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Karst-Water Environment Symposium VIRGINIA WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH CENTER Karst-Water Environment Symposium Hotel Roanoke and Conference Center Roanoke, Virginia October 30-31, 1997 PROCEEDINGS VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA 1997 PROCEEDINGS KARST-WATER ENVIRONMENT SYMPOSIUM October 30-31, 1997 Roanoke, Virginia Edited by: Tamim Younos Thomas J. Burbey Ernst H. Kastning Judy A. Poff Virginia Water Resources Research Center Virginia Tech 10 Sandy Hall i Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 P3-1997 The proceedings of the 1997 Karst-Water Environment Symposium and Workshop is a publication of the Virginia Water Resources Research Center, and was published with funds provided in part by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the policies of the USGS, the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, or the Virginia Water Resources Research Center. The mention of trade names, commercial products, or services does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation. Additional copies are available while the supply lasts and may be obtained from the: Virginia Water Resources Research Center Virginia Tech 10 Sandy Hall Blacksburg, VA 24061 (540)231-5624 FAX: (540)231-6673 email: [email protected] home page address: http://www.vwrrc.vt.edu/vwrrc/vwrrc.htm Single copies are free to Virginia residents. Leonard A. Shabman Director ii Virginia Tech does not discriminate against employees, students, or applicants on the basis of race, color, sex, sexual orientation, disability, age, veteran status, national origin, religion, or political affiliation. Anyone having questions concerning discrimination should contact the Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Office. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... ix Author Index.............................................................................................................. xi Full Papers Keynote Address: Dyes don’t lie; practical karst hydrology Thomas Aley................................................................................................................. 1 Groundwater tracing for spring basin delineation in a flood prone area of Rutherford County, Tennessee A. E. Ogden, A. T. Scott............................................................................................. 9 Dye tracings in the Spring Creek area, Greenbrier County, West Virginia. T. Dasher, D. Boyer.................................................................................................... 18 A parsimonious tank model for simulating flow and transport in a karst aquifer M. E. Barrett, R. J. Charbeneau................................................................................... 31 Simulating rainfall infiltration into a karst aquifer using a groundwater modeling approach M. Pusic....................................................................................................................... 39 Simulation of groundwater flow in a slightly karstified carbonate aquifer using a continuum equivalent and inverse modeling approach M. Larocque, M. Razak, O. Banton............................................................................. 45 Outlining of protection areas in karstic environment, a new approach F. Zwahlen, N. Doerfliger........................................................................................... 54 iii Exploratory drilling in Hixon, Tennessee discovers “new” aquifer overlying the karstic Knox dolomite A. E. Ogden, S. C. Kimbro........................................................................................... 63 The Elkton aquifer or Western Toe aquifer of the Blue Ridge Mountains - a regional perspective E. F. Hollyday, G .E. Hileman, J.E. Duke.................................................................... 71 Buffer zones in karst terranes E. H. Kastning, K. M. Kastning.................................................................................. 80 Groundwater hazard map of the Turnhole Spring karst groundwater basin, Mammoth Cave National Park J. Meiman, B. T. Leech, Jr., J. F. Fry, J.A. Ray......................................................... 88 Hydrologic database for Scott County, Virginia - a progress report W. W. Whitlock............................................................................................................ 93 Land use impacts on water quality in small karst agricultural watersheds J. L. Taraba, J. S. Dinger, L. V. A. Sendlein, G. K. Felton....................................... 99 The characteristics of oil contaminant migration in fractured-karst aquifer and remediation by capture-zone testing in Dawu Well Field, China X. Zhu, X. Qian, Y. Chen .......................................................................................... 110 Environmental management of a karst resource area in the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests E. Smith, T. Brown, T. Collins, G. Kappesser............................................................ 118 Karst regulations in New Jersey D. P. Drewes, J. A. Fischer, R. Canace........................................................................ 130 Pseudokarst of Azerbaijan A. B. Alekperov, Y. D. Zamanov................................................................................ 138 Geophysical and geotechnical evaluation in support of siting a ederal prison facility in mature developed karst - a case study D. Hintz, L. Ragozzino ............................................................................................... 141 Abstracts iv Hydrologic characterization of a karst groundwater supply source to determine surface water influence T. Brown, V. Ruark..................................................................................................... 148 The use of regional hydrogeological models in hydrogeological investigations of karst terrains M. Simic, P. Papic ....................................................................................................... 148 Description of anisotropy and heterogeneity and their effect on groundwater flow and areas of contribution to public supply wells in a karst carbonate aquifer system L. A. Knochenmus...................................................................................................... 149 Factors determining underground water regime of Kungur Cave (the URALS) K.A. Gorbunova, N.G. Maximovich, S.M. Blinov, V.G. Kraev.................................. 150 Karst-water and sinkholes V. L. Zlobina............................................................................................................... 150 Study of karst groundwater system in Shanxi Province, China P. Shu Lan.................................................................................................................. 151 EPA’s groundwater disinfection rule implications for karst aquifer wells B.A. Macler.................................................................................................................. 151 Anthropogenic influence on karst groundwater quality: a case of nitrate pollution P. Papic....................................................................................................................... 152 Karst groundwater chemistry in Carpatho-Balkanides of Serbia P. Papic, Z. Stevanovic, V. Dragisic, I. Jemcov ......................................................... 152 A pilot wellhead protection study and plan to protect public water supplies in karst terrain D. J. Shaw II................................................................................................................ 152 Karst education materials for targeted audiences - Poster Session C. Zokaites ................................................................................................................... 153 v Lineaments, fracture-supported lineaments, and yields of existing wells in the Valley & Ridge of northern Virginia – Poster Session J. A. Brooks, K. C. Hardcastle...................................................................................... 154 vi vii FOREWORD Karst terrane is a geological phenomenon where the landscape is formed due to the long term dissolution and erosion of carbonate rocks. The karst terrane is distinguished by the existence of caves, sinkholes, and sinking streams, and direct interaction between surface and groundwater systems. Several major groundwater aquifers in the U.S. are located within the karst formations. Karst aquifers provide about 40 percent of the total groundwater used as drinking water. In recent years, problems associated with groundwater development and pollution have become a major concern to water managers, scientists, engineers, and citizen groups due to the detection of several contaminants in groundwater systems. Because of the unique karst features, water source protection in karst terrane is a major challenge to scientists, engineers, land use managers, and regulatory agencies. There is a critical need for better understanding of water and pollutant movement in karst-water systems and improved strategies for water and land use management, and water source protection in the karst terrane. The major goal of the karst-water symposium, held on October 30-31, 1997 in Roanoke, Virginia was to provide an opportunity for a multidisciplinary forum of scientists, engineers, water and land
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