DOCSLIB.ORG

American Missionaries in Marash on the Eve of the Great War

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
American Missionaries in Marash on the Eve of the Great War AMERICAN MISSIONARIES IN MARASH ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT WAR A Master’s Thesis by ÇAĞLA KILIÇ Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara June 2017 To my family… AMERICAN MISSIONARIES IN MARASH ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT WAR The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by ÇAĞLA KILIÇ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2017 ABSTRACT AMERICAN MISSIONARIES IN MARASH ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT WAR Kılıç, Çağla M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Onur İşçi June 2017 This thesis investigates the area of Marash from the eyes of the missionaries when the Ottoman Empire was approaching to the First World War, between 1913 and 1915. Was the crisis that the Ottomans faced an opportunity for the missionary organizations? It aims to demonstrate the demographical change, the psychology of the local population, the attitudes of the missionaries, the system in the schools and hospitals and how the local Ottoman population handled the war crises. This was done by revealing various untapped archives. Methodologically, the archival research employed in this thesis can be regarded as a qualitative, historical analysis. Some of the missionary letters, correspondences and annual meeting reports were investigated by utilizing screening method at the microfilm archives. Five main primary sources were utilized in this thesis. Firstly, letters and correspondences from Bilkent University, Library microfilm archives and online archives of the Universities were used. Secondly, The Missionary Herald was i reviewed. Thirdly, the annual reports and fourthly the memoirs, diaries and books of the missionaries were utilized. Finally, Ottoman Empire archives were used. The thesis arrived at three main conclusions, firstly, the deteriorating relationship between the German Hulfbond and ABCFM indicated the complex and intermingled relationship of missionary organizations with the existing power relationships of their governments and how involved they were with the politics. Secondly, it revealed that pre-war periods or crises times were an opportunity for the missionary organizations to spread their values and beliefs and influence local populations. Finally, ABCFM has strengthened its position. Key Words: ABCFM, Great War, Marash, Missionary, Ottoman Empire. ii ÖZET BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI ARİFESİNDE MARAŞTA AMERİKAN MİSYONERLİK ÖRGÜTLERİ Kılıç, Çağla Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Yard. Doç. Dr. Onur İşçi Haziran 2017 Bu tez 1913-1915 arasında Osmanlı İmparatorluğu I. Dünya Savaşına yaklaşırken misyonerlerin gözünden Maraşı incelemektedir. Osmanlı’nın karşılaştığı bu kriz durumu misyonerler için bir fırsat olabilir miydi? Bu tez demografik değişiklikleri, yerel halkın psikolojisini, misyonerlerin tutumunu, okul ve hastanelerdeki düzeni ve Osmanlı’nın krizi nasıl yönettiğini göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu, daha önce incelenmemiş olan çeşitli arşivlerin gün ışığına çıkarılmasıyla yapılmıştır. Bu tezde uygulanmış olan arşivsel araştırma, method olarak niteliksel tarihsel analiz olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bazı misyoner mektupları, yazışmalar ve yıllık toplantı raporları mikrofilm arşivlerinin incelenmesiyle ortaya konmuştur. İlk olarak Bilkent Üniversitesi kütüphanesinde yer alan mektup ve yazışmalar ve üniversitelerin çevirimiçi arşivleri kullanılmıştır. İkinci olarak aylık misyoner raporları. Üçüncü olarak yıllık raporlar. Dördüncü olarak Misyonerlerin anılarından, günlüklerinden ve kitaplarından iii faydalanılmıştır. Son olarak ise Osmanlı İmparatarluğunun arşivleri kullanılmıştır. Tez üç ana sonuca ulaşmıştır; İlk olarak Alman Hulfbond ve ABCFM arasındaki ilişkinin zedelenmesi, bu misyoner kuruluşların, hükümetlerinin mevcut güç çekişmelerinden nasıl etkilendiklerini ve siyasetle ne kadar içi içe olduklarının göstermiştir. İkinci olarak kriz zamanın bu tür misyoner örgütler için değerlerini ve inançlarını yerel halk üzerinde yaygınlaştırmak için bir fırsat olarak kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Son olarak ise ABCFM’in konumunu güçlendirdiği sonucudur. Anahtar Kelimeler: ABCFM, Dünya Savaşı, Maraş, Misyonerlik, Osmanlı Devleti. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my warmest gratitude to my supervisor Asst. Professor Dr. Onur İşçi for his insight, patience, infinite support, belief and his invaluable guidance throughout my thesis. I would not have been written this thesis with such a peaceful mind without his advice, knowledge and encouragement throughout this journey. He has been an excellent supervisor and mentor. His support means a lot. I also wish to express my sincere thanks to Asst. Professor Dr. İbrahim Özgür Özdamar for his immeasurable support and encouragement on my thesis throughout the time I was writing. It has been an honor for me to have a chance to work with him. I will never forget his invaluable input to my intellectual development. Both of my professors have been a source of inspiration and will always be a role model for me throughout my journey in academia. For that, I feel very lucky. I am also indebted to my thesis committee member Prof. Dr. Neşe Özden for her constructive comments and criticisms on my thesis. I would especially like to thank Kerem Özata from Bilkent University Library Electronic Resources and Serials Department and Güzide Ülker Özen from Bilkent University Library Reference and Librarianship who helped me whenever I needed help. Thanks to their extremely fast responses, work ethic and concern, they i made this process much easier for me. I would also like to acknowledge to whole Bilkent Library staff for making archival research easier for me. Otherwise, I would probably be lost. I would also like to thank my loving and dearest husband, Sinan Demirdüzen who has not only accompanied me but also been extremely supportive throughout this journey. I am very lucky to have him. And finally I would like to express my gratitude to my dearest and invaluable family members for their endless support throughout my academic career. And for many others whom I was not able to acknowledge, I want to send my sincere greetings, gratitude and love to all those who have made this thesis possible. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i ÖZET................................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: A.B.C.F.M. AND MARASH .................................................................... 11 2.1. What is a mission for ABCFM? ............................................................................ 12 2.2. A Brief History of ABCFM ............................................................................... 16 2.3. The City of Marash ............................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 3: MISSIONARY SCHOOLS ...................................................................... 29 3.1. The Women Missionaries in Marash ..................................................................... 34 3.2. The Missionary Schools ........................................................................................ 38 3.3. Central Turkey Girl’s College ............................................................................... 43 3.4. Central Turkey Theological Seminary .................................................................. 46 3.5. Reading and Club Rooms in Marash ..................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 4: ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT WAR.................................................... 55 4.1. German Evangelistic work (German Hulfsbund) and ABCFM ............................ 57 4.2. Pre-1915 Period ..................................................................................................... 62 4.3. Post-1915 Period ................................................................................................... 66 i CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION ......................................................................................... 73 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 82 1. Primary Sources .................................................................................................... 82 1.1. ABCFM Collection ........................................................................................... 82 1.2. ABCFM The Annual Reports ............................................................................ 84 1.3. ABCFM The Missionary Herald ....................................................................... 84 1.4. ABCFM Pamphlets ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Cultural Sustainability: Merzifon Anatolia College, Turkey Gizem Özerol1 , Aysu Akalın Abstract
    ARTICLE ISSN 2651 - 5210 MODULAR 2019;2(2):21-45 The Cultural Sustainability: Merzifon Anatolia College, Turkey Gizem Özerol1, Aysu Akalın2 Received: 19 November 2019 - Accepted: 17 December 2019 Abstract The article proposes an analysis of the role of American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) during the late Ottoman and the early nationalist (Republican) Turkey and focusses especially on the ABCFM organization and the role of Protestant missionaries, which they succeeded in establishing autonomous schools, hospitals, clinics, orphanages, lodgings and ateliers not only in the capitals, but also in provinces. The American Board began evangelism among Armenians, and the education and the social services became part of the Protestant movement in the Near East. Following efforts to Christianize the nations through evangelism, in the mid of 19th century, Merzifon (Marsovan) province was chosen due to its location in the middle of Anatolia and Merzifon Anatolia College was designed as an important ‘station’ in order to support the American missionary movements. Then, between the years 1886 and 1938, ABCFM built strong connections with Anatolia College in Merzifon to gain a very important strategic position. In the context of the First World War, the function of the Anatolia College buildings has changed for different aims; the military used these buildings as the Artillery Regiment. After the war the ABCFM’s network broke down but its strong contribution to present education in Turkey is inevitable. The site as a heritage is still an active part of the city’s cultural life with some existing buildings of ABCFM supporting culture and education.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1914
    International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Vol. 4, No. 6(1); April 2014 The American Protestant Missionary Network in Ottoman Turkey, 1876-1914 Devrim Ümit PhD Assistant Professor Founding and Former Chair Department of International Relations Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Karabuk University Turkey Abstract American missionaries have long been the missing link in the study of the late Ottoman period despite the fact that they left their permanent trade in American as well as Western conceptions of the period such as “Terrible Turk” and “Red Sultan” just to name a few. From the landing of the first two American Protestant missionaries, Levi Parsons and Pliny Fisk, on the Ottoman Empire, as a matter of fact on the Near East, in early 1820, until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, American missionaries occupied the increasing attention of the Ottoman bureaucracy in domestic and foreign affairs while the mission work in the Ottoman Empire established the largest investment of the American Board of Commissionaries for Foreign Missions (A.B.C.F.M.) in the world, even above China and India, on the eve of the war. The bulk of the correspondence of the Ottoman Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the period was with the United States and this was chiefly concerned about the American mission schools. Therefore, this paper seeks to examine the encounter between the Ottoman officialdom and the American Protestant missionaries in Ottoman Turkey during the successive regimes of Sultan Abdülhamid II and the Committee of Union and Progress, the Unionists in the period of 1876-1914.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report
    ANNUAL REPORT OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS TOGETHER WITH THE MINUTES OF THE MEETING HELD AT MARIETTA, OHIO, OCTOBER 12 t o 15, 1920 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE BOSTON N ìpQ) A r n e s ' A 1 V, jio- ¡14 Preface Once more it has been thought best to present to the American Board’s constit­ uency a somewhat abbreviated annual report of its doings. The customary separate reviews of the several fields with locations of missionaries and descriptions of mission institutions have been omitted. The material for preparing such narratives and tabulation from the Turkey fields is for obvious reasons very incomplete and in­ adequate. In place of these separated accounts has been inserted the Survey of the Fields prepared by the Foreign Department and presented at the Annual Meeting in Marietta, Ohio, last October. The high cost of printing and the increased pressure upon those in charge of ad­ ministering the Board’s work in these disturbed years have re-enforced the decision to issue a curtailed report for 1920. The hope is entertained that it may be possible soon to return to the ampler form. .1 V. V* x TABULAR VIEW OF THE MISSIONS OF THE A. B. C. F. M. FOR THE YEAR 1919 - 1920 1 M issionaries Na t i v e La b o r e r s Ch u r c h St a t i s t ic s Ed u c a t i o n a l St a t i s t ic s M i s s i o n s Meeting Schools Other Other Schools ship Schools Stations Stations Out-Stations Ordained Ordained 1 When When Established.
    [Show full text]
  • Talaat Pasha's Report on the Armenian Genocide.Fm
    Gomidas Institute Studies Series TALAAT PASHA’S REPORT ON THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE by Ara Sarafian Gomidas Institute London This work originally appeared as Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide, 1917. It has been revised with some changes, including a new title. Published by Taderon Press by arrangement with the Gomidas Institute. © 2011 Ara Sarafian. All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-903656-66-2 Gomidas Institute 42 Blythe Rd. London W14 0HA United Kingdom Email: [email protected] CONTENTS Introduction by Ara Sarafian 5 Map 18 TALAAT PASHA’S 1917 REPORT Opening Summary Page: Data and Calculations 20 WESTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 22 Constantinople 23 Edirne vilayet 24 Chatalja mutasarriflik 25 Izmit mutasarriflik 26 Hudavendigar (Bursa) vilayet 27 Karesi mutasarriflik 28 Kala-i Sultaniye (Chanakkale) mutasarriflik 29 Eskishehir vilayet 30 Aydin vilayet 31 Kutahya mutasarriflik 32 Afyon Karahisar mutasarriflik 33 Konia vilayet 34 Menteshe mutasarriflik 35 Teke (Antalya) mutasarriflik 36 CENTRAL PROVINCES (MAP) 37 Ankara (Angora) vilayet 38 Bolu mutasarriflik 39 Kastamonu vilayet 40 Janik (Samsun) mutasarriflik 41 Nigde mutasarriflik 42 Kayseri mutasarriflik 43 Adana vilayet 44 Ichil mutasarriflik 45 EASTERN PROVINCES (MAP) 46 Sivas vilayet 47 Erzerum vilayet 48 Bitlis vilayet 49 4 Talaat Pasha’s Report on the Armenian Genocide Van vilayet 50 Trebizond vilayet 51 Mamuretulaziz (Elazig) vilayet 52 SOUTH EASTERN PROVINCES AND RESETTLEMENT ZONE (MAP) 53 Marash mutasarriflik 54 Aleppo (Halep) vilayet 55 Urfa mutasarriflik 56 Diyarbekir vilayet
    [Show full text]
  • Milli Mücadele Döneminde Maraş Sempozyumu Bildiri Özet Kitapçiği
    1 ULUSLARARASI MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE MARAŞ SEMPOZYUMU BİLDİRİ ÖZET KİTAPÇIĞI 3 - 4 ŞUBAT 2017 Kahramanmaraş 2 ULUSLARARASI MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE MARAŞ SEMPOZYUMU 3-4 ŞUBAT 2017 Genel Yayın Koordinatörü Cevdet KABAKCI Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Dairesi Başkanı Hazırlayanlar Cevdet KABAKCI Prof. Dr. İbrahim SOLAK Mehmet CANLI Tasarım Gökhan GÖNEN & Kamil EKEN Tashih: Ömer YALÇINOVA Yayın Tarihi Kasım 2017 2017 ISBN 978-605-4996-54-4 Yönetim Yeri Kültür ve Sosyal İşler Dairesi Başkanlığı Kültür ve Turizm Şube Müdürlüğü 0 (344) 225 24 15 - 16 www.kahramanmaras.bel.tr Bu eserin bütün hakları saklıdır. Kahramanmaraş Büyükşehir Belediyesinden yazılı izin alınmadan kısmen veya tamamen alıntı yapılamaz, hiçbir şekilde kopya edilemez, çoğaltılamaz, yayımlanamaz. 3 İÇİNDEKİLER MİLLİ MÜCADELE DÖNEMİNDE MARAŞ SEMPOZYUMU KURULLARI MARAŞ SAVUNMASI İLE İLGİLİ ERMENİLERİN YÜRÜTMÜŞ OLDUĞU PROPAGANDA FAALİYETLERİNİN BRİSTOL GÜNLÜKLERİNE YANSIMASI Prof. Dr. Hikmet ÖKSÜZ MİLLİ MÜCADELE’DE TBMM’YE MARAŞ’TAN ÇEKİLEN DESTEK VE TEBRİK TELGRAFLARI Prof. Dr. Haluk SELVİ MARAŞ’IN FRANSIZLAR TARAFINDAN İŞGALİNE MUSTAFA KEMAL PAŞA VE HEYET-İ TEMSİLİYE’NİN TEPKİLERİ Prof. Dr. Osman AKANDERE ERKEN CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİNDE MARAŞ’TA TOPLUM VE EKONOMİ Prof. Dr. Said ÖZTÜRK MİLLÎ MÜCADELE ve SONRASINDA ZEYTUN ERMENİLERİ Doç. Dr. Nejla GÜNAY MİLLİ MÜCADELEDE ANADOLU BASININDA MARAŞ Prof. Dr. İsmail ÖZÇELİK MARAŞ’IN İŞGALİ, FRANSIZ VE ERMENİLERLE İLİŞKİLER Prof. Dr. Kemal ÇELİK FRANSIZLARIN MARAŞ'I İŞGALİ VE KUVAYI MİLLİYE'NİN DİRENİŞİ Prof. Dr. Ahmet EYİCİL MİLLİ MÜCADELE’DE KAHRAMANMARAŞ’IN İŞGALİ VE KURTULUŞU Prof. Dr. Oğuz AYTEPE MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ SONRASINDA GÜNEYDOĞU ANADOLU’DA İNGİLİZ FAALİYETLERİ Prof. Dr. N. Fahri TAŞ KIBRIS’TA ERMENİ DOĞU LEJYONU “LEGİON D’ORİENT” VE ÇUKUROVA’DA FAALİYETLERİ Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabiha Gökçen's 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO ―Sabiha Gökçen‘s 80-Year-Old Secret‖: Kemalist Nation Formation and the Ottoman Armenians A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Communication by Fatma Ulgen Committee in charge: Professor Robert Horwitz, Chair Professor Ivan Evans Professor Gary Fields Professor Daniel Hallin Professor Hasan Kayalı Copyright Fatma Ulgen, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Fatma Ulgen is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii DEDICATION For my mother and father, without whom there would be no life, no love, no light, and for Hrant Dink (15 September 1954 - 19 January 2007 iv EPIGRAPH ―In the summertime, we would go on the roof…Sit there and look at the stars…You could reach the stars there…Over here, you can‘t.‖ Haydanus Peterson, a survivor of the Armenian Genocide, reminiscing about the old country [Moush, Turkey] in Fresno, California 72 years later. Courtesy of the Zoryan Institute Oral History Archive v TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………....
    [Show full text]
  • New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History Through Turkish Village Web-Sites
    Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History Spring 5-27-2011 New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History through Turkish Village Web-Sites Musemma Sabancioglu Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Recommended Citation Sabancioglu, Musemma, "New Custom for the Old Village Interpreting History through Turkish Village Web-Sites." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2011. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/48 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW CUSTOM FOR THE OLD VILLAGE INTERPRETING HISTORY THROUGH TURKISH VILLAGE WEB-SITES by MÜSEMMA SABANCIOĞLU Under the Direction of Isa Blumi ABSTRACT It is estimated that there are 35.000 villages in Turkey, and a great number of them have their own unofficial web-sites created as a result of individual efforts. The individuals who prepare these web-sites try to connect with the world via the internet, and represent their past with limited information. Pages on these web-sites that are titled "our history" or "our short history" provide some unique historical, cultural, and anthropological information about the villager's life in rural area. This thesis examines amateur historians' methods of reinterpretation in
    [Show full text]
  • The Armenian Weekly APRIL 26, 2008
    Cover 4/11/08 8:52 PM Page 1 The Armenian Weekly APRIL 26, 2008 IMAGES PERSPECTIVES RESEARCH WWW.ARMENIANWEEKLY.COM Contributors 4/13/08 5:48 PM Page 3 The Armenian Weekly RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES 6 Nothing but Ambiguous: The Killing of Hrant Dink in 34 Linked Histories: The Armenian Genocide and the Turkish Discourse—By Seyhan Bayrakdar Holocaust—By Eric Weitz 11 A Society Crippled by Forgetting—By Ayse Hur 38 Searching for Alternative Approaches to Reconciliation: A 14 A Glimpse into the Armenian Patriarchate Censuses of Plea for Armenian-Kurdish Dialogue—By Bilgin Ayata 1906/7 and 1913/4—By George Aghjayan 43 Thoughts on Armenian-Turkish Relations 17 A Deportation that Did Not Occur—By Hilmar Kaiser By Dennis Papazian 19 Scandinavia and the Armenian Genocide— 45 Turkish-Armenian Relations: The Civil Society Dimension By Matthias Bjornlund By Asbed Kotchikian 23 Organizing Oblivion in the Aftermath of Mass Violence 47 Thoughts from Xancepek (and Beyond)—By Ayse Gunaysu By Ugur Ungor 49 From Past Genocide to Present Perpetrator Victim Group 28 Armenia and Genocide: The Growing Engagement of Relations: A Philosophical Critique—By Henry C. Theriault Azerbaijan—By Ara Sanjian IMAGES ON THE COVER: Sion Abajian, born 1908, Marash 54 Photography from Julie Dermansky Photo by Ara Oshagan & Levon Parian, www.genocideproject.net 56 Photography from Alex Rivest Editor’s Desk Over the past few tographers who embark on a journey to shed rials worldwide, and by Rivest, of post- years, the Armenian light on the scourge of genocide, the scars of genocide Rwanda. We thank photographers Weekly, with both its denial, and the spirit of memory.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lines That Bind
    THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT ANDREW J. TABLER, EDITOR THE LINES THAT BIND 100 YEARS OF SYKES-PICOT Andrew J. Tabler, editor THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. Policy Focus 151, December 2016 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this pub- lication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any infor- mation storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2016 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20036 Design: 1000colors Cover image: 1916 map by Royal Geographical Society, annotated by Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot. CONTENTS List of Maps iv ANDREW J. TABLER 1 Introduction FABRICE BALANCHE 3 The Levant: Fragmentation and Remapping MICHAEL KNIGHTS 26 Iraq: Identifying a Steady State DAVID POLLOCK 32 Ending a Century of Subjugation: Sykes-Picot’s Kurdish Legacy DAVID SCHENKER 38 Jordan: Resilience and Stability amid Persistent Challenges SAM MENASSA 46 Lebanon, Sykes-Picot, and U.S. Foreign Policy SONER CAGAPTAY 53 Turkey Faces Its Toughest Tests GHAITH AL-OMARI 58 Palestine: State Institutions Before State Lines DAVID MAKOVSKY 65 Israel’s Enduring Struggle over Land BRIGITTE CURMI 70 The Arab World in 2016: Bringing the State Back In MARTIN KRAMER 79 Repairing Sykes-Picot Contributors 86 MAPS MAP 1 19th Century French, British, and Russian Imperialism in the Mediterranean 6 MAP 2 The Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916 8 MAP 3 Population of States under Mandate, 1922 10 MAP 4 The Levant after 1919 Versailles Treaty 12 iv ANDREW J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Adana Massacres of 1909
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Department of History History, Department of Summer 2011 From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909 Bedross Der Matossian University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub Part of the History Commons Der Matossian, Bedross, "From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909" (2011). Faculty Publications, Department of History. 124. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/historyfacpub/124 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Department of History by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in Genocide Studies and Prevention 6:2 (Summer 2011), pp. 152–173; doi: 10.1353/gsp.2011.0123 Copyright © 2011 Genocide Studies and Prevention; published by University of Toronto Press. Used by permission. From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909 1 Bedross Der Matossian University of Nebraska–Lincoln Abstract The historiography of the Adana Massacres of 1909 is represented by two diverging views. While some Turkish scholars deny the involvement of the local government officials in the massacres by putting all of the blame on the Armenians who revolted as part of a conspiracy to establish a kingdom in Cilicia, some Armenian scholars, whose work is overshadowed by the Armenian genocide, accuse the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) of acting behind the scenes to destroy the Armenian economic infrastructure in Adana in order to curb any future political and economic development in the area.
    [Show full text]
  • Maraş'ta Ermeni Nüfusu
    MARAŞ’TA ERMENİ NÜFUSU: OSMANLI SON DÖNEMİ, MÜTÂREKE ve MİLLİ MÜCADELE YILLARI Armenian Population in Marash: The Late Ottoman Period, Armistice and National Struggle Years Mehmet Yetişgin∗ Özet Osmanlı son döneminde Halep vilayetine bağlı bir sancak olan Maraş merkez ile Zeytun (Süleymanlı) kazaları Ermenilerin Osmanlı Devleti içerisinde sıkça yaşadığı yerlerden idi. Bunda, bölgenin coğrafik özelliği kadar, ticaret yolları üzerinde olması ve zengin tarım yapılan ovalara sahip bulunması etkili olmuştu. Osmanlı toprakları içerisinde Maraş, her ne kadar Ermenilerin yoğun yaşadığı yerlerden birisi idiyse de buradaki Türklerin nüfusu oldukça fazla idi. Maraş merkezde Ermenilerin oranı, Katolik ve Protestanlar dahil, yüzde otuzlara varırken, sancak genelinde bu oran yüzde yirmilere gerilemekteydi. Bunda, Zeytun dışındaki kazalarda—Elbistan, Pazarcık, Andırın, Göksun—Ermenilerin nüfusunun oldukça önemsiz miktarda olması etkili olmuştur. Bölgede sürekli ayaklanmalara karışan Ermeniler, Büyük Savaş sonrasında, Maraş’ın Fransızlar tarafından işgali sırasında, Fransız işgal güçleri ile birlikte Türklere karşı savaşmış, Fransızlar yenik olarak bölgede ayrılınca da onlarla birlikte gitmeye karar vermişlerdir. Şehirde kalan Ermenilerin en son ayrılan kafilesi, Ocak 1922 tarihinde olmak üzere, Maraş’tan ayrılmışlardır. Anahtar kelimeler: Türkler, Ermeniler, Maraş, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Türkiye. Abstract In the last years of the Ottoman Empire, Marash was a sub-province within Aleppo and was housing a large number of the Armenians. In the density of the Armenian population, Marash’s geographic aspects, its important location on trade routes and its arable lands played important roles. Although, Marash housed a large number of the Armenians, their number was much smaller than the Turks. The percentage of the Armenian population, including the Protestants and the Catholics, in the city of Marash was around 30 percent, while this percentage dropped to around 20 in the whole sub-province.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat Ve Terakki) Toward the Armenians in 1915
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 5 September 2006 The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915 Taner Akçam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Akçam, Taner (2006) "The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 1: Iss. 2: Article 5. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol1/iss2/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ottoman Documents and the Genocidal Policies of the Committee for Union and Progress (_Ittihat ve Terakki) toward the Armenians in 1915 Taner Akc¸am University of Minnesota The author analyzes the Ottoman Archives as a source of information on the Armenian Genocide of 1915. He discusses the contradictory positions of two broad groups of scholars on the reliability of these archives, concluding that the Ottoman Archives agree with the information found in the archives of the United States, Britain, Germany, and Austria. He discusses the various categories of Ottoman documents, which mostly came out during the trials related to the Armenian Genocide, which took place from 1919 to 1921, and makes clear that there was a wide-ranging cleansing operation of the archives after the armistice in 1918.
    [Show full text]