Ragioni E Sentimenti

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Ragioni E Sentimenti RAGIONI E SENTIMENTI a cura di MARINA D’AMATO 2016 Università degli Studi Roma Tre Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione RAGIONI E SENTIMENTI a cura di MARINA D’AMATO 2016 Desidero ringraziare tutti coloro che hanno contribuito con la loro disponibilità e professionalità a quest’opera, in modi diversi, ma tutti indispensabili: Katiuscia Carnà, Francesca Cubeddu, Milena Gammaitoni, Valentina Punzo e, in particolare, Edmondo Grassi che, quotidianamente, ha tenuto i contatti con gli autori e ha effettuato l’editing complessivo dell’opera. “A Gregorio” Coordinamento editoriale: Gruppo di Lavoro Edizioni: © Roma, dicembre 2016 ISBN: 978-88-97524-90-8 http://romatrepress.uniroma3.it Quest’opera è assoggettata alla disciplina Creative Commons attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) che impone l’attribuzione della paternità dell’opera, proibisce di alterarla, trasformarla o usarla per produrre un’altra opera, e ne esclude l’uso per ricavarne un profitto commerciale. Immagine di copertina: Federico Marcoaldi, Alla ricerca dell’azzurro (2015). Indice MARINA D’AMATO, Introduzione 5 PER UNA TEORIA DEI SENTIMENTI MONIQUE HIRSCHHORN, Quelle place pour l’affectivité en sociologie? 23 MARC-HENRY SOULET, La compassion: un faux ami pour l’analyse sociologique 33 VITTORIO COTESTA, Le Muse di Max Weber 47 ANNA DE STEFANO PERROTTA, Sorokin e i sentimenti dimenticati 65 BERNARDO CATTARINUSSI, Le espressioni dell’eudemonia 75 ADELE BIANCO, Ragioni e regole – sentimenti e capacità. L’attualità di un dualismo costante e problematico nella storia del pensiero sociologico 83 I TEMI DANIEL MERCURE, Sentiments et rationalité en milieu de travail dans les sociétés modernes avancées: de la reconnaissance à la mobilisation des affects 95 PAUL SABOURIN, Le capitalisme sentimental: raisons, émotions et économie 105 DOMINIQUE OTTAVI, Le temps de la peur: entre raison et sentiment 117 MARIA CATERINA FEDERICI, La paura tra sentimento e ri-sentimento 127 LUCA AVERSANO, La musica tra ragione e sentimento 137 MASSIMO CERULO, Sphère publique, vie quotidienne, émotions 145 MILENA GAMMAITONI, Sociologia delle arti: Sense or Sensibility? 155 LAURA VERDI, Sense, sensibility e la rivincita del Kitsch 165 JEAN RUFFIER, Le général, le soldat et l’assassin: analyse d’un conflit entre obéissance, sentiments et morales individuelles 177 CRISTINA PINTO ALBUQUERQUE, Politique de la pitié et ‘dramatisation’ de la souffrance. Dimensions et paradoxes 185 MICHEL MESSU, Qu’est-ce qu’‘être une victime’? La dialectique de la raison et du sentiment 195 EDMONDO GRASSI, Ipotesi di percorsi identitari tra ragioni e sentimenti 207 KATIUSCIA CARNÀ, Migranti nella globalizzazione: le ragioni e i sentimenti della migrazione 225 LE RICERCHE LAURENCE GAVARINI, L’adolescent entre passion sociale et décrochage 237 CHRISTIANA CONSTANTOPOULOU, Émotions et Médias: le Savoir Contemporain sur Scènes 249 CLARA LÉVY, Les émotions au cœur de l’élection puis de la relation au livre de chevet 257 JULIE COLEMANS, La dimension émotionnelle de l’activité judiciaire. Quand la raison n’explique pas tout… 267 FRANÇOISE BRÉANT, Des ateliers d’écriture avec les doctorants: ‘Un imaginaire social transitionnel» pour dépasser le clivage entre écriture scientifique et écriture littéraire’ 279 MERIEM EL GOLLI, Discours et représentations sur Facebook: cas de l’image politique en Tunisie 287 Note biografiche degli autori e delle autrici Marina D’Amato Introduzione «Le cœur a ses raisons que la raison ne connaît point» B. Pascal Con la fine delle grandi ideologie, della ‘grande storia’ e l’avvento della politica orientata alla gestione del potere per il potere assistiamo al risveglio delle passioni, dei sentimenti diffusi, che assumono tratti di indignazione, di rabbia, di odio fino a sfociare nei conflitti etnici, reli- giosi, economici, politici e a dar vita a nuove paure. Come interpretare i grandi mutamenti contemporanei (conflitti, migrazioni, oscillazioni del mercato…) senza far riferimento alle motivazioni più profonde degli individui? Come comprendere nel riflesso del reale che i media ci offro- no, la realtà di ciò che accade? Come analizzare per prevedere fatti sociali nella società in cui ‘cultura’ e ‘cambiamento’ sono divenuti sinonimi? Il testo, con più voci, tenta di rispondere a questi interrogativi met- tendo al centro dell’indagine la portata dei sentimenti che animano la nostra postmodernità. In un contesto sociale comprensibile solo attra- verso la sua rapida e continua trasformazione, si fa spazio una nuova prospettiva di indagine: quella che coniuga le emozioni, le percezioni, l’apparato simbolico ed i valori di ogni cultura – i sentimenti –, con le possibilità di analisi: politica, economica, storica, letteraria, artistica e sociale di tipo tradizionale. Sempre più oggi, la struttura politica, economica e finanziaria del mondo si regge, infatti, su rapporti personali, affettivi, dominati da interessi e influenzati da relazioni di scambio interindividuali (è suf- ficiente un riferimento alla Trilateral, al gruppo Bilderberg, ma anche alle ‘cordate’ dei centri di potere e alle intese emotive che legano i membri di ogni malavita: mafia, ’ndrangheta, camorra, sacra corona 5 M. D’AMATO unita potrebbero essere analizzate come società ‘meccaniche’, in cui da Durkheim in poi, abbiamo imparato a riconoscere il funzionamento della divisione del lavoro fondato sugli affetti). Di più, assistiamo, dagli ultimi anni del secolo scorso, ad un cambiamento epocale in cui i conflitti trovano origine e pretesto nei credo religiosi (la guerra nella Ex-Jugoslavia, Al-Qaeda prima e l’ISIS dopo, non sono forse dramma- tici esempi di un medioevo contemporaneo?). E ancora, l’ideologia, che storicamente ha determinato le differenze, è sempre più usata come un alibi che come una finalità, strumentalmente utile a giustifi- care, a posteriori, scelte emotive, ma la teoria dei residui e delle deri- vazioni non è più sufficiente a far comprendere il cambiamento. Sullo sfondo, il sistema mediatico rappresenta, ma, soprattutto, costituisce la forza motrice che rigenera continuamente la società contemporanea, fondando la sua inarrestabile pervasività sull’emozione delle immagini che consentono la percezione immediata di ciò che accade, ma che per loro intrinseca natura annullano rapidamente l’evento precedente, a scapito della ragione che ha bisogno di un tempo per elaborare le risposte agli stimoli. Nel flusso costante delle suggestioni, le ragioni non sono più l’antitesi dei sentimenti così come sono state da sempre valutate, ma… La ragione diventa oggetto di analisi sociologica dall’inizio del Novecento quando Max Weber, in Economia e Società (1922), indivi- duò nella razionalità uno dei tratti più significativi della modernità in Occidente. La nozione della razionalità delle azioni sociali permette di comprendere sia la natura dell’agire individuale che istituzionale della modernità, diversamente da quanto accadeva nei comportamenti determinati dall’abitudine o dalla legge divina, come accadeva nelle società tradizionali. Secondo Vilfredo Pareto, l’azione è razionale o logica quando gli strumenti messi in atto sono adeguati al raggiungi- mento degli scopi previsti dall’individuo. Nel proporre una definizione così ristretta della razionalità, l’autore del Trattato di sociologia generale (1916), evoca comportamenti economici che mirano all’efficacia come quelli dell’imprenditore, del funzionario o del tecnico che agiscono in funzione della modalità più utile allo scopo da raggiungere, diversa- mente e all’opposto, da ciò che fa il mago quando intraprende riti per ottenere la pioggia. Nello spirito dei classici della sociologia, la razio- nalità è quindi definita in modo generale come un tipo di condotta che si oppone alla routine della tradizione o alle azioni emotive guidate dalle passioni o alle credenze ispirate dai pregiudizi. Gli esseri razionali 6 INTRODUZIONE calcolano, soppesano, misurano e valutano in funzione dello scopo. La teoria dell’attore razionale ha avuto un posto importante in economia e negli studi delle organizzazioni a partire dagli anni Cinquanta del secolo scorso. Kenneth J. Arrow in Social Choice and Individual Values (1951) definisce la teoria della scelta razionale capace di determinare con un modello matematico la migliore soluzione per le scelte economiche. Da allora, in ambito economico, psicologico, filosofico e politico, molte ricerche si sono orientate in questa direzione e l’idea che, alla fin fine, gli attori sociali siano orientati razionalmente ha avvalorato l’ipotesi anche nell’ambito degli studi politologici. Raymond Boudon, per esempio, rifiutando l’ipotesi che le nostre azioni siano ispirate a credenze irrazio- nali, spiega anche le ideologie politiche e i pregiudizi facendo appello solo a ragionamenti logici, in definitiva, ci sono sempre ‘buone ragioni’ per comprendere sia i pregiudizi che le credenze (L’idéologie ou l’origine des idées reçues, 1986, e L’art de se persuader, 1990). È solo a partire dagli ultimi decenni che gli storici, i filosofi, gli economisti, gli antropologi e i sociologi hanno attribuito una crescente attenzione alle motivazioni sentimentali ed emotive dell’agire umano. Considerata come la forza motrice della storia, fino all’alba del XX secolo, la passione ritrova, oggi, un ruolo da protagonista, occupando ambiti diversi e nuovi: non più solo movente principale per la ‘cosa’ pubblica, ma anche motivazione profonda della società del loisir. Christian Bromberger, in Passions ordinaires (1998), constata, infatti, la quantità di tempo e la varietà
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