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University of Ghana College of Basic and Applied University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COLLEGE OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES MECHANISMS AND PATHWAYS FOR CLIMATE-SENSITIVE TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE IN GHANA BY JEMIMA ABENA YAKAH (AMOAH ) (ID. NO. 10431069) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT JULY, 2016 University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that except for references to other people’s work, which have been duly acknowledged, this thesis is the result of my own research. It has neither been presented, in part or in whole, to another academic institution for a degree. Jemima Abena Yakah (Amoah) ........................................ Student Date Dr. Seth Dankyi Boateng ........................................ Supervisor Date Prof. Christopher Gordon ........................................ Supervisor Date University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT Efforts to transform smallholder agriculture and improve productivity have yielded some positive results. Yet, smallholder productivity in Africa remains low relative to America, Asia, and elsewhere, threatening food security and livelihoods. A major reason is the slow pace of transformation in the agricultural production, research and development processes, and the effects of climate change impacts. This thesis examined smallholder transformational change processes using the Transtheoretical (Stages of Behaviour Change) theory in a mixed-methods survey conducted in the Keta Anglo area, in the Coastal Savannah agro-ecological zone of Ghana with over 400 smallholder vegetable farmers. The study found that over 91% of smallholders were aware of the climate change phenomenon. However, awareness did not automatically translate into a high level of climate-sensitive practices. Status as head of household, membership in a Farmer Based Organisation and access to Extension services had significant relationships with smallholder perceptions of climate change impacts. Access to Extension services and land ownership were significant factors that affected smallholder stage of transformation. Smallholder perception variables measured as awareness, recall and beliefs were all significant predictors of smallholder stage of transformational change. The thesis concluded that the “one-size-fits-all” approach that is characteristic of most current Extension methods undermines efforts to transform smallholder agriculture in order to increase productivity. It is therefore recommended that Extension methods should aim at addressing farmer needs by disaggregating their perceptions and stage of transformational change specifically. Land tenure and ownership issues should also be addressed to enhance available mechanisms for transformation. University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis my father Mr. Cornelius Kodjo Yakah, to the late Prof. Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson, to the hardworking farmers of Ghana, to all those dedicated to mentoring the youth to seek opportunities in the agricultural sector, and to all those rehabilitating degraded lands or alleviating the effects of global environmental change. The good book says “And we know that all things work together for good to those who love God, to those who are the called according to His purpose” (Romans 8:28, NKJV). All shall pass but the word of God shall never pass. It is a strong tower and those who run to it will be saved. To God be the glory. University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I acknowledge the financial support of the Danish Agency for International Development (DANIDA) Building Stronger Universities (BSU) project, the University Of Ghana Office Of Research and Innovation Development (ORID), the University of Ghana, Legon; and the University of Copenhagen. I also acknowledge all staff of the Agricultural Extension Department, especially the guidance of the late Prof. Owuraku Sakyi-Dawson. I am highly indebted to my supervisory team Dr. Seth Dankyi Boateng and Prof. Chris Gordon. I appreciate the input of my Danish non-examining supervisor Prof. Carsten Nico Portefée Hjortsø, and input from Prof. Henrik Breuning-Madsen, Jeppe Aagaard Kristensen, Dr. Aske Skovmand Bosselmann and Mr. Isaac Ankamah Yeboah, all of the University of Copenhagen. I am also grateful to Prof. Samuel Adjei-Nsiah, Dr. Ackah-Nyamike, Dr. Edwina Ashie-Nikoi and Prof. Laurens Klerkx for the interest they showed in my work. I acknowledge the immense contribution of Mr. Edward Ahiabor, former District Chief Executive of Keta, Mr. Roland Tudzi, Dr. William Dzamefe, former District Director of Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Keta, Mr. Delanyo Honesty Attah, Agricultural Extension Agent (AEA) MOFA, Keta, Mr. M. P. Dagbui, Chief Economic Planning Officer of the Keta Municipal Assembly, the assembly members of the Keta Municipal Assembly, the farmers of the Keta municipal area and other municipalities, government offices, ministries where data were collected for making the time to participate in the study during the field research stage. Finally, I am extremely grateful to my parents Mr. and Mrs C. K. Yakah, my husband Mr. Benjamin Amoah, and the rest of my family, friends and well-wishers including members of the Liberty Assemblies of God church. God bless you all. University of Ghana, http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... II DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... IV LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. VIII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS .................................................................................................. 10 1.4 GENERAL OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................... 10 1.5 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................... 10 1.6 HYPOTHESES ................................................................................................................. 11 1.7 RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 12 1.8 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW ......... 19 2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 19 2.2 CLIMATE CHANGE AS A MECHANISM FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT .................... 20 2.3 EVOLUTION AND CHANGE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION ............................................ 30 2.3.1 The role of Agricultural Extension over time .............................................................. 30 2.3.2 Mechanisms to improve agricultural productivity ....................................................... 32 2.3.3 Paradigms of Agricultural Extension .......................................................................... 40 2.3.4 Criticisms of the Agricultural Innovation Systems approach ...................................... 45 2.3.5 Transformation from the IPCC perspective ................................................................. 48 2.3.6 State of the art literature on transformational change .................................................. 50 2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 54 2.5 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ........................................................................................... 71 2.5.1 Climate Variability and Change .................................................................................. 71 2.5.2 Climate change adaptation .......................................................................................... 72 2.5.3 Climate-sensitive agricultural practices ....................................................................... 73 2.5.4 Transformational change ............................................................................................. 74 2.5.5 Mechanisms ................................................................................................................. 75 2.5.6 Pathways .....................................................................................................................
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