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Kierunki Zmian W Krajobrazie Polskiego Wybrzeża Wynikające Z

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Kierunki Zmian W Krajobrazie Polskiego Wybrzeża Wynikające Z https://doi.org/10.18778/0867-5856.15.1-2.13 Elżbieta Gerstmannowa Katedra Organizacji Usług Turystyczno-Hotelarskich Akademia Morska w Gdyni 81-225 Gdynia ul. Morska 83 tel./iax: (058) 6901401, [email protected] KIERUNKI ZMIAN W KRAJOBRAZIE LANDSCAPE CHANGES POLSKIEGO WYBRZEŻA ON THE POLISH COASTLINE WYNIKAJĄCE Z ROZWOJU RELATED TO TOURISM TURYSTYKI DEVELOPMENT Zarys treści: Piętnastoletni okres transformacji spoleczno- Abstract: The 15-year long period of socio-economic -gospodarczej w Polsce to czas dynamicznego rozwoju nad­ transformation in Poland has seen a dramatic develop­ morskiej turystyki. Na podstawie badań z lat 1989-2004 do­ ment in coastal tourism. This paper, based on investiga­ konano krótkiej analizy zmian w turystycznym zagospodaro­ tions conducted between 1989 and 2004, analyses waniu wybrzeża. Określono m.in. główne funkcje gospodarcze tourism-related changes in Poland’s coastal regions. It discusses their main economic functions, the phases wybrzeża, etapy rozwoju turystyki i kierunki zmian w krajo­ of tourism development and trends in landscape brazie polskiego wybrzeża. change. Stówa kluczowe: wybrzeże, krajobraz, zmiany, turystyka. Key words: coast, landscape, recent changes, tourism. 1. POŁOŻENIE I CECHY 1. THE SITUATION AND PHYSICAL FIZYCZNOGEOGRAFICZNE POLSKIEJ CHARACTERISTICS OF POLAND’S STREFY NADMORSKIEJ COASTLINE Polskie wybrzeże otwartego morza o długości ok. The Polish section of the Baltic shoreline, 500 km znajduje się w następujących makroregio­ running for some 500 km, belongs to nach i mezoregionach (KONDRACKI 2000): the following macro- and meso-regions 313.2-3. Pobrzeże Szczecińskie, (Kondracki 2000): 313.21. Wyspy Uznam i Wolin, 313.2-3. Szczecin Coastal Region, 313.22. Wybrzeże Trzebiatowskie, 313.21. the islands of Usedom and Wolin, 313.4. Pobrzeże Koszalińskie, 313.22. Trzebiatów Coast, 313.41. Wybrzeże Słowińskie, 313.4. Koszalin Coastal Region, 313.41. Słowińskie Coast, 313.5. Pobrzeże Gdańskie, 313.5. Gdańsk Coastal Region, 313.51. Pobrzeże Kaszubskie, 313.51. Kashubian Coastal Region, 313.52. Mierzeja Helska, 315.52. Hel spit, 313.53. Mierzeja Wiślana, 315.53. Vistula spit, 313.54. Żuławy Wiślane. 315.54. Vistula delta. Około 75% długości polskiego wybrzeża stano­ Barrier systems formed by sedimenta­ wią wybrzeża mierzejowe, o akumulacyjnej gene­ tion processes constitute about three zie; Mierzeja Bramy Świny łącząca wyspy more­ quarters of the Polish coastline: nowe Uznam i Wolin zamyka Zalew Szczeciński, - the bar at the mouth of the Świna Mierzeja Dziwny zamyka Zalew Kamieński i Je­ connecting the morainic islands of Wolin zioro Wrzosowskie oraz towarzyszące im niziny, and Usedom encloses the Szczecin lagoon; odcinki mierzejowe zamykają dawne zatoki, dziś - the Dziwna bar encloses the Kamień jeziora (Resko, Jamno, Bukowo, Kopań, Wicko, Pomorski lagoon and Lake Wrzosowskie Gardno, Łebsko) i towarzyszące im niziny, Kosa (along with the adjacent lowlands); Helska odcina fragmenty Zatoki Gdańskiej, a Mie­ - barrier systems cut off Lakes Resko, rzeja Wiślana Zalew Wiślany i Żuławy. Do najbar­ Jamno, Bukowo, Kopań, Wicko, Gardno, dziej znanych, z uwagi na ruchome wydmy, wy­ and Łebsko (formerly lagoons) from the brzeży mierzejowych należy fragment Mierzei sea (with their neighbouring lowlands); Łebskiej (część Słowińskiego Parku Narodowego) - the Hel spit partially encloses Gdańsk i Półwysep Helski. Bay; Fot. 1. Klify wydmowe - powszechne Photo 1. Dune cliffs - a common w krajobrazie polskich wybrzeży mie­ element of the landscape of Polish rzejowych (fot. autorka) barrier coast (author’s photograph) Tylko 20% stanowią wybrzeża wysoczyznowe, - the Vistula spit encloses the Vistula genetycznie związane z przymorskimi fragmenta­ lagoon and the Vistula delta. mi wysoczyzn morenowych ostatniego zlodowa­ The most renowned barrier systems cenia. W wyniku abrazji morskiej wytworzyły include a portion of the Łeba barrier (famous się tu brzegi klifowe, obecnie czynne lub martwe. for its mobile dunes protected within the Do najbardziej znanych wybrzeży klifowych na­ Słowiński National Park) and the Hel spit. leżą najwyższy na polskim wybrzeżu klif woliń­ The higher coasts, genetically related to ski i klif rozewski. Pozostałe kilka procent to wy­ moraines formed during the last glacial brzeża niskie, zalewowe i obszary portowe. period, account for merely 20% cf the shore­ W obrębie wszystkich typów wybrzeży wystę­ line with cliffs, both active and inactive, pują odcinki umocnione lub zabudowane, które having been fonned by wave erosion. The Bohdziewicz (1963) nazywa wybrzeżem techno- most famous are found on the island of genicznym. Wolin (the highest on the Polish coast) and at Cape Rozewie. The remaining sections are Jednym z naturalnych procesów wpływają­ low and marshy areas which, along with cych na rozwój brzegu jest abrazja morska. W os­ port facilities, amount to only a few percent. tatnim dwudziestoleciu na większości brzegów Within each type some built-up or rein­ morskich na świecie znaczący wpływ miał podno­ forced sections are found for which B o h d z i e ­ szący się poziom wód i znaczny wzrost aktywno­ w i c z (1963) has coined the term ‘techno­ ści procesów abrazyjnych, co jest jednym z na­ genic’ coast. stępstw efektu cieplarnianego (Van der Meulen Erosion is one of main natural processes 1991, Leatherman 1993, za: Furmańczyk 1994, shaping the coastline. During the last two ZEIDLER 1993a, b). W Polsce, abrazja morska decades a worldwide sea-level rise brought niszczy większość brzegów wysoczyznowych1 on by global warming has accelerated (klasyczne wybrzeże klifowe), ale także około po­ erosion processes along most world coast­ łowy brzegów mierzejowych (klasyczne wybrze­ lines (Van der Meulen 1991, Leatherman że akumulacyjne). Na wielu odcinkach mierzejo- 1993, after Furmańczyk 1994, Z e id l e R wych zniszczeniu ulega nie tylko wał wydmy 1993a, 1993b). In Poland most higher przedniej, ale także starsze generacje wydm po­ coasts1 (clifTed) and about half the barrier rośnięte borem sosnowym. Klify wydmowe są systems (depositional) are exposed to inten­ dziś powszechnym elementem krajobrazu polskie­ sive erosion. Along many stretches this go brzegu (fot. 1). affects not only the primary dune ridge and Międzyrządowy panel nt. zmian klimatu zale­ but also older generations of dunes covered ca uwzględnienie w planowaniu terenów nad­ with pine forests. Today many ‘cliffed’ dunes morskich wzrostu poziomu morza o 1,0 m w ciągu are to be found (Photo. 1). 100 lat i ok. 0,35 m w ciągu najbliższych 40 lat According to recommendations of the ( C ie ś la k 1996). Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change the spatial planning of coastal areas should take into account a sea-level rise of one metre within the next 100 years and of 2. FUNKCJE GOSPODARCZE WYBRZEŻA 0.35 m within the next 40 (CIEŚLAK 1996). Walory przyrodnicze polskich wybrzeży są inte­ resującym obiektem badań naukowych i przed­ 2. ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS OF THE COAST miotem podejmowanych działań ochronnych, jednocześnie są one wysoce konkurencyjną prze­ The natural assets of Polish shoreline con­ strzenią do lokowania wielu funkcji gospodar­ stitute an interesting subject for scientific czych. Na wybrzeżach ulokowane są: research and several campaigns have been - osadnictwo i infrastruktura komunikacyjna, undertaken to protect the environment. At - przemysł, zwłaszcza stoczniowy i przetwór­ the same time, coastal areas represent stwa rybnego, przemysł wydobywczy (ropa naf­ a highly attractive space for such different towa i gaz ziemny), ale także wiele gałęzi prze­ land uses as: mysłu w żaden istotny sposób nie związanych - settlements and transportation infra­ z morzem i wybrzeżem, structure, - rybołówstwo, - industry, especially shipbuilding and - gospodarka leśna, fish processing, oil and gas drilling, as well - rolnictwo, as many industrial sectors not connected to - funkcje obronne kraju (tereny wojskowe), the sea or coast, - turystyka (rozumiana jako zespół funkcji tu­ - fisheries, rystycznej, rekreacyjnej, wypoczynkowej i uzdro­ - forestry, wiskowej). - agriculture, Rozwój osadnictwa i towarzyszącej mu in­ - militaiy zones, frastruktury komunikacyjnej jest obecnie wy­ - tourism (understood as a set of tourism, łącznie pochodną innych funkcji gospodarczych; recreational, leisure and therapeutic głównie rozwoju turystyki, rozwoju przemysłu, activities). handlu i usług. Today the development of settlements Przemysł, pomimo jego kolizyjności w sto­ and transportation infrastructure depends sunku do funkcji turystycznej, będzie się nadal solely on other economic functions, mainly rozwijał na wybrzeżu. Decyduje o tym atrak­ tourism, manufacturing, trade and services. cyjność wielu terenów nadmorskich (renta po­ Industry, although in conflict with łożenia), istniejące zainwestowanie, szczególnie tourism, will keep developing to take obecność terenów portowych i ich infrastruktu­ advantage of the attractive location, the ry technicznej (magazynowej i komunikacyjnej) existing infrastructure (especially ports with oraz położenie w ujściowych odcinkach rzek. storage and transportation facilities) and its Większość terenów przemysłowych wybrzeża situation at the mouths of rivers. Most rozwinęła się w dolnych, ujściowych odcinkach industrial zones on the coast have developed Wisły i Odry oraz rzek Przymorza. Są to: aglo­ near the mouths of rivers including the meracja gdańska i północna część aglomeracji Vistula, the Oder as well as other smaller szczecińskiej (Świnoujście) i dalej, postępując coastal rivers: the Gdansk conurbation:
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