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THE ROLE OF MEMORY IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF HATAY by Esra DEMİRCİ AKYOL Submitted to the Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University 2008 © Esra DEMİRCİ AKYOL 2008 All Rights Reserved 2 ABSTRACT Key Words: Hatay, Annexation, Memory, Oral History This thesis challenges the notion that historical events can be presented in a single way. The possibility,instead, of multiple historical narratives as a result of variations in ethnic and religious backgrounds is put forward via an ethnographic study conducted in Hatay,in 2007.Historically speaking, Hatay’s annexation to Turkey in 1939 is the end point in a series of events beginning as far back as World War I. French occupation of the region by the aftermath of World War I, and years of control by the French mandate regime were effective on shaping the ethno-religiously diverse groups of the city. Claims of Turks, French and Arabs on the region were accompanied by diplomatic relations at the state level. In the course of these events, the people in Hatay developed unique strategies to engineer the best outcome for themselves. Thus, every group experienced and stored the past in a different manner. With the aim of revealing such variation in memory and interpretations of the past, ten oral interviews were conducted with a critical reading of sources. Juxtaposition of the memories and the written sources displayed significant differences in representations of the past. In addition to the nature of the transmission of collective memories, present social, economic, and political conditions effected how people reconstructed the past. Explanations of historical events by groups or individuals of different ethno-religious backgrounds resulted in variations in the case of Hatay. For instance, a Sunni Arab highlighted different points than a nationalist Turk or an Alawite Arab. Consequently, this study will focus on different approaches to the past and suggest that a more complete picture can be achieved when documents and oral narratives are employed together. 3 ÖZET Anahtar Kelimeler: Hatay, İlhak, Hafıza, Sözlü Tarih Bu çalışma tarihsel anlatımların tek bir yolla yapılacağını öne süren bakış açısına eleştirel bir yaklaşım taşımaktadır. Etnik ve dini kökenlerdeki farklılıkların sonucu olarak birden fazla tarihsel anlatımın mümkün olabileceği 2007’de Hatay’da yürütülen etnografik bir çalışma yoluyla ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır. Hatay’ın 1939’da Türkiye’ye katılması Birinci Dünya Savaşından sonra başlayan bir dizi olayın son noktasıdır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı ertesinde bölgenin Fransızlar tarafından işgal edilmesi ve uzun yıllar süren Fransız manda rejimi şehrin etnik ve dini farlılıklar taşıyan grupları üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Türkler’in, Fransızlar’ın ve Araplar’ın bölge üzerindeki hak iddiaları devletler düzeyinde devam eden diplomatik ilişkilerle aynı anda gelişmektedir. Bu olaylar devam etmekteyken Hataylılar da kendileri için en iyi olanı almak üzere stratejiler geliştirmişlerdir. Bu yüzden her grup geçmişi farklı şekilde yaşamış ve belleğine yerleştirmiştir. Bu farklı hatıraları ve geçmiş yorumlarını ortaya çıkarmak için hem kaynaklar eleştirel olarak incelenmiş hem de on kişiyle sözlü görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Hatıraların ve tarihsel kaynakların bir arada değerlendirilmesi geçmişin ifade edilmesi konusunda bazı önemli farklılıkları sergilemiştir. Grup hatıralarının aktarımındaki farklılıkların yanı sıra bugünkü sosyal, ekonomik ve politik durumlar da insanların geçmişi şekillendirmeleri üzerinde etkili olduğu belirtilmelidir. Hatay örneğinde, tarihsel olayların farklı etnik ve dini kimliklere sahip bireyler ya da gruplar tarafından anlatımı farklılıklar göstermiştir. Mesela, bir Sünni Arab, milliyetçi bir Türk ya da Alevi bir Arap’tan farklı noktalara vurgu yapmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma geçmişe farklı yaklaşımlar üzerine yoğunlaşacak ve kaynakların sözlü ifadelerle birlikte kullanılması durumunda resmin daha bütün bir şekilde görüleceğini ifade edecektir. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am greatful to my advisor Assoc. Prof. Leyla Neyzi for her valuable support and guidance throught the entire course of this study. I also would like to express my thanks to the other members of my Examining Committee Prof. Cemil Koçak and Assist.Prof. Ayşe Parla for their invaluable comments and suggestions on the manuscript. Special thanks to my interviewees in Antakya. Unfortunately I am not able to acknowledge their names here. Their intimacy and desire to help me with my study enabled me to bring out such a research. I would also like to take this chance to express my deep gratitude to my family and my husband for their support in every possible way during the entire course of this study. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER I MEMORY IN CONTEMPORARY HISTORIOGRAPHY .................... 14 1.1 Memory and Oral Tradition on the Way to Historiography ............................................... 17 1.2 Paving the Way to New Interpretations .............................................................................. 17 1.3 The Annales School ............................................................................................................ 18 1.4 The New Left and New Social History .............................................................................. 19 1.5 The Birth of Cultural History ............................................................................................. 19 1.6.1 Giambattista Vico (1670-1744) ....................................................................................... 20 1.6.2 Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945) .................................................................................... 21 1.6.3 Michel Foucault (1926-1984) .......................................................................................... 22 1.7 Memory and Nationalism ................................................................................................... 24 1.8 How is Oral History Different? .......................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER II METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 29 2.1 The Interviewees ................................................................................................................ 30 2.2 Interview Themes ............................................................................................................... 32 2.3 The Interviewer’s Role in Ethnographic Research ............................................................. 33 CHAPTER III THE HISTORY OF HATAY .................................................................. 37 3.1 The Oldest Civilizations in the Region ............................................................................. 37 3.2 Roman Empire: Flourishing of Christianity in the City ..................................................... 37 3.3 Rule of Islam and Accumulation of the Turkish Population in the Region ........................ 38 3.4 Seljuks: The End of the Rule of Islam ................................................................................ 38 3.5 Ottoman Period ................................................................................................................... 38 3.6 World War I and Its Aftermath: Fight for Power in the Region ......................................... 41 3.7 Struggles and Local Heroes ................................................................................................ 43 3.8 The Population of the Sanjak ............................................................................................. 48 3.9 Franco- Syrian Treaty of September 9, 1936: Ambiguous Situation of the Sanjak ........... 48 3.10 The League of Nations and the Sandler Report ................................................................ 50 3.11 Independent Hatay and Elections ..................................................................................... 52 3.12 Concluding Remarks on the History of Hatay .................................................................. 56 CHAPTER IV REMEMBERING THE HISTORY OF HATAY .................................. 57 6 4.1 Geographical Context: A Place Where Cultures Mix ......................................................... 57 4.2 On Methodology and the Interviewees ............................................................................... 59 4.3 Notables and Local Elite Families ...................................................................................... 68 4.4 Land Ownership ................................................................................................................. 77 4.5.1 Kara Hasan Paşa .............................................................................................................. 93 4.5.2 Maho ................................................................................................................................ 96 4.6 Taking Sides ....................................................................................................................... 98 4.7 Migration .......................................................................................................................... 102 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 108
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