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F O Rsk Rap Po Rt VA-Forsk VA- Forsk rapport CHIAT – Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool En metodik för utvärdering av kemiska risker i samband med hantering av dag- och avloppsvatten Nr 2005-09Nr Anna Ledin Eva Eriksson Anders Baun Thomas Aabling Peter Steen Mikkelsen VA-Forsk VA-Forsk VA-Forsk är kommunernas eget FoU-program om kommunal VA-teknik. Programmet finansieras i sin helhet av kommunerna, vilket är unikt på så sätt att statliga medel tidigare alltid använts för denna typ av verksamhet. FoU-avgiften är för närvarande 1,05 kronor per kommuninnevånare och år. Avgiften är obligatorisk. Nästan alla kommuner är med i programmet, vilket innebär att budgeten årligen omfattar drygt åtta miljoner kronor. VA-Forsk initierades gemensamt av Svenska Kommunförbundet och Svenskt Vatten. Verksamheten påbörjades år 1990. Programmet lägger tonvikten på tillämpad forskning och utveckling inom det kommunala VA-området. Projekt bedrivs inom hela det VA-tekniska fältet under huvudrubrikerna: Dricksvatten Ledningsnät Avloppsvattenrening Ekonomi och organisation Utbildning och information VA-Forsk styrs av en kommitté, som utses av styrelsen för Svenskt Vatten AB. För närvarande har kommittén följande sammansättning: Anders Lago, ordförande Södertälje Olof Bergstedt Göteborgs VA-verk Roger Bergström Svenskt Vatten AB Daniel Hellström Stockholm Vatten AB Stefan Marklund Luleå Mikael Medelberg Roslagsvatten AB Anders Moritz Linköping Peter Stahre VA-verket Malmö Jan Söderström Sv Kommunförbundet Göran Tägtström Borlänge Agneta Åkerberg Falkenberg Steinar Nybruket, adjungerad NORVAR, Norge Thomas Hellström, sekreterare Svenskt Vatten AB Författarna är ensamma ansvariga för rapportens innehåll, varför detta ej kan åberopas såsom representerande Svenskt Vattens ståndpunkt. VA-Forsk Svenskt Vatten AB Box 47607 117 94 Stockholm Tfn 08-506 002 00 Fax 08-506 002 10 [email protected] www.svensktvatten.se Svenskt Vatten AB är servicebolag till föreningen Svenskt Vatten. VA-Forsk Bibliografiska uppgifter för nr 2005-09 Rapportens titel: CHIAT – Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool. En metodik för utvärdering av kemiska risker i samband med hantering av dag- och avloppsvatten Title of the report: CHIAT – Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool. A methodology for chemical risk assessment of different strategies for handling of storm- and wastewater Rapportens beteckning Nr i VA-Forsk-serien: 2005-09 Författare: Anna Ledin, Eva Eriksson, Anders Baun, Thomas Aabling, Peter Steen Mikkelsen, Institut for Miljø & Ressourcer, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet VA-Forsk-projektnr: 23-105 Projektets namn: Kemisk riskanalys för avloppsvatten Projektets finansiering: VA-Forsk och Urban Water projektet som är ett MISTRA projekt Rapportens omfattning Sidantal: 146 Format: A4 Sökord: Miljöfarliga ämnen, urbana vattenkretsloppet, kemisk risk analys Keywords: Xenobiotic compounds, urban water cycle, chemical risk analysis Sammandrag: Inom projektet har CHIAT (Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool) utvecklats. CHIAT är en procedur som kan användas för att jämföra de kemiska risker som olika strategier för hantering av dag- och avloppsvatten samt organiskt hushållsavfall. Abstract: CHIAT (Chemical Hazard Identification and Assessment Tool) has been developed within the project. CHIAT is a procedure for evaluation chemical risks when comparing different strategies for handling of storm- and waste- water as well as organic waste from households. Målgrupper: Tjänstemän på kommunernas miljö- och VA-kontor, konsulter, forskare Omslagsbild: Kan miljön klara de kemiska ämnen som ingår i hushållskemikalier, mediciner och hygienprodukter? Kollage av Birte Brejl, Institut for Miljø & Ressourcer, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Rapporten beställs från: Finns att hämta hem som pdf-fil från Svenskt Vattens hemsida www.svensktvatten.se Utgivningsår: 2005 Utgivare: Svenskt Vatten AB © Svenskt Vatten AB Grafisk formgivning: Victoria Björk, Svenskt Vatten Förord De resultat som presenteras i denna rapport har utarbetats inom ramen för ett större pågående forskningsprojekt på Institut for Miljø & Ressourcer. Projektet omfattar ett stort antal delprojekt, som belyser olika aspekter på kemiska risker, orsakade av ämnen som ingår i dagvatten och avloppsvatten från hushåll. Utöver de tema som berörs i denna rapport ingår också delprojekt som behandlar t.ex. analytiska metoder för karakterisering av kemiska risker (kemiska och eko- toxikologiska metoder), modellering av kemiska ämnens transport och omvandling i miljön samt utveckling av reningstekniker för kemiska ämnen. Besök gärna vår hemsida för ytterligare information www.er.dtu.dk/research. Författarna till denna rapport önskar att framföra ett varmt tack till de forskningsassistenter och studenter som på olika sätt har bidraget med att samla in data till vår databas. Data som har varit helt nödvändiga för att vi skulle kunna genomföra projektet. Tack till Karina Auffarth, Morten Smith, Christel Lykke Oldenburg, Catherine Bollaert, Silvia Parducci och Michael Hovvang. Projektet har följts av en aktiv referensgrupp bestående av Åsa Edell, KemI, Leif Runesson, Malmö stad VA-verket, Niklas Johansson, Naturvårdsverket, Peter Hugmark, Stockholm vatten, Jes la Cour Jansen, Lunds Tekniska Högskola och Lars Nordén, GRYAAB. Varmt tack till dem för konstruktiva kommentarer. Konstruktiva kommentarer har vi också fått från Per-Arne Malmqvist, Urban Water, Helena Palmqvist, Luleå Tekniska Universitet, Erik Lindblom, DTU, Daniel Hellström, Stockholm Vatten och Peter Balmér. Tack allihop för dem. Vi vill också tacka dem som finansierat arbetet; VA Forsk, Urban Water programmet, som i sin tur är finansierat av Mistra, Institut for Miljø & Ressourcer, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet samt DayWater ”Adaptive Decision Support System for Stormwater Pollution Control”, contract no EVK1-CT-2002-00111, som är ett EU project, vilket koordineras av Cereve, ENPC (F) och som inkluderar Tauw BV (Tauw) (NL), Department of Water Environment Transport, Chalmers University of Technology (Chalmers) (SE), Institute of Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) (DK), Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University (MU) (UK), Department of Water Resources Hydraulic and Maritime Works, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) (GR), DHI Hydroinform, a.s. (DHI HIF) (CZ), Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker GmbH (IPS) (D), Water Pollution Unit at Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (LCPC) (F) och Division of Sanitary Engineering, Luleå University of Technology (LTU) (SE). Projektet är organiserat inom ”Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development” programmet i det 5e Framework Programme for ”Science Research and Technological Development” av Europeiska Kommissionen. Det är också en del av CityNet, ett kluster av Europeiska forskning projekt med fokus på integrerad hantering av vatten i städer. 3 4 Innehåll Förord . 3 Sammanfattning . 7 Summary . 8 1. Introduktion . 9 2. Målsättning och avgränsningar . 9 3. Metodbeskrivning . 10 3.1 Karakterisering av källor . 11 3.2 Identifikation av recipienter, exponeringsobjekt och kriterier för utvärdering . 12 3.3 Identifikation av faror och problem . 14 3.4 Utvärdering av faror . 15 3.5 Expertbedömning . 16 4. CHIAT använt på fem typer av hushållsavloppsvatten som utleds till en sjö . 16 4.1 Karakterisering av källor . 16 4.1.1 Dagvatten . 17 4.1.2 Grått avloppsvatten . 18 4.1.3 Organiskt hushållsavfall . 19 4.1.4 Urin . 20 4.1.5 Fekalier . 21 4.2 Identifikation av recipienter, exponeringsobjekt och kriterier för utvärdering . 21 4.3 Identifikation av faror och problem . 21 4.3.1 Dagvatten . 23 4.3.2 Grått avloppsvatten . 24 4.3.3 Organiskt hushållsavfall . 24 4.3.4 Urin och fekalier . 25 4.4 Utvärdering av faror . 26 4.4.1 Dagvatten . 27 4.4.2 Grått avloppsvatten . 28 4.4.3 Urin och fekalier . 28 4.5 Expertbedömning . 28 4.5.1 Dagvatten . 28 4.5.2 Grått avloppsvatten . 30 4.5.3 Urin . 30 5. Diskussion . 31 6. Slutsatser . 33 Referenser . 34 5 Bilaga A1: Organiska ämnen i dagvatten . 44 Bilaga A2: Organiska ämnen i grått avloppsvatten . 62 Bilaga A3: Organiska ämnen i organiskt hushållsavfall . 91 Bilaga A4: Organiska ämnen i urin och fekalier . 103 6 Sammanfattning Målet med detta projekt har varit att utveckla en procedur för att utvärdera kemiska risker samband med hantering av dag- och avloppsvatten samt organiskt hushållsavfall. Metoden ska t.ex. kunna användas för att jämföra de kemiska risker som olika strategier för hantering innebär. Men den ska också kunna användas till att prioritera vilka föroreningskomponenter som bör ingå i t.ex. ett mät- eller övervakningsprogram. CHIAT består av fem steg: 1) Karakterisering av källan; 2) Identifikation av recipienter, exponeringsobjekt och kriterier för utvärdering; 3) Identifikation av faror och problem; 4) Utvärdering av faror och 5) Expertbedömning. Det första steget har till uppgift att identifiera de ämnen som kan finnas i den aktuella vattentypen och som därför ska ingå i den fortsatta utvärderingen. Detta belyser en av de stora fördelarna med CHIAT. Nämligen att man börjar helt förut- sättningslöst med avseende på vilka ämnen som kan vara farliga/problematiska och vilka som inte har dessa egenskaper. Alla ämnen ska vara med från början. Det andra steget ingår för att man ska finna ”vem det är som ska skyddas”. Människor, djur, gröda, miljön? Med utgångspunkt från detta kan de kriterier som ska användas för att utvärdera om det föreligger ett problem eller en fara identifieras. Det kan t.ex. vara gränsvärden för dricksvatten,
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