DOCSLIB.ORG

Influence of Functional Environmental Processes on Selected Coastal Ecosystems of the Gdańsn Seashore

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Influence of Functional Environmental Processes on Selected Coastal Ecosystems of the Gdańsn Seashore Ecological Questions 29 (2018) 1: 63–75 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2018.005 Influence of functional environmental processes on selected FRDVWDOHFRV\VWHPVRIWKH*GDĔVNVHDVKRUH :RMFLHFK6WDV]HN 8QLYHUVLW\RI*GDĔVN)DFXOW\RI2FHDQRJUDSK\DQG*HRJUDSK\,QVWLWXWHRI*HRJUDSK\ Department of Physical Geography and Environmental Management, -%DĪ\ĔVNLHJR6W*GDĔVN3RODQG e-mail: [email protected] Received: 31 October 2017 / Accepted: 28 February 2018 $EVWUDFW The paper discusses the diversity of the main functional processes that determine the formation of specific types of ecosys- WHPVLQWZRW\SHVRIFRDVWDODUHDVFOLIIVDQGORZODQGV7KHVXUYH\ZDVFRQGXFWHGLQVHOHFWHGDUHDVRIWKH*GDĔVN&RDVW In the case of low coasts, the objective was to identify the effects of the sea on the formation of the surface water properties that determine the presence of halophytes. The studies conducted indicate that these properties in brackish areas differ significantly in re- spect of electrolytic conductivity and chloride content from waters occurring in areas not occupied by halophyte communities. Based on the results obtained, it was found that in the studied coastal zone the occurrence of salt grassland ecosystems is associated with water conductivity above 2,000 PScm-1 and chloride content above 600 mgdm-3. These values are many times higher than average values for typical inland waters in the Pomerania area, which clearly indicates the dominant role of the brackish water inflow from the Baltic Sea in shaping the environmental conditions for the occurrence of such ecosystems. At the same time, it was found that high ZDWHUFRQGXFWLYLW\DQGVDOLQLW\FRQGLWLRQVZHUHPDLQWDLQHGDWDGLVWDQFHRIDERXWP :áDG\VáDZRZR WRPRUHWKDQP from the seacoast (Beka). This differentiation depends both on the local conditions of seawater intrusion inland and on the intensity of inland surface and ground water inflows. In the case of cliff shores, the results of soil and habitat identification and their relationships with the dynamics of morphodynamic processes (abrasion, slope processes) were summarised. On this basis, the characteristics of the main types of cliff ecosystems (initial grassland communities, scrub with sea buckthorns, low stemmed scrub and sycamore forests) were presented. The results indicate that the varying intensity of the slope processes significantly affects the diversity of soil types and soil properties, including the presence of calcium carbonate and the high pH values in active cliffs. These features, among others, discriminate the cliff ecosystems commonly found in the Pomerania region. .H\ZRUGV: saline waters, saline ecosystems, halophytes, coastal habitats, cliff ecosystems, Baltic Sea. ,QWURGXFWLRQ of coasts, as well as in the formation of specific hydrologi- cal and hydrochemical conditions associated with ingresses The shore area is characterized by a specific nature, re- of sea waters into the land area. The activity and dynamics sulting largely from the very high intensity and speci- of these processes lead to the development of very spe- ficity of functional processes related to the impact of the cific soil and habitat as well as phytocentric conditions, VHD RQ WKH ODQG$FFRUGLQJ WR 3U]HZRĨQLDN LW LV which determine the distinctness of the ecosystems exist- a zone of material-energy impact of the sea, manifested ing in this area, creating distinct coastal systems, strongly most strongly, for instance, in the changes in the coastline, differentiated from the ones occurring on the land surface the formation and continuous shaping of specific types 3U]HZRĨQLDN 64 Wojciech Staszek The specificity of the ecosystems of flat coastland has and glaciofluvial deposits (sands and fluvioglacial grav- been quite well been recognized in recent years, especial- els), and in some places the deposits are marginal. In their ly in relation to the soil and habitat conditions of saline lower parts, there is an ancillary share of neogene deposits, communities (Hulisz, 2013; Hulisz et al., 2016, Piernik mainly quartz sand and silt, and lignite deposits in some +XOLV] DQG DOVR LQ WKH VFRSH RI K\GURORJLFDO places. A total absence of neogene deposits was found VWXGLHV %áDV]NRZVNDHWDO&LHĞOLĔVNL-RNLHO LQWKH.ROLENLVHFWLRQ .% 2016). Nevertheless, there is still no comprehensive cross- The height of the studied cliffs and the abrasion activ- sectional study on the evolution of hydrochemical condi- ity, and therefore, the development of the slope processes, tions on these types of coastlines, especially in terms of the varied. The lowest part of the cliff, up to about 10 m high, properties that predispose specific saline ecosystems and LV.ROLENLVHFWLRQ .% ZKRVHDFWLYLW\FDQEHDVVHVVHGDV the extent of the influence of the sea on water chemistry. VPDOO7KHKLJKHVWDQGPRVWDFWLYHFOLIIVDUH2UáRZR 25 In turn, the nature of the cliff ecosystems is yet poorly DQG-DVWU]ĊELD*yUD -6* ZLWKDOWLWXGHVRIXSWRP recognized, in terms of a comprehensive, synthetic ap- 7KHUDWHRIFOLIIUHWUHDWLQ2UáRZRLVHVWLPDWHGDWDERXW proach. The studies, so far, carried out have dealt mainly P\HDUZKLOHLQ-DVWU]ĊELD*yUDGHSHQGLQJRQWKH with issues related to plant communities (Chojnacki, 1979; years, from about 0.45 to appromately 0.9 m per year Markowski, 1998; Markowski et al., 1998), rarely to soils 6XERWRZLF] 7KHKHLJKWRIWKHFOLIIVLQ&KáDSRZR (Bednarek, 1979). Only a few of them attempted a some- Rozewie section (CHR) ranges between 40-50 m and even what broader overall characterics of the conditions for their more (Cape Rozewie). This cliff exhibits varied activity, development (Piotrowska, 1993, 2003). while the section directly at the cape was reinforced with The main aim of the study was to analyse the key en- a concrete band, which protects it against the direct effect vironmental processes leading to form a very specific set of abrasion. This section should be regarded as a dead cliff, RIHFRV\VWHPVZLWKLQWKH*GDĔVNVHDVKRUH±VDOLQHKDELWDWV anthropogenically reinforced. with halophytes and cliff ecosystems. Therefore the main All of the flat coast sections studied are within the Puck environmental determinants of their occurrence were stud- Bay, forming relatively narrow stripes of wetland and peat- ied and described. The important problem of study was to ed coastal plains, rising to a small height above sea level, set water salinity limits determining the occurrence of hal- generally not exceeding elevations of approximately 0.5 m ophytes habitats, as well as the range of the sea’s influ- above sea level. In the geological structure, there is a sig- ence on the mainland forming the appropriate conditions nificant share of organogenic sediments – peat, layers for this. In the case of cliff seashores the most important of sand and gravel of maritime accumulation, while in the factor of differentiation of habitats and ecosystems is the FDVHRI%HNDVXUIDFH %. WKHVKDUHRIULYHUDOOXYLDOGH- morphological activity and, as the result, soil forming pro- posits. The formation of the coastal line and dunes banks cesses and main properties of soils. is usually very weak – the height does not exceed 1.0-1.5 The studied ecosystems are crucial for the natural P,WGRHVQRWRFFXURQODUJHVHFWLRQVRI%HND %. DQG values of several number of forms of nature protection :áDG\VáDZRZR :à ZKLFK OHDGV WR SHULRGLF VHDZDWHU in which the researched sites are located, what emphasizes floods during storm accumulations. the significant meaning of this subject of study. Mechelin area (MCH) is located in the peripheral part RIWKH5HGàHED3URJODFLDOVWUHDPYDOOH\ZLWKDVOLJKWHO- HYDWLRQRIPRUDLQHSODWHDX7KH%HND %. DUHDLVORFDWHG 6WXG\DUHD LQWKHHDVWHUQSDUWRIWKH5HGàHED3URJODFLDOVWUHDPYDO- ley and includes the Reda River estuary. Compared to the 7KH UHVHDUFK DUHD FRYHUV WKH PDULQH EHOW RI WKH *GDĔVN remaining sections of the studied flat coastline, it is char- &RDVWVLWXDWHGRQWKH*XOIRI*GDĔVNDQG3XFNDVZHOO acterized by an active inflow of inland river waters (Reda DV ZLWKLQ WKH VKRUH DUHD RI .ĊSD 6ZDU]HZVND ,Q WHUPV 5LYHU 7KHVHFWLRQRI:áDG\VáDZRZR :à LVDQDUURZ RISK\VLFDOJHRJUDSK\ .RQGUDFNL LWUHSUHVHQWVHV- EHOWRIFRDVWDOORZODQGVDWWKHMXQFWLRQRI.ĊSD6ZDU]H- VHQWLDOO\WZRPHVRUHJLRQV.DVKXELDQ&RDVWDQG+HO3HQ- wska and the base of Hel Peninsula, while the last area, insula. Jastarnia (JS), is a marshy, peat plain developed on the The study area, which was subjected to detailed analy- back of the dune banks of Hel Peninsula. sis, covered the following sections of the coast (Fig. 1): FOLIIV .ROLENL .% 2UáRZR 25 &KáDSRZR 5R]HZLH &+5 -DVWU]ĊELD*yUD -6* 0DWHULDODQGPHWKRGV ORZODQGFRDVWOLQHV0HFKHOLQNL 0&+ %HND %. :áDG\VáDZRZR :à DQG-DVWDUQLD -6 The study was conducted in different ways depending on The cliffs covered diverse parts of postglacial eleva- the type of coast. In the case of flat coasts (where the im- tions, built primarily from glacial sediments (glacial till) pact of brackish marine waters was crucial for the devel- Influence of functional environmental processes on selected coastal ecosystems of the Gdańsk seashore 65 opment of specific saline ecosystems) the research was di and Triglochin maritima, more seldom Glaux maritima focused on the identification of the characteristics of sur- and Plantago maritima, and occasionally Aster tripolium IDFHZDWHU %áDV]NRZVND+XOLV]+XOLV]HWDO IRXQG RQO\ RQ :áDG\VáDZRZR ± :à DUHD ,Q WKH DUHD 2016). These included measurements of electric conductiv- of Jastarnia (JS) no halophyte communities were found, ity (EC) and water pH analyses of basic ionic composition. although it is reported in literature (Meissner et al., 1999). Measurements of electric conductivity
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Quantitative Analysis of the Impact of Fishing Ship Traffic Streams on Traffic Streams of Merchant Vessels in Polish Maritime Areas
    Scientific Journals Zeszyty Naukowe of the Maritime University of Szczecin Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie 2018, 53 (125), 93–101 ISSN 1733-8670 (Printed) Received: 24.10.2017 ISSN 2392-0378 (Online) Accepted: 20.02.2018 DOI: 10.17402/270 Published: 16.03.2018 Quantitative analysis of the impact of fishing ship traffic streams on traffic streams of merchant vessels in Polish maritime areas Anna Anczykowska, Paulina Rekowska, Wojciech Ślączka Maritime University of Szczecin, Faculty of Navigation, Maritime Risk Center 1–2 Wały Chrobrego St., 70-500 Szczecin, Poland e-mail: [email protected] corresponding author Key words: fishing vessels, Baltic Sea, traffic streams, merchant vessels, maritime areas, risk Abstract The Baltic Sea is crisscrossed by several dense vessel traffic routes. Growing shipping traffic increases the likelihood of collisions. A quantitative analysis of the impact of fishing vessel traffic streams on streams of merchant vessel traffic aims to identify areas of intense traffic of this type and to assess the potential risks. The identification of intersections of fishing vessel routes and merchant shipping traffic allows us to identify spots of potential collisions. The analysis made use of the IALA IWRAP Mk2 program and AIS data collected from April 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014. Introduction Shipping routes in the South Baltic – state of knowledge The intensity of commercial vessel traffic in the Baltic Sea has been increasing yearly. The observed The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) conducts growth comprises mainly bulk carriers, container research on the vessel traffic density in the Baltic ships, general cargo vessels and passenger ships. Sea. Traffic streams are recorded via the automatic Since the LNG terminal in Świnoujście was put into identification system (AIS).
    [Show full text]
  • 12.2% 126000 145M Top 1% 154 5100
    We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 5,100 126,000 145M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter Mercury Cycling in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea) Dominika Saniewska Abstract The most efficient way of mercury (Hg) transport to the Gulf of Gdańsk was river runoff. Therefore, hydrological conditions were the most important factors controlling the inflow of Hg to the sea. The second most important Hg source in the Gulf was atmospheric deposition, which transported seven times smaller load than rivers. The Hg wet deposition dominated in the warm season, while during the heating season the predominant was dry deposition of mercury. The Hg source, which should not be neglected during the creation of the mass balance of Hg in aquatic ecosystems, was the coastal erosion. In the Gulf of Gdańsk, it accounts for 6% of the Hg load reaching the sea. The main sink of Hg was bottom sediments. Other important processes that reduced the Hg load in the Gulf water were re- emission of Hg to the atmosphere and export of this metal to the Baltic Proper. The mass balance of mercury in the Gulf of Gdańsk indicated that a larger load of this metal flowed into the Gulf than left it.
    [Show full text]
  • Kierunki Zmian W Krajobrazie Polskiego Wybrzeża Wynikające Z
    https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.15.1-2.13 Elżbieta Gerstmannowa Katedra Organizacji Usług Turystyczno-Hotelarskich Akademia Morska w Gdyni 81-225 Gdynia ul. Morska 83 tel./iax: (058) 6901401, [email protected] KIERUNKI ZMIAN W KRAJOBRAZIE LANDSCAPE CHANGES POLSKIEGO WYBRZEŻA ON THE POLISH COASTLINE WYNIKAJĄCE Z ROZWOJU RELATED TO TOURISM TURYSTYKI DEVELOPMENT Zarys treści: Piętnastoletni okres transformacji spoleczno- Abstract: The 15-year long period of socio-economic -gospodarczej w Polsce to czas dynamicznego rozwoju nad­ transformation in Poland has seen a dramatic develop­ morskiej turystyki. Na podstawie badań z lat 1989-2004 do­ ment in coastal tourism. This paper, based on investiga­ konano krótkiej analizy zmian w turystycznym zagospodaro­ tions conducted between 1989 and 2004, analyses waniu wybrzeża. Określono m.in. główne funkcje gospodarcze tourism-related changes in Poland’s coastal regions. It discusses their main economic functions, the phases wybrzeża, etapy rozwoju turystyki i kierunki zmian w krajo­ of tourism development and trends in landscape brazie polskiego wybrzeża. change. Stówa kluczowe: wybrzeże, krajobraz, zmiany, turystyka. Key words: coast, landscape, recent changes, tourism. 1. POŁOŻENIE I CECHY 1. THE SITUATION AND PHYSICAL FIZYCZNOGEOGRAFICZNE POLSKIEJ CHARACTERISTICS OF POLAND’S STREFY NADMORSKIEJ COASTLINE Polskie wybrzeże otwartego morza o długości ok. The Polish section of the Baltic shoreline, 500 km znajduje się w następujących makroregio­ running for some 500 km, belongs to nach i mezoregionach (KONDRACKI 2000): the following macro- and meso-regions 313.2-3. Pobrzeże Szczecińskie, (Kondracki 2000): 313.21. Wyspy Uznam i Wolin, 313.2-3. Szczecin Coastal Region, 313.22. Wybrzeże Trzebiatowskie, 313.21. the islands of Usedom and Wolin, 313.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Imentarycharacter of the Ocean Floor
    CoastalChange on the TimeScale of Oecadesla !filiffennia Passiveairborne multi-spectral remote sensing application to nearshore, acean-floor mapping and geology EbitariIsoun', charlesFletcher', Neil Frazer!,Jodi I-larney',and JonathanGradiez 1University of Hawaii, Manoa, Department of Geology and Geophysics, 1680East-west Rd.,posT 721 Honolulu, ~I 96822, u.s.A. e-mail Isoun!:ebitari@soest hawaii.edu e-maillFietcher!. fletcherosoest hawaii.edu e-mail Frazer!:neilosoest.hawaa.edu e-mail Harney!:[email protected] 2!onathanGradie Terra systems nc.Earth & planetRs,suite 264, 2800 woodlawn Dr., Honolulu, Hl96822, u s,A, e-mailigradie!Ter rasys. corn Airbornedigital multi-spectral images collected in fourdiscrete narrow bands 88, 551,557, 701nm; width of 10nm! providehigh resolution mapping capabilities in near-shoremarine environments. The digital database for thisproject con- sistsof informationfor depthsup to -35min KailuaBay; a typicalfringing reef environment on windwardOahu, Hawaii. Subsequentphysical modeling of the multi-spectralcomponents is usedto deconvolvethe spectraleffects of the atmos- phere,water column and benthic substrates to obtain depth and bottom-type maps, Using high-resolution USGS bathym- etrysurvey data collected at two sectionsof the bayfor errorassessment, the physicalmodel achieves 80'in accuracy in predicteddepth. Spatial clustering of the bottom-typepredictions are supported by extensiveground truthing and field knowledgeas well as low error in depthpredictions. Fifteen classes are mapped that reflect variations in ecologyand sed- imentarycharacter of the ocean floor. The usefulness of this model lies its flexible application to this and other spectral data types collected in marine environments. 10S CoasraiChange on the TimeScafe of Oecades o INIIennia Measuring and modeling coastal progradation, catastrophic shoreline retreat. and shoreface translation along the coast of Washington State, USA GeorgeM.
    [Show full text]
  • Monosaccharides in the Water of the Gulf of Gdańsk 249
    Monosaccharides OCEANOLOGIA, 43 (2), 2001. pp. 247–256. in the water of 2001, by Institute of the Gulf of Gdańsk Oceanology PAS. KEYWORDS Monosaccharides Baltic Sea Seawater Waldemar Grzybowski Agnieszka Maksymiuk Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL–81–378, Gdynia, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received 20 February 2001, reviewed 23 April 2001, accepted 9 May 2001. Abstract The concentration of monosaccharides in samples collected in the Gulf of Gdańsk area was determined in water filtered through ∼0.8 µm pore size filters. Seawater concentrations ranged from about 0.2 to 1.1 mg C dm−3, the highest values being detected at the mouth of the river Vistula. Seasonality was detectable in the data distribution; the majority of autumn values lay within the 0.2–0.4 range while concentrations in the spring samples were higher and the values more widely scattered. Measurements of monosaccharide concentrations at selected points during the whole observation period showed that values increased from spring to autumn as much as 5-fold. Concomitant analyses in Vistula river water yielded concentrations from 0.4 to 1.2 mg C dm−3. These latter values were all higher than those recorded in seawater in the corresponding months. 1. Introduction Saccharides comprise the largest class of chemically identified cons- tituents of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater (Williams 1975). Their estimated proportion in the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool ranges from ∼15% (Heinrichs & Williams 1985, Senior & Chevolet 1989) to ∼35% (Burney et al. 1982). Even at low concentrations they provide 248 W.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide Northern
    The Baltic shores swept by bitter northern winds and the sunniest bay in Poland, Puck Bay. A chance to marvel at the Northern Lights in winter. Birds travelling from afar herald seasonal changes here as each autumn and spring they stop on their way between the Arctic and warmer climes. Even though it is not a lakeland, the cleanest Polish lakes are here. This is Northern Kashubia, where you can discover amazing landscapes, natural phenomena, plants, and animals that you won’t fi nd in other regions of Poland. www.kaszubypolnocne.pl “European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development: Europe investing in rural areas”, The publication prepared by Tourist Association “Northern Kashubia” Local Tourist Organisation The publication co-fi nanced from the European Union funds under the LEADER of the Rural Development Programme for 2014–2020 The Managing Authority of the Rural Development Programme for 2014–2020 – the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development A GUIDE NORTHERN Key to the icons used in the texts: Spring Summer Autumn Winter observation of sea and sky phenomena sky observation bird observation seal observation plant observation Download our offi cial app Northern Kashubia Local Tourist OrganizationA GUIDE Table INVITATION TO NORTHERN KASHUBIA of contents The Baltic shores swept by bitter northern winds and the sunniest bay in Poland, Puck Bay. In summer, the longest days and the most beautiful beaches on the longest Polish peninsula; in winter, the longest nights, providing a chance to see the Northern Lights. Travelling birds herald seasonal changes here as each spring and autumn they stop on their way between the Arctic and warmer climes.
    [Show full text]
  • Budget of 90Sr in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Southern Baltic Sea)
    Oceanologia (2018) 60, 256—263 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect jou rnal homepage: www.journals.elsevier.com/oceanologia/ ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE 90 Budget of Sr in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea) Michał Saniewski *, Tamara Zalewska Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, National Research Institute, Gdynia, Poland Received 11 September 2017; accepted 17 November 2017 Available online 1 December 2017 90 KEYWORDS Summary In the period from 2005 to 2011 the major source of Sr to the Gulf of Gdańsk was the 90 Sr; Vistula river. Its contribution was 99.7% of the total load. The main processes responsible for the 90 Budget; decrease in Sr activity in the Gulf of Gdańsk were: radioactive decay (87%) and sediment 90 deposition (13%). Average increase in the activity of Sr in the Gulf of Gdańsk during the study Gulf of Gdańsk 90 period was 5.0% (114 GBq), which was almost 2 times higher than the loss of Sr due to 137 radioactive decay. In the years 1997—2015, the effective half-life of Cs was 9.1 years and 90 137 90 that of Sr was 50.3 years. Assuming a further decrease in Cs and maintaining Sr concentra- 90 tions at present level, it is expected that Sr will become the major anthropogenic isotope having impact on the level of radioactivity in the Gulf of Gdańsk. © 2017 Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier Sp. z o.o. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Bukowska Janiszewska Mordw
    Potentials of Poland Introduction to Socio-Economic Geography of Poland for Foreigners Łódź 2012 citation: Rosińska-Bukowska M., Janiszewska A., Mordwa S. (eds), 2012, Potentials of Poland. Introduction to socio-economic geography of Poland for foreigners, Dep. of Spatial Economy and Spatial Planning, ISBN 978-83937758-1-1, doi: 11089/2690. Review Izabela Sołjan Editors Magdalena Rosińska-Bukowska Anna Janiszewska Stanisław Mordwa Managing editor Ewa Klima (If you have any comments to make about this title, please send them to: [email protected]) Text and graphic design by Karolina Dmochowska-Dudek Cover design by Karolina Dmochowska-Dudek Książka dostępna w Repozytorim Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego http://hdl.handle.net/11089/2690 ISBN: 978-83-937758-1-1 © Copyright by Department of Spatial Economy and Spatial Planning, University of Łódź, Łódź 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 9 (Editors) 2. POTENTIAL OF THE POLISH ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 10 (Sławomir Kobojek) 2.1. Location – area – spatial resources .............................................. 10 2.2. Resources of the Polish land – geological composition – minerals12 2.2.1. Geological structures in Poland – tectonic units ................... 12 2.2.2. The Quaternary and the Pleistocene – the Polish ice age ... 18 2.3. Diversity of geomorphological landscape – topographic relief of Poland ..........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Urząd Statystyczny W Gdańsku
    DZIA54 GEOGRAFIAŁ I CHAPTER I GEOGRAFIA GEOGRAPHY TABL. 1. POŁOŻENIE GEOGRAFICZNE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION W stopniach, Gmina i minutach W km WYSZCZEGÓLNIENIE SPECIFICATION Gmina In degrees In km and minutes Najdalej wysunięte punkty granicy Extreme points of the voivodship województwa: border: na północ (szerokość geografi czna in the north (northern geographic północna) – przylądek Rozewie Władysławowo 54º50’ x latitude) – cape Rozewie na południe (szerokość geografi czna in the south (northern geographic północna) – Stare Gronowo ......... Debrzno 53º29’ x latitude) – Stare Gronowo na zachód (długość geografi czna in the west (eastern geographic wschodnia) – Zalesin .................. Ustka 16º42’ x longitude) – Zalesin na wschód (długość geografi czna in the east (eastern geographic wschodnia) – Piaski .................... Krynica Morska 19º39’ x longitude) – Piaski Rozciągłość: z południa na północ ...... - 1º21’ 150 Extent: from south to north z zachodu na wschód .... - 2º57’ 191 from west to east Ź r ó d ł o: dane Wojewódzkiego Inspektoratu Nadzoru Geodezyjnego i Kartografi cznego Pomorskiego Urzędu Wojewódzkiego w Gdańsku. S o u r c e: data of the Geodesy and Cartography Inspectorate of the Pomorskie Voivodship Offi ce in Gdańsk. TABL. 2. POWIERZCHNIA I GRANICE W 2014 R. Stan w dniu 31 XII AREA AND BORDERS IN 2014 As of 31 XII W liczbach W % WYSZCZEGÓLNIENIE bezwzględnych SPECIFICATION In % In absolute numbers Powierzchnia w km2 ............................. 18310 x Area in km2 Długość granic w km ........................... 961 100,0 Length of borders in km lądowych ......................................... 703 73,2 land borders z województwami: with voivodships: warmińsko-mazurskim ............ 196 20,4 warmińsko-mazurskie kujawsko-pomorskim .............. 249 25,9 kujawsko-pomorskie wielkopolskim ......................... 66 6,9 wielkopolskie zachodniopomorskim ............. 191 19,9 zachodniopomorskie z Rosją .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Ice Season 2010-2011
    HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 2011 The ice season 2010-2011 Author: Jouni Vainio1 Co-authors: Patrick Eriksson1, Natalija Schmelzer2, Jürgen Holfort2, Torbjörn Grafström3, Amund E.B. Lindberg3, Lisa Lind3, Jörgen Öberg3, Andris Viksna4, Eduards Križickis4, Ida Stanisławczyk5 and Marzenna Sztobryn5 Key Message • The ice season of 2011-2012 was severe in terms of ice extent (Figure 1.). • The largest ice cover – 309,000 km² – was reached a few days earlier than average on the 25th of February. • The ice extent was the greatest in the Baltic since the record winter of 1986-1987. • On the 25th May the Baltic Sea was ice-free (Figure 4.). • The duration of the ice winter in the northern sea areas of the Baltic Sea was about one month longer than average. Figure 1. The maximum extents of ice cover in the Baltic Sea in the winters 1719-1720 to 2010-2011 (Courtesy of FMI). HELCOM Baltic Sea Environment Fact Sheets 2011 Ice season in the northern Baltic Sea Ice formation Autumn and early winter Following a normal October, sea surface temperatures in the areas surrounding Finland were in line with long-term averages. At the beginning of November, the seawater actually warmed up a bit, but then began to cool down again after the first week of the month. A thin layer of ice formed in Kemi inner harbour and the innermost bays of Raippaluoto in mid-November. At that point sea surface temperatures were equivalent to long term averages. Ice growth December The end of November was unusually, even exceptionally, cold.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Mass Exchange Between the Gulf of Gdansk and the Baltic Sea
    Papers OCEANOLOGIA, 20, 1985 Water mass exchange PL ISSN 0078-3234 between the Gulf of Gdansk Water exchange Baltic Sea and the Baltic Sea* Gulf of Gdansk Numerical model A n d r z e j Ja n k o w s k i Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences Sopot Manuscript received 17 November 1982, in final form 11 October 1983. Abstract On the basis of the results of H-N models of steady wind-driven circulation in the Baltic Sea a general picture of water movements in the Gulf of Gdansk is discussed. Depth profiles of the current speed components at the open boundary (Rozewie —Taran) complete the spatial scheme of the water mass exchange between the Gulf of Gdansk and the Baltic Sea. The results presented in the paper were calculated for the case of the homogeneous sea water and for the homogeneous field of winds blowing from the directions, W, N, NW, and NE. 1. Introduction The Gulf of Gdańsk has a wide and deep connection with the southern Baltic, which is not without influence on the hydrological regime of its waters. The deter­ mination of water dynamics in the Gulf, based on hydrodynamic numerical (H-N) models [3, 9], carried out so far, shows that the Gulf cannot be treated as a separate area as far as its water circulation is concerned. The field of currents of the Gulf is a continuation of such a field in the southern Baltic. This fact makes it more dif­ ficult to determine the water exchange between the Gulf and the Baltic Sea and estimate the balance of biogenic and chemical deposits carried into and out of the Gulf by water.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline
    Geotourist assets of coastal zone between Władysławowo and Jastrzębia Góra 91 B A L T I C C O A S T A L Z O N E Journal of Ecology and Protection of the Coastline ISBN 1643-0115 Vol. 21 pp. 91-108 2017 ISSN 1643-0115 © Copyright by Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection of the Pomeranian University in Słupsk Received: 20/06/2017 Original research paper Accepted: 11/09/2017 GEOTOURIST ASSETS OF COASTAL ZONE BETWEEN WŁADYSŁAWOWO AND JASTRZĘBIA GÓRA Aneta Marek 1, Ireneusz J. Olszak 1 Department of Socio-Economic Geography and Touristics, Institute of Geography and Regional Studies, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, ul. Partyzantów 27, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Polish Baltic coast, especially in summer season, is one of the most attractive, in terms of tourism, regions of the country. From a geotourist viewpoint, particularly attractive are the cliff sections. The attractiveness of a given coast fragment is also determined by tourist facilities provided there and an- thropogenic objects which are of interest to tourists. The coast section between Władysławowo and Jastrzębia Góra is particularly attractive. This is thanks to its diverse geological structure visible in cliff outcrops, and varied cliff relief cut by deep gullies. The geological sediments to be observed there include brown coal outcrops. The attractiveness of the coast is enhanced by its geographical lo- cation. It is the northernmost fragment of Poland’s territory. An additional attraction is provided by anthropogenic objects, e.g. the lighthouse in Rozewie or various forms of technical shore defence against abrasion.
    [Show full text]