncollected Tales ( 1972) and Twice-told Tales ( 1974). I. Michael Davitt Bell, The Development of American Romance (Chicago and London, 1980) p. 180. Notes 225 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson, The journals and Miscellaneous Notebooks, VII: 1838-42, ed. A. W. Plumstead and A. R. Ferguson (Cambridge, Mass., 1969) pp. 493-4. 3. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (New York, 1967) I, 27. 4. Sacvan Bercovich, The American jeremiad (Madison, Wis., 1978) p. 92. 5. Mather, Magnalia, I, 25. 6. Ibid., I, 28. 7. Ibid., I, 30. Admittedly Cotton Mather earlier pays lip service to the idea of the 'impartial historian' (p. 29), but since he then goes on to assert his right both to censure and to defend and speak out on behalf of the Church as he sees it, he once more becomes confessedly partisan. The tmth of his history is finally bound up with its implicit claim to be written under divine guidance, as when he writes (II, 448), 'For my own part, I would be as exceedingly afraid of writing afalse thing, as of doing an ill thing: but have my pen always move in thefearofGod.' 8. Quoted in Charles Feidelson, Symbolism and American Literature (Chicago, 1953) p. 89. 9. Mather, Magnalia, n, 27. 10. Ibid., I, 93. II. Ibid., I, 372. 12. Ibid., II, 77. 13. Michel Foucault, The OrderojThings (London, 1970) pp. 25-6. 14. Ibid., p. 26. 15. Mather, Magnalia, I, 297. 16. Ibid., II, 495. 17. Ibid., I, 223. 18. Ibid., I, 147. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid., I, 148. 21. Ibid., II, 372. 22. Ibid., II, 579. 23. Ibid., II, 580. 24. Emerson,Joumals, VII, 197. 25. Sir Walter Scott, Peveril of the Peak, Border Edition (London, 1900) p.