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In Pursuit of Herds Or Land? Nomads, Peasants and Pastoral Economies in Anatolia from a Regional Perspective 1600-1645

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In Pursuit of Herds Or Land? Nomads, Peasants and Pastoral Economies in Anatolia from a Regional Perspective 1600-1645 IN PURSUIT OF HERDS OR LAND? NOMADS, PEASANTS AND PASTORAL ECONOMIES IN ANATOLIA FROM A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE 1600-1645 by ONUR USTA A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies School of History and Cultures University of Birmingham November 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract The documentary evidence used in this dissertation has been drawn from the Ottoman court records and it is complemented by the data derıved from the fiscal registers. This dissertation adopted a case-study approach to allow a deeper insight into the complexities of the rural history of Ottoman Anatolia in the first half of the seventeenth century. These complexities are more related to the methodological approaches which are based on the adaptation of the purported theories about ‘the general crisis of the seventeenth century’ to Ottoman history. Such misinterpretations put the contention that a set of social, economic and ecological challenges associated with the Little Ice Age put a lot of serious strains on the Ottoman state and society during the seventeenth century. By adopting a critical approach to the arguments of such crisis-based theories that revolve around the Celali rebellions and the phenomenon of the Little Ice Age, this dissertation aims to show through the cases of Aintab, Urfa and Ankara that the countryside of Anatolia was more resilient to the so- called challenges than it seems. This dissertation examines the economic, demographic and ecological dynamics in rural Anatolia in the period following the Celali rebellions from a regional perspective that takes into consideration the local geographic and climatic characteristics. It focuses on a wide range of topics that include types of farming, rural settlement patterns, change in rural settlements, and agrarian and pastoral trends in the land use forms. It explores the pastoral and agricultural activities of the nomadic people with the aim of highlighting their constructive in the rural economies of Anatolia. ii To Aslı with love and eternal gratitude for making it possible iii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor Dr. Rhoads Murphey, for his continuous support and patience for the entire process of my PhD journey. His excellent guidance helped me explore various aspects of Ottoman history and broaden my horizons about the nomads in Ottoman Empire. I would also like to thank Dr. Ruth Macrides, for her motivation and encouragement, Dr. Archie Dunn for his valuable recommendations for further readings on nomads and pastoralism, Dr. Warren Eastwood for his helpful guidance about environmental and climate history, Dr. Oktay Özel, from the Department of History at İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University in Ankara, for his inspiration to introduce me to the nomadic world of Ottoman Anatolia, and also Dr. Fikret Yılmaz, from Istanbul Bahҫeşehir University, for his helpful guidance and expert advise about the use of Ottoman fiscal registers. Besides, I would also like to thank my thesis examiners: Dr. Marios Hadjianastasis, and Dr. James Baldwin, for their insightful comments and suggestions on the use of court records as historical evidence and encouragements for further studies on rural history of Ottoman Anatolia. I am very grateful to Ҫanakkale Onsekiz Mart University and Turkish Higher Education Council for providing me a unique opportunity to earn a PhD degree from University of Birmingham by awarding me scholarships and bursaries. Needless to say, I am intebted to many people for all their support and encouragement during my PhD period. First of all, I have a lot to be thankful to my wife, Aslı Eldeş Usta, and my parents for her endless patience and unconditional love. I owe a debt of gratitude to Doğuş and Hillary Usta for their warm affection that I have received in every time I visit them in Manchester. Besides, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues at Birmingham, specially Seyit Özkutlu for making me familiar with Cyprus and the medieval history of the East Mediterranean, the coin- man Ali Mıynat for leading me think over medieval Anatolia, Alessandro Paolini for his loyal company and positive energy whenever I need, Ilaria Bernardi for her supportive motivation by saying continuously ‘you almost there’, Francisco Lopez-Santos Kornberger for making me smile always ‘ceddin deden, neslin baban’, Giulia Covarino for her kind friendship in Wesmere House. I would also like to thank Alper Kumcu, Chiara Morbi, Cosmin Minea, Dimitris Lamprakis, Erdem Ҫolak, Esen Hanaҫ, Gemma Mason, Georgia Michael, Maria D. Petropoulou, Onur Acaroğlu, Özcan Gazioğlu, Rohit Talwar, and Selim Çakır for their lovely companion. I need to apologize in advance to all others I forgot to mention, but you know you were with me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 FROM ‘CATASTROPHE’ TO ‘CRISIS’ ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 THE NOMADIC TURKMENS IN MEDIEVAL ANATOLIA, DECLINE OR RECOVERY ? ....................................................................... 6 THE PARADOX OF THE ‘CRISIS’, FROM REBELS TO NOMADS ....................................................................................................... 28 THE LITTLE ICE AGE PARADIGM ......................................................................................................................................................... 38 THE UTILIZATION OF ARCHIVAL RECORDS FOR STUDY OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE IN OTTOMAN ANATOLIA ............... 46 COURT RECORDS AND NOMADS ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 58 CHAPTER 1 AINTAB..............................................................................................................................65 LAND, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE..................................................................................................................................................... 65 PRODUCTION AND POPULATION IN COUNTRYSIDE ....................................................................................................................... 70 NOMADS AND PASTORALISM .............................................................................................................................................................. 97 NOMADS AND AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................................................................... 125 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................................................... 130 CHAPTER 2 URFA ................................................................................................................................ 132 LAND, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE.................................................................................................................................................. 132 PRODUCTION AND POPULATION..................................................................................................................................................... 140 NOMADS AND PASTORALISM ........................................................................................................................................................... 161 NOMADS AND AGRICULTURE ........................................................................................................................................................... 178 REGIONAL OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................................................... 185 CHAPTER 3 ANKARA .......................................................................................................................... 188 LAND, GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE.................................................................................................................................................. 188 PRODUCTION AND POPULATION..................................................................................................................................................... 195 NOMADS AND PASTORALISM ........................................................................................................................................................... 219 NOMADS AND AGRICULTURE ..........................................................................................................................................................
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