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Textos Herméticos TEXTOS HERMÉTICOS INTRODUCCIÓN, TRADUCCIÓN Y NOTAS DE XAVIER RENAU NEBOT f e EDITORIAL GREDOS BIBLIOTECA CLÁSICA GREDOS, 268 A se se n |ΐιι i a la sección griega: C arlos G arcía G u m .. Ντμ.ιιιι Ius normas ile la IV C. G., la traducción de este volumen ha sido u-visiiilii j»>i Ml ui i i>i s I,όι·ι:/. Sai.va. <n i;i)H()i<iAi.(iRi:iK)S, s. a . Sánchez 1’acheco, 85, Madrid, 1999. Depósito Legal: M. 40654-1999. ISBN 84-249-2246-8. Impreso en España. Printed in Spain. Gráficas Cóndor, S. A. Esteban Terradas, 12. Polígono Industrial. Leganés (Madrid), 1999. INTRODUCCIÓN 1. HERMES, EL DIOS TRES VECES MUY GRANDE Hermes Trimegisto es la denominación griega del dios egipcio Tot1. La identificación es temprana: ya Heródoto (II, 138), dice ‘Templo de Hermes’ para referirse a un tem­ plo de Tot. Hacia finales del s. m a.C. ya es un hecho co­ mún; en el decreto de la piedra de Rosetta2 Tot es el ‘Her­ mes grande grande’ que ayuda a Horus a reconquistar el delta. Cicerón, en fin, a mediados del s. i a. C., designa co­ mo quinto Hermes a «aquél que es adorado en Feneo (Arca­ dia), del que se dice que mató a Argos y por ello huyó a Egipto, donde enseñó a los egipcios las leyes y la escritura: los egipcios lo denominan Theúth y llaman de la misma manera al primer mes del año3». 1 Cf. W. K.ROI.L, «Hermes Trismegistos», en A. Pauly, G. Wissowa, Real-Encyclopädie..., VIII, 792-793. En egipcio: Dhwtj; la transcripción griega varía: Theúth, Thóüth, Thóth, incluso Tat (cf. P l a t ó n , Filebo 18b, Fedro 274c; y C i c i -r ó n , Nal. Deo. III 56). 2 Tolomeo V Epífanes (196 a. C.). 3 Sobre la naturaleza de los dioses III 56 (R a c k h a m ). 8 TL’XTOS HERM ÉTICOS El Tot egipcio Tot era el dios local de Hermópolis del Delta (Bajo Egipto, XV Nomo), donde se le honraba bajo una de sus formas, la de ibis4, que sirvió para escribir su nombre: D hw tj5. De allí pasó a Hermópolis Magna, en el XV Nomo del Alto Egipto, la actual Al-Ashmunein6, donde su culto se desarrolló y persistió hasta época romana; aquí adoptó el ca­ rácter de dios primordial del que surge la Ogdóada7 sobre la colina primigenia de Hermópolis. Y desde Hermópolis pasó a integrarse en sistemas teológicos diversos: se le identifica con la luna, y como tal, es el señor del tiempo8, calculador del tiempo de vida, señor del destino y, por extensión, cora­ zón de Ra, es decir, su pensamiento9. En la cosmogonía de Menfis se convierte en una hípóstasis de Ptah, en concreto, su lengua, la palabra creadora10. En el mito de Osiris de­ sempeña un papel fundamental en el tribunal supremo de Ra, la Enéada, encargado de arbitrar en el conflicto que 4 «Ven a mi, Thoth, Ibis augusto, dios deseado de Hermópolis, escri­ ba de las actas de la Enéada» (A. Ba r u c q , F. D aum as, Hymnes..., pág. 362). Las otras dos formas son las de hombre con cabeza de ibis o la de papión (cf. M o r e n z , Reí. égyp., pág. 42). 5 Que significa ‘el mensajero’ (cf. M oriín/., Reí. égyp., pág. 46). 6 ‘Ocho’ en antiguo egipcio es sm um ; de ahí el nombre moderno, que conserva la estrecha relación de Hermes-Tot con la ogdóada primordial. 7 En la teología hermopolitana, el grupo de ocho dioses creadores que simbolizan los elementos cósmicos durante el caos inicial; las cuatro pa­ rejas de la noche, la tiniebla, el misterio y la eternidad. 8 Sobre Tot-Luna, cf. Bo y i.a n , Thoth, págs. 62 ss.; y B a r u c q , op. cit., Himnos 96, 103 y 104. 9 Cf. S a u n e r o n , Esna V, pág. 226; M o r en ·/, Reí. égyp., pág. 104. 10 Ptah es el demiurgo, el creador del universo (cf. B a r u c q , Himno 9) y Tot es la palabra divina (ibid., Himno 99). INTRODUCCIÓN 9 opone a Horus y a Set-Tifón por la sucesión de Osiris, es el gran escriba de la Enéada, al tiempo que el encargado de hacer cumplir sus designios: se convierte así en el señor de la Maat, la personificación del orden universal y del equili­ brio cósmico que debe hacer triunfar11. Lengua de Ptah, palabra divina, escriba de la Enéada, Tot fue considerado sobre todo como el poderoso patrón de los escribas, señor y creador de la escritura y, por extensión, creador de todas las ciencias y las artes que dependen de la escritura y que están asociadas a los templos: la magia, la medicina, la astrologia y la alquimia12. El Hermes griego El Hermes griego coincide con Tot en algunos de los rasgos esenciales: es el heraldo de los dioses y, en conse­ cuencia, el intérprete de la palabra13; es el Hermes-logos que aparece, sobre todo, en el estoicismo: para Crisipo14 los distintos dioses no son sino distintas denominaciones de un solo y único Dios, que se denomina Mercurio «porque son potestad suya la razón (logos), la medida, el orden y la cien­ cia». A ello hay que añadir las especulaciones estoicas sobre el logos creador: la razón divina demiúrgica que se extiende 11 Tot es el escriba de la Enéada, p. ej., en los Himnos 9, 11 y 97 (Estela del Louvre, c 286; B a r u c q ). Maat encarna el orden cósmico y, en consecuencia, el orden moral: la justicia, la verdad y el derecho (cf. D a u m a s , Dieux, pág. 65). 12 Cf. D a u m a s , Dieux, pág. 62; B o y i .a n , Thoth, págs. 92-106 y 124- 135 (Thoth in magic). 13 En el Cratilo (407e) P l a t ó n se entretiene en derivar ‘Hermes’ de hermeneús (intérprete). 14 H. v o n A r n i m , Stoicorum veterum fragmenta (SVF) II 306, 7 y III 235, 1 (Diógenes de Babilonia). 10 TEXTOS HERMÉTICOS por toda la naturaleza y de la que la razón humana no es si­ no una parcela efímera, el lógos demiurgo de la materia sin cualidad, lo activo de la naturalezal5. El estoicismo preparó el camino para que en la época helenística se asumiera fá­ cilmente la doctrina de un Hermes-Tot palabra de Dios, o Dios mismo, al tiempo que intérprete de la revelación. Es Hermes Trimegisto. Trimegisto El epíteto Trismégistos proviene seguramente del título egipcio de Tot: aä aä, grande grande, es decir, grandísimo, que, desde el tiempo de Tolomeo IV Filópator (221-205 a. C.) se traducía al griego con el superlativo repetido tres veces: mégistos kai mégistos kai mégistos; sólo falta abreviar la fórmula mediante el prefijo tris (tres veces) para dar Tris­ mégistos, el tres veces muy grande, o, como en los papiros mágicos: Trismégas Hermès16. Pero no sólo se trata de una cuestión gramatical: en la teología egipcia abundan las es­ peculaciones sobre el dios triple que es uno, por ejemplo, en uno de los himnos a Amón del papiro de Leiden, se dice: «tres son todos los dioses, Amón, Ra y Ptah. Ninguno existe que les sea comparable. Aquel que, en tanto que Amón oculta su nombre, que es Ra por su cara, su cuerpo es 15 SVF I 42, 31 (Zenón); ‘Estoicos’ en P l u t a r c o , Isis 45, 369a, y D iógiínks L a i ; r c i o , VII 134. También S énhoa, Epístolas 65, 11. 16 Cf. I.i i nvR i:, Grammaire, pág. 94: «una forma de marcar la idea de superlativo absoluto en egipcio clásico consiste en la reduplicación del adjetivo..., comparar en la Baja Época el título de Tot: aä aâ, mégas kai mégas». Para los papiros mágicos, cf. P r i-is i í n b a n /., Papyri graecae ma­ gicae (PGM) VII 551. En castellano, Trimegisto y no Trismegisto o Trismégisto. INTRODUCCIÓN 11 Ptah» 17. Además, la trinidad Amón-Ra-Ptah puede ser con­ cebida bajo la forma de un cuarto dios, precisamente Tot- Hermes: en el templo tolemaico de Opet en Kamak, se ala­ ba a Tot, «el dos veces grande, el señor de Hermópolis», por ser «el corazón de Ra, la lengua de Ptah y la garganta de aquél cuyo nombre está oculto (Amón)»1S. En resumen, no es descartable que el mismo epíteto del Trimegisto sea tes­ timonio de la dialéctica entre la unicidad de Dios y sus ma­ nifestaciones múltiples, tan típica de la religión egipcia y que heredará el hermetismo,9. Los escritos de Hermes Trimegisto En tomo al s. h a. C. comenzaron a traducirse al griego algunos de los tratados egipcios de alquimia, magia y as­ trologia que, lógicamente, ¡fueron puestos bajo la advoca­ ción de Hermes-Tot, el patrón de las ciencias ocultas; el éxito fue extraordinario, puesto que venían a satisfacer la necesidad de certidumbres que una filosofía envejecida y desengañada era incapaz de proporcionar20. Algún tiempo 17 B arucq, Himno 72. El papiro data de la XIX dinastía, hacia 1200 a. C. 18 M o r i-n z , Reí. égyp., pág. 193 y, en general, págs. 191-196, donde estudia diversas manifestaciones del triteismo en Egipto. 19 Para la cuestión en la teología egipcia, cf. B a r u c q , págs. 199, 277, 318 y, en particular, el Gran Himno a Amón de El Cairo (ibid., pág.
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