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Danish Contact Sites at Keta, Volta Region, Ghana. Gokah

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Danish Contact Sites at Keta, Volta Region, Ghana. Gokah University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SELECTED EWE- DANISH CONTACT SITES AT KETA, VOLTA REGION, GHANA. GOKAH BENEDICTA (10313313) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND HERITAGE STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARCHAEOLOGY. JULY, 2017 i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I declare that, except for references to other people’s work, which have been acknowledged, this research is the result of my own work carried out in the Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies under the supervision of Prof. James Boachie-Ansah and Prof. Dr Ing Henry Nii- Adrizi Wellington. This work has not been presented in full or in part to any other institution for examination. I remain responsible for any shortcomings in this thesis. ……………………………………… ………………………………… Gokah Benedicta (Date Signed) (Student) ……………………………………… ………………………………… Prof. James Boachie-Ansah (Date Signed) (Supervisor) ……………………………………… ………………………………… Prof. Dr Ing Henry Nii- Adrizi Wellington (Date Signed) (Co-Supervisor) ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ABSTRACT This research presents the results of an archaeological investigation conducted at Keta. It teases out the migration and settlement history of the Anlo people. Information gathered from oral tradition, reconnaissance survey, ethnography and material remains from archaeological excavations have been used to reconstruct socio-economic and cultural lifeways of the people, to provide information on early subsistence economy and socio cultural interactions and relationships between the various sections of the settlement. It also identifies current socio- economic lifeways that can be attributed to Euro-Ewe contact. Material cultural studies have been the backbone of the research. Datable European material remains date the excavated sites from the 17th to the 20th century. The faunal remains excavated at Fort Prinzenstein (where the Europeans resided) and the Ghana Stores Bar (where Africans resided) as well as the locally manufactured pottery are similar, an indication that the residents of the fort as well as the native population depended on similar sources of protein and pottery. The European residents of the fort therefore adapted to local conditions. The Europeans also affected the lifestyle of the local people as the smoking pipes and glass beads found at the Ghana Stores Bar testify. Fishing and fish processing, salt production, trading, animal husbandry, crop farming, kente weaving and mat weaving and iron smithing were the main occupation of the people. Faunal remains from fish, shell fish and domestic animals recovered from excavations testify to their exploitation for food and their role in the subsistence economy. Similar finds including locally manufactured pottery, European smoking pipes, bones, mollusc shells and glass beads were excavated from three different sections of the site, making it difficult to identify the use of space and gender relationships on the basis of the archaeological finds. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh A large number of churches and schools have sprung up in the area due to the role played by missionaries. Intermarriages among traders and locals have resulted in a “mulatto” population in the Keta area. Evidence of trade and interaction between Europeans and Africans can be seen in the form of European imported items as smoking pipes, glass beads, drinking glasses, alcoholic beverage and poison bottles and other metal objects such as nails. The locally manufactured potteries found at Fort Prinzenstein also testify to interaction between Europeans and Africans. This research will kindle further research at the site. The materials excavated will serve as museum exhibit and will facilitate a comparative study of Danish interactions. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION This Thesis is dedicated to Faustina Hanyabui, my Sweet Mum who strived to see me make it to the top; to Mr. Edwin M. Gbekor, my “second” Daddy, for inspiring me to achieve my vision; to Rita Agyekum, for your love as a sister; to Gervin M. Gokah, Ethelbert Gokah and Richard Gokah, my siblings for their enormous support. I also dedicate this thesis to all widows who struggle to educate their children. v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Comforter to the comfortless, Holy Spirit, you did it again; you have been my help in ages past! Thanks for blessing me with wisdom and understanding to do this research. My next appreciation is to my wonderful indefatigable supervisors, Prof. J. Boachie-Ansah and Prof. H.N.A. Wellington for their guidance. Prof. J. Boachie-Ansah your guidance was awesome especially in the analysis of the local potsherds. You spent quality time with me to be sure I was doing it right. Prof. H.N.A. Wellington you always encouraged me never to give up and you believed I could make it. I appreciate Faustina Hanyabui, Gervin Gokah, Rita Agyekum, Edwin Gbekor and Christopher Quaye who collaborated to pay my fees. I acknowledge Prof Wellington’s facilitation in the release of funds from the Department for the excavation. I am grateful to Mrs. Aba Eyifa- Dziedzienyo and Prof. Benjamin Kankpeyeng former Head of Department who were instrumental in the release of the said funds. My gratitude to my excavation team: Ernest Fiador, Christopher Wetcher, Patricia Ayipey, Gideon Agyare, Mawuli Fianu and Richard Afaleatey. My heartfelt gratitude is to Akorli James Ocloo who was resourceful in directing me to people who were useful in my research. My appreciation also goes to all the people of Keta for their various contributions to my research. Michigan Awoonor provided free accommodation for the team; Togbi James Ocloo V and Mama James Ocloo I, the Chief and Queen Mother of Keta respectively, gave me permission to excavate, and Awadada Agbesi Awusu II made me a VIP during the Hogbetsotso festival. Kofi Awoonor, Tina, David James Ocloo, Bella Mohammed, Rev. D.M. Foli, Yaw Afaleatey, Nordia Afaleatey, Joeffrey James Ocloo, Daniel Don Diego Dzokoto, Agbotadua Kumassah, Mrs Esivi vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Bumegbe, Togbi Dziga Bumegbe, Togbi Kissi Awabla, Hilda and workers at the Municipal Assembly also helped in diverse ways to make my research successful. I acknowledge Dr. Fritz Biveridge, Daniel Kumah, Gideon Agyare, Bright Amedeke, Freda Nyame, Lotus Asare, Seidu, Victoria Twum Gyamera, Edward Nyarko, Ernest Fiador, Sam Gyam, all of the Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies; Bosman Murey, retired technician, and Mr. Anipa of the Soil Science Department for their help in analyzing the excavated materials. My thanks also go to Mr. Ansah of Ecolab and Dr. Daniel Nukpeza for providing a GPS for my research, and to Selasi Adanu, Oliver Asamoah and Mr. Sam Osei for providing useful maps. Nicholas Mante and Edith Blebloo repaired my laptop when it broke down. God bless Aunt Aba, Dr. Wazi, Prof Anquandah, Prof. Gavua, Prof. Kankpenye, Aunt Christy, Aunt Vera, service personnel 2016/2017, Prospera, Mr. Amoah, Mr. Annor, Mr. Amponsah all of DAHS for the encouragement and diverse help. My gratitude also goes to Dr. Von Vordzogbe, Dr. Akalig-Pare, Prof Nana, Prof Kofi Anyidoho, Dr. Adika who contributed in diverse ways for the success of this thesis. Dr. Fritz Biveridge, Alby Arthur, Ernest Sewodor, Edinam Kploanyi, Nancy Frimpong, Danny Kumah, Joseph Quarshie, Margreta Osei, Christopher Wetcher, Christiana Wulty, Victoria Aryee, Aba Eyifa- Dzidzienyo and Rita Twum-Barimah also helped in proof reading the thesis. Finally my gratitude is to my family, friends and prayer partners who helped me in different ways especially; Aunt Ama, Uncle Fidelis, Mr. & Mrs. Vincent Gbekor, Isaac, Makafui, Debbie, Tina, Stella, Esinam, Dr. Sam Asante, Edinam, Danny, Sam & Rita Agyekum, Fred Amey, Ben Ahunu, Mr. & Mrs. Avor, Vivian, Diana, Korkor, Mr & Mrs Amon Armah and Ps. Kpogo. vii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF MAPS .......................................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 OUTLINE OF THESIS ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
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