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Análisis Espacial De Las Áreas Protegidas Terrestres De Puerto Rico PRGAP ANALYSIS PROJECT 1 1 2 3 IITF GIS and Remote Sensing Lab Maya Quiñones , William A

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Análisis Espacial De Las Áreas Protegidas Terrestres De Puerto Rico PRGAP ANALYSIS PROJECT 1 1 2 3 IITF GIS and Remote Sensing Lab Maya Quiñones , William A United States p Forest Department a Service DRNA of Agriculture g K E E P I N G C O M M ON S P E C I E S C O M M O N Análisis Espacial de las Áreas Protegidas Terrestres de Puerto Rico PRGAP ANALYSIS PROJECT 1 1 2 3 IITF GIS and Remote Sensing Lab Maya Quiñones , William A. Gould , Jessica Castro-Prieto , y Sebastián Martinuzzi A center for tropical landscape analysis 1 Departamento de Agricultura de los EE.UU., Servicio Forestal, Instituto Internacional de Dasonomía Tropical. 2 Universidad de Puerto Rico- Campus de Río Piedras, Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales. 3 Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison, Departamento de Ecología de Bosques y Vida Silvestre. o 67°30'0"W 67°20'0"W 67°10'0"W 67°0'0"W 66°50'0"W 66°40'0"W 66°30'0"W 66°20'0"W 66°10'0"W 66°0'0"W 65°50'0"W 65°40'0"W 65°30'0"W 65°20'0"W c n el 2010 casi 13 por ciento de la superficie terrestre del planeta estaba i R o t designada como áreas protegidas–áreas reservadas legalmente para la r e u conservación de sus recursos naturales y biodiversidad (WDPA 2011). P Estados O c é a n o A t l á n t i c o , Unidos 9 Para los países desarrollados, la cifra era 11.6 por ciento y para América 1 1 Distribución y clasificacion de las áreas protegidas sobre la cobertura del terreno 1 - Latina y el Cacrcicbcec c2c0.3 por ciento (WDPA 2011). La isla de Puerto Rico, con una 6 E 2 9 extensión de 893 000 ha, forma parte del conjunto de islas de las Antillas mayores en la Las Bahamas 0 0 simplificada del 2000 de Puerto Rico R región del Caribe, y está constituida por una isla grande, tres islas pequeñas y numerosos P , s cayos que se caracterizan por su gran complejidad geológica y topográfica. En este a r 29 d Cuba e conjunto de islas es posible identificar una gran variedad de ecosistemas cuya diversidad i P 22 o biológica incluye más de 26,000 especies de plantas, hongos, y animales vertebrados e Haití Puerto Rico í R 49 O c é a n o A t l á n t i c o , invertebrados, muchas de las cuales son endémicas de Puerto Rico o el Caribe (Joglar a Jamaica b i República e 2005). Existen en Puerto Rico 95 áreas protegidas que cubren 72 000 ha u ocho por C Dominicana M a r C a r i b e e l l ciento de la superficie terrestre de la isla, y cuyos tamaños varían entre <1 ha y 11 429 ha a N N " C " 0 ' 0 ' 1 0 (datos correspondientes a Mayo del 2011). Más de la mitad (56 por ciento) del terreno 0 0 3 3 ° 2 ° 8 1 8 1 protegido es manejado por el Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales de 1 , 28 r 40 u S Puerto Rico, 16 por ciento por el Servicio Forestal de los EE.UU., 13 por ciento por el o c Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico, y 15 por ciento por otras entidades i 21 n 16 á t gubernamentales y no gubernamentales (Gould et al. 2011). Identificar los ecosistemas 48 108 82 o B n dentro de la red existente de áreas protegidas en el país, así como estudiar su 64 í d r 15 a representatividad, distribución y conectividad en el paisaje es esencial para analizar la 81 J 96 11 , y r efectividad de este mecanismo de conservación al igual que para asistir con el manejo y 55 t 11 67 s e planificación de las mismas. 53 71 113 r 41 o F 31 l 97 102 Cayo Icacos a c 11 i En este mapa de investigación describimos las áreas protegidas terrestres de Puerto Rico 97 95 112 77 p o 36 r Desecheo 39 T basado en elementos naturales y antropogénicos del paisaje. Utilizamos datos 60 78 33 Arrecifes de La Cordillera f o 63 e geoespaciales para calcular la extensión y representatividad de elementos del paisaje 101 t u t i 32 38 t dentro de las áreas protegidas de Puerto Rico, i.e., cobertura del terreno (Gould et al. 97 s n 103 I N l N Palominos " 2007), asentamientos urbanos, suburbanos y rurales (Martinuzzi et al. 2008), y " 56 98 a 0 0 ' ' 61 30 n 12 0 0 38 o 2 2 i 110 ° ° fisiografía general. Las gráficas circulares y de barra muestran la distribución y el nivel de t 8 8 a 99 1 1 n protección de cada uno de los elementos analizados. En adición, analizamos el contexto 45 r 24 e 46 t n 19 I paisajístico de las áreas protegidas clasificándolas como costeras, boscosas, herbáceas o e c 68 i urbanas de acuerdo a la cobertura del terreno presente en una zona de un 1km alrededor v r e 37 S de cada área y tabulamos la cobertura del terreno dentro de las áreas y estadísticas para t 75 s e cada clasificación. A su vez, calculamos la distancia desde las áreas protegidas y creamos Culebra r o F un mapa con el objetivo principal de proveer una referencia visual de las regiones donde A D las áreas protegidas se agrupan y donde están más dispersas. La gráfica lineal compara la S 14 13 72 U forma en que la distribución de la cobertura del terreno cambia a través de los grupos de 104 distancia, desde dentro de las áreas protegidas a >10 km del borde de las áreas. 2 Las áreas protegidas mapeadas y analizadas en esta publicación fueron actualizadas por 111 72 última vez en Mayo del 2011 utilizando los datos disponibles de agencias 80 83 gubernamentales estatales y federales y organizaciones no gubernamentales. La cantidad 69 1 107 N N " " 0 0 ' ' y distribución de áreas protegidas es dinámica, cambiando a medida que nuevas áreas 0 0 65 23 1 1 ° ° 8 8 son establecidas o las designaciones y el manejo cambian. Para propósitos de este análisis 1 1 100 excluimos áreas protegidas marinas y la porción marina de algunas áreas protegidas 107 84 costeras. Terrenos adicionales podrían estar protegidos por leyes y regulaciones por 70 57 76 25 116 zonificación pero no fueron incluidos en este estudio, e.g., pendientes escarpadas, 109 54 76 52 114 humedales, zonas riparinas y zonas costeras. 94 34 105 62 76 17 47 66 116 Vieques 4 20 27 Hallazgos 5 106 34 Cobertura del terreno: Las áreas protegidas de Puerto Rico están compuestas mayormente por 89 35 17 ecosistemas de bosque (60 por ciento) con parches de bosque abierto y arbustos 88 26 95 79 (14 por ciento), pastizales (8 por ciento), humedales boscosos (7 por ciento) y herbáceos (6 por ciento), agua (no mar) (4 por ciento), y suelo desnudo natural 67°55'0"W 67°50'0"W 8 50 115 N N " " 0 0 ' (1 por ciento). ' 0 0 Mona y Monito ° ° 8 8 18 1 1 N 58 N " O c é a n o A t l á n t i c o " 92 0 ' 0 ' El 60 por ciento de los humedales boscosos están dentro de áreas protegidas, 0 0 86 1 1 ° ° 8 42 8 representando la cobertura de terreno con mayor protección en relación a la 1 Monito 9 1 42 extensión total que ocupa en la isla. A este le siguen los cuerpos de agua (33 por 6 93 74 87 42 51 ciento), suelo desnudo natural (i.e., fangales, salinas, acantilados rocosos y 85 90 playas; 32 por ciento) humedales herbáceos (15 por ciento), bosques (13 por 43 3 a 44 ciento), bosque abierto y arbustos (8 por ciento), y pastizales (2 por ciento). n 42 o 91 N M N " " 0 Basado en la clasificación del contexto paisajístico, donde identificamos la ' 0 ' 5 73 5 ° e ° 8 8 cobertura dominante en un área de amortiguación de 1 km para cada área 1 1 10 0 2 4 8 12 16 20 d protegida, encontramos que las áreas primordialmente rodeadas por bosque 59 e Millas j 7 contienen mayormente bosque (93 por ciento), mientras que las rodeadas por Isla de Mona 0 4 8 16 24 32 40 s a ecosistemas costeros, pastizales y áreas urbanas protegen una mayor variedad de P a Kilómetros M a r C a r i b e N N " " 0 0 ' coberturas de terreno. ' 0 0 5 5 ° ° ESCALA: 1:240,000 67°55'0"W 67°50'0"W 7 7 1 1 Nueve de las 95 áreas protegidas fueron clasificadas como urbanas–áreas Proyección Comforme Cónica Lambert Datum de Norte América del 1983 (NAD 83) rodeadas mayormente por superficies construidas. Aunque esta cantidad es un 9.5 por ciento del total de áreas protegidas en el país, el tamaño promedio de las áreas protegidas urbanas es significativamente más pequeño que el resto de Límites las áreas. Por lo tanto, las áreas protegidas urbanas sólo forman un 1 por ciento administrativos Hidrografía Áreas Protegidas (en negro) y Reservas Marinas (en azul) de todo el terreno protegido en Puerto Rico. Municipios Lagos y embalses Áreas protegidas (clasificación 1 Bosque del Pueblo de Adjuntas 15 Reserva Natural Caño Martín Peña 28 Reserva Natural Cueva del Indio 42 Bosque Estatal de Guánica 56 Reserva Natural Arrecifes de la Cordillera 69 Área Natural Protegida Río Maricao 82 Bosque Pterocarpus de Dorado 95 Tierras adquiridas recientemente en Manatí 105 Parque Nacional Sun Bay 2 Reserva Natural Sistema de Cuevas y Cavernas de Aguas Buenas 16 Reserva Natural Caño Tiburones 29 Extensión Marina Reserva Natural Cueva del Indio 43 Extensión Marina Bosque Estatal de Guánica 57 Bosque La Olimpia 70 Bosque Estatal de Maricao 83 Reserva Natural Bosque Pterocarpus y Guayama por el IITF 106 Bosque Estatal de Susúa según el contexto paisajístico) Distancia desde las áreas protegidas: Reservas marinas Ríos y quebradas 3 Bosque Estatal de Aguirre 17 Bosque Estatal de Carite 30 Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Culebra 44 Reserva Natural Arrecifes de Guayama 58 Reserva Natural La Parguera 71 Reserva Natural Mata de Plátano Field Station 84 Reserva Natural Pantano Bosque Pterocarpus 96 Tierras adquiridas recientemente en 107 Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro 4 Reserva Natural Finca Belvedere 18 Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Laguna Cartagena 31 Reserva Natural marina Aguas Costeras Isla Desecheo 45 Área Natural Protegida Río Guaynabo 59 Extensión Marina Reserva Natural La Parguera 72 Área Natural Protegida Medio Mundo y Daguao Lagunas Mandry y Santa Teresa Humacao Piñones por DRNA 108 Reserva Natural Laguna Tortuguero La distribución de las áreas protegidas a través de Puerto Rico indica que Batimetría (km bajo el nivel del mar) Costeras Herbáceas existen tres grandes regiones sin protección dentro de un radio de 5 km.
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