Security Failure: PREVENTING Another 9/11 — — — — — — — — — — — United Voice the Security Union
PAGE NO: I Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice United Voice
Authorised by Jess Walsh, Victorian Secretary, United Voice
117-131 Capel Street, North Melbourne ,VIC 3051 Email: [email protected] www.unitedvoice.org.au
© United Voice 2011 CONTENTS
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — INTRODUCTION 4 3. UNDERVALUED WORK 24 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1. THE AGE OF SECURITY 6 Wages low, getting lower 26 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Living on the poverty line 28 New York finally honours Case study: David Logie, September 11 security officers 8 concierge guard, CBD office building 29 Post September 11: Impact on families 30 the security revolution 9 An uncomfortable retirement 30 Coming to grips with technology 11 Labour crisis 31 Greater security, tighter regulation 12 Public safety at risk 32 More than just a night watchman 12 Case study: Defence security 33 Case study: — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Christine Aicken, airport screener 13 4. VALUING SECURITY 34 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2. THE AGE OF THE SECURITY Improved wages, safer communities 36 PROFESSIONAL 14 Clients value professional standards 37 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — A price worth paying 38 Dramatic growth driving change 15 Everyone wins 39 New skills, more responsibilities 17 AMP learns a hard lesson 39 The most dangerous job 18 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Increased training, CONCLUSION 40 increased professionalism 19 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Growing skills means growing professionalism 21 DETAILS OF RESEARCH 42 Case study: — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — David Wall, fuel terminal guard 23 ENDNOTES 42 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
PAGE NO: 1 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PAGE NO: 2 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice > The world has seen a security revolution since the terrorist attacks of September 11, with private security officers increasingly at the front line of the fight against terrorism and crime.
›› Outsourcing of security means private themselves forced out of their jobs guards are now protecting airports because they can no longer afford and train stations, shopping centres the basic expenses of life. Turnover at and city streets, oil refineries and individual workplaces is running at an Defence bases, courts and offices. average of 42% each year.
›› This revolution now means the public ›› At the same time, fewer and fewer — whether or not we are aware of it — quality applicants see private security depend on private security officers for as an appealing career. our protection and safety each and every day. ›› This labour crisis is undermining public protection and safety and leaving ›› Legislators have responded by gaps in security for terrorists and dramatically tightening laws criminals to exploit, a situation certain governing private security, while the to grow worse if it is not resolved. industry itself has pursued a sharp rise in professional standards. ›› The solution to this crisis is to fairly value our security professionals, and ›› Private security officers themselves the best way to fairly value them is to have been transformed into highly- finally improve pay and conditions. trained, highly-skilled, experienced and reliable professionals with a range ›› Higher wages will not price private of new and important responsibilities. security contractors out of the market. On the contrary, experience ›› The life of a security officer has become shows that clients value professional a dangerous one: injuries and fatalities standards and believe they are worth from violence are about equal with the price. police, however security officers tend to be injured more severely. ›› Several major security contractors have signed union agreements ›› Despite the greatly increased ensuring better pay and conditions demands placed on security officers, with their officers, and have found pay has failed to keep up over the companies keen to enlist or retain past decade and security professionals their services. are all too often finding themselves on or close to the poverty line. ›› The public will greatly benefit when private security professionals are fairly ›› Poor pay is now fuelling a labour valued, with their protection ensured crisis in the security industry, as more by trained, skilled, experienced and and more experienced officers find motivated officers.
PAGE NO: 3 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice INTRODUCTION
Low pay levels are not going to attract good security guards as they can’t keep up with the living costs and plan for the future. We will have guards without experience or motivation, and this is going to make our community less safe. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — security officer at a major building
PAGE NO: 4 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice The world has changed in the decade since the horrors of September 11, and in ways that affect us all.
Security has been strengthened almost immeasurably, It also looks at the stringent licencing requirements and not just in airports. From train stations to these professionals are now subject to, as well as offices, from Defence bases to oil refineries, from the importance of experience in keeping us safe — shopping centres to city streets — wherever we are and the potentially grave dangers faced by private and whatever we are doing, a profound increase in security professionals in their evolving role security has touched all our lives. in protecting our community.
And yet this unprecedented security build-up has Part Three exposes the grim realities at the heart of not been accompanied by a corresponding boom our private security industry, so crucial in our safety in the numbers of police. Instead, our protection and protection and yet so undervalued by the very is increasingly in the hands of an army of private community it works so hard to protect. Public respect security officers. for security officers is scant, wages are falling in real terms and many officers are living dangerously close Those officers and the industry they work in have to the poverty line. had to evolve rapidly and fundamentally in order to cope with the hugely-increased demands placed It also details how this dire situation is stoking a upon them. The industry has seen the rise of the labour crisis in the private security industry, dedicated and highly-trained security professional a labour crisis that is undermining public safety. and the steady demise of the amateur, the untrained and the incompetent guard of the public imagination. Part Four explains that wages for security professionals need to rise in line with the rise But while the industry and its employees have in standards in this industry. become increasingly professional, pay and conditions have not — leading to a labour crisis in public security It argues that such wage rises could solve the that may yet take a heavy, and potentially tragic, toll growing labour crisis, and offer skilled, trained on a society and economy ever more vulnerable to and experienced guards the respect they are due — crime and terrorism. as well as ensure that the public continues to enjoy the safety and protection it deserves. Part One of this report presents an overview of the changes in public and private security of the past Fair wages and conditions would also make the 10 years. The events of September 11 and subsequent industry more appealing to promising candidates, terrorist attacks, including 2002’s Bali bombings ensuring our community continues to remain safe and those on the London transport network in well into the future. 2005 prompted an unprecedented focus on It also finds that many companies and agencies that counter-terrorism and an escalation of other use private security officers understand that higher security measures designed to protect the public. wages result in better service. These clients prefer The first part of this report also tells of how this contractors that have a stable, experienced and tightening has put enormous demands on private professional workforce and are prepared to pay more security, as rapid changes in technology, training for this premium service. and licencing drives a revolution in the industry. This report concludes that private security officers Part Two looks at how this revolution has reshaped have won the right to be recognised for their private security guards themselves, transforming increased levels of professionalism and for the crucial them from night watchmen with little training and role they play in keeping our community and its relatively few skills or responsibilities to the highly- citizens safe, and that such recognition is essential if trained, highly-skilled and highly-responsible our protection is to remain assured. professionals we see today.
PAGE NO: 5 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 1/ THE AGE OF SECURITY
It is very important work. If anything was to happen on our site — we’re the first ones a terrorist is going to see. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer in the defence industry
PAGE NO: 6 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice When the planes hit our building ... security was ready. Ninety-nine percent of the people in the tower below where the planes hit got out. — — — — — — — — — — — Debra Boston, security officer at the World Trade Centre, New York City.1
The world changed on the morning of September 11, 2001. Key points: A terrorist strike few will forget saw two hijacked — — — — — — — — — commercial airliners slamming into one of the world’s most iconic buildings, killing thousands and World has transforming our notions of security forever. seen a security revolution since But, on that shocking morning in New York, September 11 the far-reaching ramifications of the destruction — — — — — — — — — of the Twin Towers could wait. At that moment, many thousands of lives needed to be saved. Private security officers asked Inside the buildings, confusion and panic reigned. Workers did not know where to turn or who to turn to; to play vital they did not know what to do. Some were overcome role in combating with smoke, many were already dead, others were terrorism preparing to jump to their deaths. — — — — — — — — —
Firefighters, paramedics and policemen were on their Security way, but long minutes would tick by before they could officers have wind their way through Manhattan’s busy streets to had to come to reach the chaotic scene. grips with huge In a little-known and hitherto overlooked moment in technological history, it was private security guards — already on advances the spot — who were the first to react to the dangers — — — — — — — — — presented by the infernos engulfing the building.2 Security guards These security guards came not just from the Twin subject to greatly Towers themselves, but from many of the buildings strengthened surrounding the stricken skyscrapers in the centre legislation of New York’s crowded financial district.
PAGE NO: 7 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Without thought for their own safety, security officers embarked on the dangerous task of attempting to rescue the thousands of people trapped in the buildings as New York’s emergency services were still racing to the scene.
By the end of the day, 42 security officers had perished at the World Trade Centre site.3
No one will ever know precisely how many lives were saved by those brave security guards and their willingness to risk their lives. But with both of the towers lying in smouldering rubble within just 102 minutes of being struck, there can be no doubt that each and every second was crucial.
Just as New York’s courageous security guards played a role that day that was vitally important yet easily overlooked, so do security guards today play a part in combating terrorism that is crucial to the protection of all and yet frequently underestimated. New York finally honours September 11 security officers
When two planes slammed into the Twin Towers on September 11, security officers were the first on the scene, helping to save countless lives in the precious minutes before the skyscrapers collapsed.
Although 42 of them eventually died in the line of duty, their brave stories were almost lost in the ensuing chaos and mayhem
But in 2005, New York’s city council finally paid tribute to the courage of its security officers, Society has gone beyond passing a proclamation to honour them. the knee-jerk reaction, “Private security officers displayed great courage and professionalism as they risked their lives to beyond the token security maintain order, evacuate thousands and help save 4 and it is now looking at it in lives,” said Council Member Peter Vallone Jr. “New Yorkers should take a moment to greater depth and critically acknowledge their bravery and show appreciation analysing public safety. for the job that private security officers play each day to keep New York safe and secure.” — — — — — — — — — — — Chief executive of a major security firm
PAGE NO: 8 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice POST SEPTEMBER 11: Indeed, it has been argued that in the decade THE SECURITY REVOLUTION since September 11, the transformation of our understanding and perception of security has When the sun set on what would become brought about the biggest changes in the way we Ground Zero, thousands were dead and the guard our society since the Second World War.8 world was suddenly a very different place. These are the changes that allow us to continue to It would soon be obvious that September 11 had live our lives without the need to be constantly ushered in a new age of security for the guards disturbed by the menace of terrorism that, charged with keeping us safe from terrorists if anything, has grown since September 11. determined to extinguish innocent lives and paralyse the very infrastructure on which our These are the fundamental improvements in economies are built. security that, despite our vivid memories of September 11 and the attacks on public transport A handful of those terrorists had initiated the in London in 2007, allow us to continue to fly and September 11 attacks simply by boarding to continue to commute without the crippling fear commercial flights from several airports on the of an imminent attack. east coast of the United States. Without these transformations in the way we They had been able to carry aboard the simple protect our society, few of us would dare to catch weapons — in some cases common pocket knives a commercial flight or set foot on public transport — that were instrumental in hijacking the flights and — our communities and our economies could simply crashing them in New York and in Washington, DC.5 grind to a halt.
Across the world, including in Australia, airport While those changes have had a dramatic and highly security was dramatically and comprehensively visible impact on government security forces like the tightened in response. In fact, the attacks of police, intelligence agencies and the military, private September 11 prompted a whole new phase in security, too, has seen enormous and fundamental aviation security — tougher, stricter and more change. sophisticated than had ever been seen before. With around 90% of Australia’s critical infrastructure But it was not just aviation security that was put privately owned9 — and therefore privately guarded — under the microscope, found wanting, and and with a great many government sites also guarded fundamentally strengthened. Facilities like train by private security firms, it’s hardly surprising that stations, shopping centres, corporate offices and private security officers have seen the biggest government installations were all realised to be changes over the past decade. potential targets of terrorists, and their security consequently improved.6 Those guards are no longer expected simply to protect private property from, say, vandals The changes were not just dramatic and far-reaching, or thieves. Since September 11, they have played, they were permanent. Anyone who suspected according to Victoria’s Department of Justice, that new security measures would eventually be “a vital counter-terrorism role in protecting airports loosened as the memories of September 11 faded and other critical infrastructure”.10 was proven wrong.
Instead, as the chief executive of one major security firm noted: “Society has gone beyond the knee-jerk reaction, beyond the token security and it is now looking at it in greater depth and critically analysing public safety.”7
PAGE NO: 9 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Such changes can be seen both inside and outside When I started ... Australia. In the US, where similar proportions of critical infrastructure are protected privately, the most security was Bureau of Justice points out that security guards “are now expected be active participants in the national a little dog box effort to protect the country’s infrastructure”.11 and you may book Those words are just as true in Australia, where in a car or a truck private security officers patrol potential terrorist targets as diverse as airports, train stations, going in and out of high-rise towers and major military bases. the building. For security guards, their transformation since 2001 is radical and complete. The biggest
No longer are these workers to be dismissed as little technology we had more than untrained men and women shooing away was a radio. cats from a desolate carpark in the suburbs. Instead, they are playing a crucial role in protecting the It has ... evolved. nation’s infrastructure, economy and society from — — — — — — — — — — — the unthinkable, catastrophic and ever-present threat of terrorism. Security officer at an industrial site “It is very important work,” said a security officer in the defence industry. “If anything was to happen on our site — we’re the first ones a terrorist is going to see.”
Post 9/11, train stations and corporate offices were realised to be terrorist targets, and security was strengthened
PAGE NO: 10 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice COMING TO GRIPS WITH TECHNOLOGY
One of the most obvious transformations in security has been in the rapid take-up of sophisticated technology, all of which security guards must become adept at handling.
The most visible technological development has, of course, been the proliferation of CCTV, but there is also access card technology, greater use of computer applications, building automation systems, highly sophisticated alarm systems and even biometric identification, including fingerprint- and iris-recognition technology — just to name a few.
All need to be understood in depth by security guards, not only to get the most out of these complex technologies but to limit the number of false alarms their misuse can cause.
Said one security guard: “When I started most security was a little dog box and you may book in a car or a truck going in and out of the building. The biggest technology we had was a radio. It has evolved.”
And technology being technology, it’s not static. Security guards must work hard to stay abreast of every new invention and development as they appear in their ever more complex workplace.
A well publicised example is full-body scanners. Already introduced in the US, they will soon be a familiar sight at airports across Australia — and it is security guards who will be the ones who will need to master this technology and keep our airports and skies safe for the travelling public.
The future will see new technological developments that cannot even be predicted today and, then as now, security officers will quietly tackle the job of making them work to maximum effect with minimum disruption.
PAGE NO: 11 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice GREATER SECURITY, MORE THAN JUST A NIGHT WATCHMAN TIGHTER REGULATION The huge shifts in security since September 11 has Significant changes in the security industry are not sparked a change in the role of private security that limited to learning how to deploy new technologies has seen guards playing a greater and greater role most effectively. in crime prevention — with an increasing interface between guards and the police. As a response to the greater role that security guards play in protecting us in our day-to-day lives, Indeed, a Victorian Department of Justice report governments have rightly looked to comprehensively noted that private security “plays an increasingly tighten training and regulation requirements, significant role in crime prevention”.14 introducing a whole new level of professionalism to All of these changes have added up to a revolution the industry. in private security, which has had an impact on all Another spur to greater legislative tightening was of us — albeit one so subtle it has gone almost the widely-publicised death of cricketer David Hookes. unnoticed by most. But this revolution has certainly Hookes died in 2004 after a reported altercation been felt by security officers themselves. with a bouncer outside a Melbourne pub — Today, our security officers are licensed and a subsequent overhaul of private security highly-trained. They are adept at operating the regulations saw 500 guards lose their licences.12 latest in security technology and are regularly Over the past decade, the training and licensing working with police and other government forces. system in Victoria has continued to progress and They require problem-solving skills, interpersonal private security officers are required to meet a raft skills and mental alertness. of tough new standards. Some, like those who patrol And in a society overloaded with a vast array maritime security zones, are actually required to of potentially devastating terrorist targets, their undergo ASIO checks 13 while others, like guards experience and professionalism can be all that stands patrolling military bases and facilities, must sign the between ourselves and a very frightening future. Official Secrets Act.
[I suffered] two assaults whilst working in crowd control, and one when I had a shot gun pointed at my head during an armed robbery. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer working in crowd control
PAGE NO: 12 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice CASE STUDY
Christine Aicken Airport Screener
I have worked in the security industry for A group of people who work together as a team about 17 years, including 12 years at Melbourne always maintains a high standard. Airport. In this time our job has changed dramatically. After September 11 the qualifications and training There is an incredibly high turnover of staff at the increased significantly. airport. We want to be recognised for the work we do. We need more respect and acknowledgement When I first started it was much easier. with the constant scrutiny we are placed under on Now there’s a lot more responsibility. The whole a daily basis. security industry has been focused on improving skills in an ever-changing environment. This involves Our job is very important because we keep the a lot more diligence as aviation screeners. flying public safe from any possible threat. Community confidence in the security at the airport Ongoing training and testing is paramount to is also paramount. We prevent dangerous weapons the success of the operational requirements at from entering the airspace. I’ve confiscated weapons the Airport. This is an extremely fast-paced place of all types, including box cutters like those used in with a lot of people. We are continually tested September 11. by a number of authorities like Melbourne Airport, the Department of Transport’s Office of Transport The cost of living has skyrocketed and, given the Security and my managers. job we do, including shift work, constant training and pressure, we need more pay. If I had better If we fail any of these tests, we are stood down pay I would invest it or put it into superannuation. immediately and retrained. We have simulated image I’m 57 and I’m not looking at retiring yet because threats (knives, guns etc.) on the x-ray screen and our I can’t afford to. My husband and I are going to have individual performance is also reported on each month. to work a lot longer than we wanted to be able to live above the pension in retirement. We need good communication skills, as you deal with a lot of people from all walks of life and many We need better pay and more respect for our work. nationalities. Language barriers are a constant issue as well. Experience with this is very important.
PAGE NO: 13 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 2/ THE AGE OF THE SECURITY PROFESSIONAL
I have provided first aid to people with severed fingers. Colleagues have assisted on site after fatal and non-fatal heart attacks. Untrained and inexperienced guards won’t know what to do in these situations. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — security officer at a major car manufacturing plant
PAGE NO: 14 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Most things have changed and increased over the years due to the clients, companies and contractors increasing our workload. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a public facility.
Where once people working in private security were night watchmen, today they are security officers: Key points: stringently-licensed and highly-trained professionals — — — — — — — — — protecting a wide variety of key buildings, critical Increased infrastructure and many, many lives. outsourcing “The work’s changed over the years from the has vastly standard of what used to be the old night watchmen,” increased role said one experienced and senior security officer. of security Said another: ”We used to have a simple job officers description: observe and report, conflict resolution — — — — — — — — — and quick thinking. But these days we are using Increasing more technology and the expectations of clients emphasis on have increased a lot as they want us to master the new technology.” training, skills and This chapter argues that the role of private security responsibility has grown dramatically in the past decade, and that of security the skills, training and responsibilities needed by security officers have grown accordingly. officers — — — — — — — — — Security DRAMATIC GROWTH DRIVING CHANGE jobs are more dangerous than One hallmark of this changing industry has been just about any a dramatic rise in outsourcing15 — as governments steadily move away from providing their own security other to instead employing private contractors to guard — — — — — — — — — their sites and the facilities — many of which are used Night watchmen by the public every day. have been The trend has helped to drive enormous growth in transformed the private security industry: in the 10 years to 2006 into security security employment increased by 41.2% — compared professionals to an increase in 14.5% for police and 11.8% of general population growth.16
PAGE NO: 15 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice In Melbourne there are now more people working helping to lift professional standards in the security as security officers than there are police — a ratio industry. of 1.52 security officers to every police officer17 — so most of us are more likely to deal with security Rick Sarre, Professor of Law and Criminal Justice officers than police on a day-to-day basis.18 at the University of South Australia and an expert on the private security industry, has noticed the International research has found that this growth huge impact outsourcing has had on the industry: has been an important factor in the reduction of “What’s happened in the last 10 to 15 years is that crime rates.19 Therefore security officers play a governments have been far more attuned to the very important role in keeping our community safe, possibilities of outsourcing a lot of their security protecting property and complimenting the role arrangements with private sector organisations.” of police. “Since September 11 they’re not going to take on One telling example of cooperation between police a whole bunch of people sight unseen. So it has and private security was captured in a study of probably had the effect of saying: ‘if you want to security at the MCG, where security officers acted do government work you’re going to have to be of as first response, and police were directed to back a better calibre’.”21 up decisions made by security officers. In fact, security personnel were encouraged by Victoria This new and challenging role has demanded a drastic Police to report any officer that did not do so.20 improvement in skills. Security officers must come to grips with complex and ever-evolving technologies, The greater visibility of private guards in public they must deal with customers and the public, and facilities has prompted governments and the industry they must work with police and other federal and to push for more stringent training and licensing, state agencies and departments.
Graph 1: Since you started working in security how has your job changed?
DIVERSITY OF SKILLS REQUIRED 69% 28% 4%
DEPTH OF SKILLS REQUIRED 67% 31% 3%
LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY 85% 15%
MULTI - TASKING 83% 17%
WORKLOAD 74% 24%
LEVEL OF INTERPERSONAL SKILLS REQUIRED 72% 28%
USE OF CCTV 59% 26% 3% 12%
USE OF COMPUTERS 63% 27% 3% 8%
USE OF TECHNOLOGY GENERALLY 67% 24% 3% 7%
EXPECTATIONS OF CLIENTS 84% 16%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
INCREASED STAYED ABOUT THE SAME DECREASED NOT APPLICABLE
PAGE NO: 16 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice The Victorian government now has a policy in place An overwhelming number also found the sheer that requires its departments to engage one of workload had increased since they began working five approved security contractors. The criteria for in the industry. selection included “fair employment standards and minimum award rates”22, both essential to ensuring “Most things have changed and increased over the contractors can offer professional standards and a years due to the clients, companies and contractors stable, experienced and properly-trained workforce. increasing our work load,” said a security officer at a public facility. But not all companies have risen to this challenge, instead choosing the low road of cost-cutting by But, above all, private security officers now have far not providing sufficient training for security guards,23 greater responsibilities than ever before. Nearly 85.2% and often under-paying those guards.24 of security guards said their levels of responsibility had risen since they began working in security. And the consequences of hiring security contractors that opt for cut-price services over professional “I used to have nine CCTV screens I had to monitor standards can be disastrous. Last year, staff at a two years ago and today I have around 16,” a security major NSW hospital were reported to have been officer at an office building said. “I have had to take put at risk when trainee guards were tasked with extra responsibility like being the Chief Fire Warden protecting them from notoriously dangerous and need to update on the new fire panel and also psychiatric patients.25 fire evacuation systems.” Of course, the officer needed additional formal training for these new responsibilities. NEW SKILLS, MORE RESPONSIBILITIES This increase in responsibility has been noticed In a recent survey, more than two thirds (66.7%) of well beyond the private security industry. security officers said the depth of skills required since In 2006, the Australian Industrial Relations their careers began had increased, and even more Commission recognised the increase in requisite said the diversity of skills needed had also gone up. 26 training, skills and responsibilities by improving the award rates in relation to other industries. “It is a lot more skill-orientated than it was a long time ago,” explained a security officer. “You are relying on It said one of the key causes of that change was your ability to use technology, like controlling cameras the rise in government outsourcing: “Privatisation and understanding alarm systems.” of public functions and, in particular, public policing duties, has seen many of the police and security “Clients are expecting more out of you than what we functions devolve to private security firm and their used to do,” he added. employees … Security employees have greater responsibilities as a result.”27 An overwhelming majority (83.2%) said the need for multi-tasking had grown. Indeed, as one security In short, the private security industry — and those officer said: “Once upon a time you were in charge guards who work in it — has seen a revolution over of your areas — now that they have put in cameras the past decade. A revolution that has seen the everywhere, they want you to be in charge of all areas.” demise of the night watchmen, that lone guard with little training and few responsibilities. The officer continued: “You have to man the front gate or the front desk, answer the phones, answer intercom plus do emails, as well as let people in.”
PAGE NO: 17 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Today, security officers are dedicated and highly- trained professionals held to the highest of TIMELINE: 21 YEARS OF SECURITY standards. They can boast comprehensive levels TRAINING & LICENSE CHANGE IN of training — which they work hard to continually VICTORIA refine and improve — and must live up to a stringent and robust licensing regime.
These security professionals now comprise a branch of the essential services that work so hard PRIOR TO 1990 to protect us — they are as important to our safety 1990 REGULATION LACKING Only licence was a and peace of mind as the police, the fire brigade SECURITY GUARD & Watchman’s licence — and ambulance services. CROWD CONTROL LICENCES INTRODUCED no training required. Licence required for security guards but still no training needed. 1996 THE MOST DANGEROUS JOB TRAINING INTRODUCED Nationally Accredited 1998 The working life of a security guard is also a training introduced, TRAINING IMPROVED dangerous one. Australian research indicates that but still not required Training package revised rates of injuries and fatalities from occupational for security guard violence are about equal with police, however security licence. officers tend to be be injured more severely. 28 2000 And a recent academic survey found that more TRAINING BECOMES GOVERNMENT POLICY than half of security personnel (58.1%) had Training required experienced a major assault while at work, by policy for new while 69.6% had experienced a minor assault.29 security guard licence
Even for the rare security officers who are never 2005 assaulted at work, almost all must endure verbal TRAINING 2008 abuse (91.6%), verbal threats (87.7%) and BECOMES LAW NATIONAL REGULATION threatening or intimidating behaviour (87.7%).30 Revised training State and territory package introduced and goverments agreed on Naturally, the constant threat of violence and abuse legislation requires nationally consistent training of security training and regulation. takes its toll on security officers: nearly one in three guards. New probity (30.7%) surveyed reported anxiety, and nearly one standards introduced in five (18.1%) depression.31 While impossible to measure, the impact on their family and friends 2010 must also be substantial. REGULATION FURTHER STRENGTHENED “I suffered two assaults whilst working in crowd Revised training package introduced. Training control, and one when I had a shotgun pointed at organisations required my head during an armed robbery,” said one to meet new conditions. security officer. Probity standards further tightened (applies from “I was ran off the road on my way home by a July 2011). disgruntled patron,” said another, who added that he was then ”seriously assaulted and left for dead in the middle of the road unconscious”.
PAGE NO: 18 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice INCREASED TRAINING, But legislators and the industry did not stop there, INCREASED PROFESSIONALISM and today training and licencing requirements are even more demanding, and ensure only the most Nowhere has the revolution in the private competent candidates can carve out a career in security industry been more obvious than in the private security industry. training and licencing. Today, all security guards and crowd controllers Before 1990, only a watchman’s licence was must be licensed, which means meeting tough needed — training was simply not required by law. probity requirements and studying for a variety Even from 1990, training was required only for of qualifications — depending on what kind of officers working in crowd control — and that security work an applicant intends to do. training lasted as little as three days. Workers who want a licence must provide the As the ‘90s progressed, training became a Licensing Services Division of Victoria Police greater part of the culture for most security guards with two references, must present themselves as a nationally accredited training system was for fingerprinting and must undergo a police introduced, for the first time providing recognised check — and not have a record of any serious qualifications for private security officers. crimes like drug trafficking, assault, theft, robbery, terrorism or firearms offences.33 The duration of these courses were significantly extended and the competencies and depth of These probity requirements have continued to training expanded greatly to teach new skills, like be tightened by Victoria Police over recent years, conflict management, communication skills, first aid, with the most recent changes becoming law just preventative strategies and physical skills training.32 last year. All current licence holders were checked as part of that process. But these qualifications were still not legally required in order to actually obtain a security guard’s licence, In fact, following these tough new probity and many companies hired guards with little concern requirements, Victoria Police revealed it would about their qualifications. cancel the licenses of 105 guards found guilty of serious crimes.34 Victoria Police says it has In fact, it was not until 2005 — with memories of processes in place to ensure it can continue to September 11 still fresh in the minds of the public identify and root out guards convicted of serious and the bombings in London on the horizon — crimes.35 that any need for training for those wanting a security licence was enshrined in the law in Victoria. In most cases, security guards successfully study for qualifications with additional units that allow Even security guards already holding licenses were them to hold more than one kind of licence — required to gain the updated qualifications in order this demands intense study and training. In June to retain their licences, either through training or 2010, 22,219 security officers held dual licences, formal recognition of prior learning. out of a total of 25,390 licensed security officers.36
For the security industry, this was the latest chapter Most employers are actually looking to hire security in the brave new world of professional standards — officers who hold dual licences.37 and security guards who could not reach these high standards would soon find themselves looking for a Many might be surprised by the intensity of the new job. study required. A combined Crowd Control and Unarmed Guard licence — the most common for guards entering the industry today — requires a minimum of 128 hours of face-to-face training.
PAGE NO: 19 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice That training covers — but is not limited to: MINIMUM TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ›› responding to security risk situations OF SECURITY OFFICERS in 2011 ›› protection of personal safety ›› management of conflict through negotiation ›› All security guards and crowd controllers must ›› preparation and presentation of be licensed. This requires: documentation and reports ›› Unarmed guard, control room operator, ›› monitoring and controlling individual monitoring centre operator and crowd and crowd behaviour control all require Certificate II and Armed ›› use of communications systems.38 security guard and Cash in transit require As part of their required training, all security Certificate III in Security Operations — all officers must also gain a first-aid certificate. having successfully completed the relevant units to their particular role. It is common And security officers working on the very front line to have completed training requirements of the fight against terror — aviation screeners at (and hold licenses) for multiple roles. busy airports, for example — must also submit to further on-the-job training and assessments. ›› Minimum face-to-face training hours to obtain a licence are as follows: But even there, training does not stop. Security officers continue training even after ›› Unarmed guard – 80 hours they have gained a licence and found a job. ›› Crowd control – 104 hours They now take on the training required for specific ›› Combined Crowd Control & Unarmed jobs. These can include but, again, are not limited to: Guard— 128 hours ›› Control Room Operator – 100 hours ›› Occupational health and safety ›› Armed Guard – 104 hours ›› Martial arts and defence techniques ›› Cash in Transit – 112 hours ›› Conflict resolution ›› Combined Armed Guard and ›› Dealing with clients Cash in Transit –128 hours ›› Customer service ›› Batons and Handcuffs – 24 hours ›› Computer application ›› First Aid – 16 hours (Certificate II).39 ›› Fire warden and additional first aid skills ›› Management and supervision skills.40 ›› Training prior to license being renewed currently under consideration.
›› Additional probity checks and/or training (eg. airport screeners, defence, maritime).
Management expect us to have high-level customer-service skills and conflict resolution skills. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a retail site
PAGE NO: 20 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Victoria Police are also considering asking guards GROWING SKILLS MEANS renewing their licences to undergo further training GROWING PROFESSIONALISM to keep them.41 As training requirements have grown ever more “The job involves a lot of training and, of course, demanding, the average security officer has that’s not easy,” said an experienced security guard. grown ever more skilled – and the industry is now populated with professional guards, “It’s not just the many hours you need to put in to for whom security is more a career than a mere job. get your licence in the first place, but all the training you need to take throughout your career so that you Gaining new skills through additional training and can stay sharp and stay in the industry.” on-the-job experience has become another avenue of professional development for the security guard “The tougher training requirements have definitely keen to make their way in a tough industry — made for a better industry. It has made the job a lot and it’s an avenue guards cannot afford to ignore. more demanding, too.” The work of security officers requires skills above In addition to formal training security officers must and beyond those taught in the required training, undertake induction training at each new site at skills they have learned through additional training, which they are employed. In fact, WorkSafe Victoria through site inductions and on-the-job experience. requires employers to provide such Occupational Health and Safety inductions.42 “We are dealing with more people compared to earlier,” said one guard, “so management expect One senior fuel refinery officer noted that new guards us to have high-level customer-service skills and at his site undertake at least six weeks of induction conflict resolution skills.” training, even if they are already industry veterans. Security officers interviewed also cited the need “The client and the security contractor don’t send to master interpersonal skills like negotiation and them out early. They wait for our word to say they’re conflict resolution. Also important were written ready to come on board and then the training’s communication skills, computer skills and the finished. So the training is good here,” the officer said. ability to multi-task. The training requirements are demanding. They are Perhaps the greatest demand in new skills has supposed to be. Together with licencing authorities, been related to making the most of new and the private security industry has spent much evolving technologies, like CCTV networks, scanners, of the past decade honing and refining training access-card systems, building automation systems requirements to root out the incompetent, the and software, sophisticated alarms and biometric unreliable and the lazy. identification tools. Thanks to this regime of tough training and More than two-thirds (66.7%) of guards surveyed demanding licensing requirements, the highly-trained said that the use of technology in their jobs had and highly-competent security professional is not an increased since their careers began, with a need to industry exception — he or she is now an industry rule. understand these technologies obviously becoming a correspondingly more important part of their jobs.43
“There is more computer work and more cameras, and we have to respond to more alarms,” a security officer said.
PAGE NO: 21 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Security officers also find themselves acting as the They keep immediate point of contact in an emergency, and have gained formal qualifications in first-aid to ensure increasing they know how to capably handle such an emergency. work load “If we have any incidents, we are the first port of call,” says one security officer. “That goes because for medical emergencies.” shopping “I have provided first aid to people with severed centres fingers,” said another guard. “Colleagues have assisted on site after fatal and non-fatal heart get bigger attacks. Untrained and inexperienced guards won’t know what to do in these situations.” and bigger. — — — — — — — — — — — So, through a combination of constant and rigorous training and on-the-job experience, Security officer in the modern security officer has emerged. a shopping centre That man or woman is more than just a guard: he or she is a career professional dedicated to the protection of our community and possessing an impressive range of training, skills and experience with which to carry out their essential duties.
Perhaps the greatest demand in new skills has been related to making the most of new and evolving technologies, like CCTV networks.
PAGE NO: 22 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice CASE STUDY
David Wall Fuel Terminal Guard
I started working in the security industry in There is a greater expectation for guards to 1984. For the last three years I have worked have customer service and interpersonal skills at a fuel terminal. to carry out a lot more work with the client. I have a close working relationship with the client Good security is extremely important at a fuel and provide advice and feedback on potential terminal because it is a flammable site and a security improvements and upgrades, potential terrorist target. Guards where I work on everything from CCTV to access control. are experienced. Inexperienced guards could put lives at risk because there can be incidents, The job has changed — but if I look back to 1984, such as fuel spills, and they don’t pick them up. the wages weren’t really that far different. It’s not a job where you get a lot of respect. I started in security as a patrolman going to I think that’s why a lot of people leave the industry. various sites many times a night. Back then there If there was good money we might be able to get, was no first aid training. Now we are in charge of and keep, more good people in this industry. first aid at our site, and I have had to give first aid on several occasions. I don’t know how anyone on a single wage can actually live. We have three teenage children When I first started, workplace health and safety at home and my wife works too. I’ve worked wasn’t even heard of, now we have a lot of OH&S overtime just to get by on quite a few occasions. responsibilities. We now get extensive training in It’s upsetting that you have to do it. It’s not good fighting fires. In the old times, if there was a fire, for a relationship when you don’t see people and rather than try and extinguish it, guards would run it takes away from relaxation and personal time. away. Now, we are the first response if there is a fire. We just sold a car to pay rent, electricity bills and We use sophisticated computer software to school fees and now I’m driving a 1980s model monitor the site; that is probably the number Corolla that is supposed to go to our son. We want one change in terms of skills required. to buy a property but we can’t talk ourselves in to it You’ve also got to have a better overall knowledge because of how difficult it’s going to be to pay it off. of your site now because you are responsible for a lot more than you used to be. If we had better pay we would probably buy a few of the things that make Australia great — like a house and car and the things that are going to see you through into retirement.
PAGE NO: 23 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 3/ UNDERVALUED WORK
I am changing industry because I can’t keep up with the rising costs and I’m finding it very hard to maintain a family. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a major public buildinG
PAGE NO: 24 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice I have been in security for 15 years but can’t stay in it much longer with less and less money and much more work. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer in a shopping centre
Highly trained, skilled and reliable: all words that accurately describe the new generation of Key points: professional security guards working in the — — — — — — — — — industry today. Security Respected, recognised and fairly paid: none are officers not words that apply to those same professionals respected by working in an industry which, as we have seen, public they is relied upon by virtually every one of us for our protect safety and protection. — — — — — — — — — This chapter argues that, despite the important Wages falling work they do, this work is not properly valued by behind, employers or the public. This in turn has created despite rise in a labour crisis resulting in massive turnover that is, in turn, leaving our community vulnerable in a professional variety of different ways. standards — — — — — — — — — “I catch public transport and I cop flack just wearing my uniform home,” said one security officer. Many security guards close “People don’t respect what we do as a job. to or on the Security guards are not appreciated the way poverty line that we should be for the work that we do.” — — — — — — — — — Nowhere can this lack of respect be more obvious Industry than in a security officer’s weekly pay cheque. Despite the critical importance of their work, security suffering guards’ pay rates can be described as derisory. labour crisis, undermining “My wife works part time. I work a 38-hour week public safety and I bring home about $630 after tax, she works 27 hours and brings home $750 after tax. She’s a PA in a small company,” said a security officer working in one of Victoria’s courts.
PAGE NO: 25 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice WAGES LOW, GETTING LOWER Graph 2: Comparison of Pay Rates46
Despite the crucial and skilled role they play in protecting the public, there can be no doubt that $1,300 security officers are poorly paid. Although gains $1,200 have been made in recent years — through union $1,100 collective agreements or through fighting to increase the award — the gains have been relatively modest $1,000 and have not come close to keeping up with the $900 steady rise in responsibilities seen in the industry. $800
$700 And despite security officers fighting hard to win union agreements for above-award wages, a much $600 higher proportion of workers in the private security $500 industry are paid award rates than in other industries. $400 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 2010 It was estimated in 2006 that nearly half of all security officers were receiving an award wage, AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS (ORDINARY TIME) while 0.1% of defence force members, police and 1ST YR POLICE CONSTABLE (MINUS PENALTY ALLOWANCE) fire fighters — many of whom are doing similar jobs — VIC SECURITY UNION AGREEMENT are being paid award rates.44 SECURITY AWARD NATIONAL MINIMUM WAGE To make matters worse, many security guards — highly trained and very experienced security guards Despite their extensive skills and rigorous training, — find themselves having to working for ‘cowboy’ many security officers on an award rate receive less security contractors with little respect for award than half of the average weekly earnings, and are rates and other minimum employment standards. just 10% above the national minimum wage. The Workplace Ombudsman recently conducted But even for the guards lucky enough to have an an audit of the private security industry and found employer willing to respect the award, pay is low and, that nearly half of companies audited had breached in real terms has got lower over recent years — even workplace laws, and nearly half of those were related while the demands of the job have grown dramatically. to underpayments.45 Even guards who have enjoyed higher rates of pay thanks to a hard-fought Victorian union agreement are underpaid for the work they do.
I was in shock when I started, and found out what was expected of you for the low wages. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer for a council
PAGE NO: 26 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Graph 3: Percentage increase from Rates of pay for security guards have grown only late 2006 to late 201047 sluggishly over the years, and they have not even come close to keeping pace with the rising costs of living: housing costs, for example, have grown at around twice the rate of guards’ pay over the AV. WEEKLY EARNINGS ORD TIME past four years, and utilities have grown more than four times faster than security officers’ pay in the VIC SECURITY UNION AGREEMENT same period.49
SECURITY AWARD A more complete picture can be had thanks to the Analytical Living Cost Index, recognised by 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% the Australian Bureau of Statistics as a better measure of the rise in the cost of living for Australian households than the more widely Between 2006 and 2010, the award rate increased publicised Consumer Price Index.50 by 11%, while the Victorian security union agreement rates climbed by a more respectable 18%. But they Between 2006 and 2010, the Analytical Living Cost were both still well below the 22% rise in average Index has increased by 13%51 compared to the 11% rise weekly ordinary time earnings over the same period. in the award rate. So, for security guards on award rates, the buying power of their salaries has fallen.
While over the past decade, the award rate has kept 48 Graph 4: Percentage increase Dec 2006 – Dec 2010 up with rises in both the Consumer Price Index and the Analytical Living Cost Index, neither of these measures is considered to be an accurate gauge of SECURITY AWARD the spending power of lower-income households — which includes most security officers.52 EMPLOYEE ANALYTICAL LIVING COST INDEX Security officers live with the minimal purchasing power of their pay every day, and no one knows CONSUMER PRICE INDEX about the impacts of the rising cost of living better than they do: and an overwhelming number in a CPI UTILITIES recent survey — 94.4% — said their wages were simply not keeping up.53 CPI HOUSING “The water bill, the electricity bill, the gas bill, CPI EDUCATION they have just gone up astronomically. They have virtually doubled,” said one security officer. CPI HEALTH “We are not keeping up.”
“My wife and I both work but I don’t think we CPI FOOD honestly get enough between us to survive … 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% because everything has gone sky-high on us.”
PAGE NO: 27 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice LIVING ON THE POVERTY LINE Graph 6: Security officers struggling to pay for basic expenses56 The stark truth is that many of the highly-trained and experienced security officers guarding our vital national infrastructure are dangerously close to the I SOMETIMES HAVE TROUBLE PAYING BILLS/DEBTS 83.2% poverty line — and many may even be below it. I SOMETIMES HAVE TROUBLE PAYING RENT/MORTGAGE REPAYMENTS 62.4% Graph 5: Security Officer Net Earnings below Henderson Poverty Line54 I CAN'T AFFORD TO BUY A HOUSE 59.4% I SOMETIMES HAVE TROUBLE PAYING FOR GROCERIES 47.5%
100% I SOMETIMES HAVE TROUBLE PAYING MEDICAL EXPENSES 52.5%
90% I CAN'T AFFORD TO VISIT A DENTIST 58.4%
80% I SOMETIMES HAVE TROUBLE WITH TRANSPORT COSTS 56.4% 70% I CAN'T AFFORD A CAR 39.6% 60% I CAN'T AFFORD LEISURE ACTIVITIES 68.3% 50% I CAN'T AFFORD TO GO AWAY ON HOLIDAYS 83.2% 40% 47.1% 94.2% 99.0% OF OF OF 30% OFFICERS OFFICERS OFFICERS 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% REPORTED REPORTED REPORTED NET NET NET 20% EARNINGS EARNINGS EARNINGS BELOW BELOW BELOW Security guards are struggling to afford even the 10% basics of life. In a recent survey, 83.2% said they 0% have trouble paying their bills. But, perhaps more $666 - $805 - $1,037 - shockingly, 47.5% found themselves struggling to HENDERSON HENDERSON HENDERSON POVERTY POVERTY POVERTY afford groceries. LINE SINGLE + 2 LINE COUPLE + 2 LINE COUPLE + 4 A clear majority of guards surveyed — 62.4%— have trouble keeping up with their rent or their Nearly half of security guards surveyed reported mortgage payments. earnings after tax from their work that would put a single parent of two below the recognised measure And 56.4% found transport costs a regular challenge of poverty in Australia — the Henderson Poverty Line. — the very costs required to get to sites the public An overwhelming 94.2% of officers would not be able so urgently needs them to guard in the first place. to adequately support a partner and two children on their salaries alone.55 Security guards find they must skip even some of the most essential expenses of life. Even those with a working partner will be finding the essential expenses of life to be a serious struggle. “I’ve had broken teeth in my mouth for three years that I can’t afford to go to the dentist to get fixed,” said one senior security guard.
“I do not have enough money to save,” said another security officer. “I would like to afford some simple leisure activities for my family but I can’t afford it. I would like to buy a car and I can’t afford that, either.”
PAGE NO: 28 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice CASE STUDY
David Logie Concierge Guard CBD Office Building
We’re here to protect people but we are not I’d really like to go on a holiday — I certainly need paid accordingly. If we were paid more fairly, one — but I just can’t afford it. If I was paid better more experienced guards would stay in the industry. I’d also save for a newer car. Since September 11, we are expected to do more and more and not only to protect our clients but the Since I started working in security the job has general public as well. changed a lot. Wages have gone up a bit but we should be paid more. That’s why guards are banding The wage has nowhere near kept up with increases together: to have our profession properly valued by in cost of living. I work 100 hours a fortnight and I society and employers. really struggle to make ends meet, everything goes up except for our wages.
Recently, I had to go without my car for three months. Then the washing machine stopped working — so, now I’m saving up to get that repaired. When the electricity bills arrive I have to pay them over a period of time because I can’t afford to pay them in a lump sum. On my current salary, if I wanted to buy a place to live, I couldn’t — I rent. It makes it very hard, not being on a good wage.
PAGE NO: 29 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice IMPACT ON FAMILIES AN UNCOMFORTABLE RETIREMENT
And the low pay of security officers has an impact But can a security guard, after a lifetime of well beyond the workers themselves: their families struggling to get by while keeping our must also suffer. Some 87.0% surveyed said they community safe and secure, at least look forward did not believe their wages were sufficient to to a comfortable retirement? support a family and 43.1% of those with dependents struggled to pay their children’s expenses. The answer is usually ‘no’: 92.6% of security officers say they don’t believe they will ever be able to afford “The wages we get are not sufficient for any family to live comfortably in their old age. to live on, they are just too low,” said a guard. “I do not think any of us will be able to say that we Others agreed: “I need to work overtime to keep up have enough to enjoy a comfortable retirement,” the costs, just because I have a toddler to support said one security officer. and my wife is on maternity leave.” Low pay means low employer contributions — For some, the low pay is an even more fundamental putting aside the many guards who eventually barrier to family life: “It will be a long time before I discover the contractor employing them has been can start a family, because I can’t seem to save siphoning off their contributions altogether. enough money,” said a security guard. “I will hopefully have my house paid off by then,” In order to make ends meet, a large number — 82.1% said a security officer talking about her retirement — of security officers work overtime or even take on prospects. “But I wouldn’t be able to go anywhere, a second job — with an obvious impact on their own do anything — I’ll just be living in my house, paying lives and the lives of a family they see less and less of. the bills.”
More than one in three (38.3%) officers surveyed said they had to rely on the government, their family or other sources (e.g. charities) for financial support, although many found asking for such support to be difficult.
“I am too proud to ask for help, even though I may need it at times,” said one security officer at an industrial site.
In a recent survey, 83.2% of guards said they have trouble paying their bills/debts
PAGE NO: 30 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice LABOUR CRISIS Graph 7: Annual turnover of guards at individual sites
Security is an issue that touches each of us, no matter what we do or who we are, and the impact of poor pay and security professionals struggling to keep 75% themselves above the poverty line has consequences or more for all of us.
Not surprisingly, as salaries fall in real terms, a career 0% to of a security guard becomes less and less appealing. less than 25% A potentially dangerous and stressful front-line job that requires a high level of training and licensing 50% to less than 75% may not be every strong candidate’s first choice — not when it means a lifetime of struggling to pay the mortgage and buy the groceries.
Industry analysts have noted that the private security 25% to industry continues to “have a very high labour less than 50% turnover” even while “recruiting and retaining suitably skilled, reliable staff is essential to provide a high level of service”.57
The fact is, there is a labour crisis in the private security industry. United Voice estimates that an “I am changing industries because I can’t keep up average site in Victoria loses 42% of its guards each with the rising costs and finding it very hard to year,58 thanks to low wages and a lack of respect for maintain a family,” one airport security officer said. their crucial role in keeping our community safe. “Better wages would keep security officers in the According to an Australian Bureau of Statistics report industry instead of pushing them out looking for last year, only 9% of working people in all Australian better wages because they are not earning enough workplaces in the year previous had changed jobs.59 to get by on,” said another security officer. In the survey, 34% of guards said that over half of As an example, airport screeners — licensed guards the staff where they worked had less than a year’s who are on the very front-line of protecting the public experience at that site. from the horrors of terrorism — are seeing a crisis in employee retention. A study of employers in that industry found that 80% had difficulty recruiting — compared to 39% of employers of workers of a similar skill level.60
I just I cannot believe how people get treated in this industry. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a shopping centre
PAGE NO: 31 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice PUBLIC SAFETY AT RISK Said one security officer of inexperienced guards: “If they don’t know the procedures of the building The growing retention crisis in the industry is bound and you get into an emergency situation, he would to have a very real — and very negative — impact on not know what to do and who to call. public safety. “You could end up with a case where it is not only Guards were asked what could be at risk on their site damage to property but to life and limb and you if a high proportion of guards were inexperienced, can’t afford that in this day and age.” and the answers were sobering. The facts paint a picture of a critical professional Graph 8: What would be at risk at your site if a high industry being torn apart simply because wages 61 proportion of guards were inexperienced? are so poor.
80% While government and the public asks more and more of our professional security guards, employers 70% are looking to cut their salaries further and further in real terms. 60%
50% And those professional security guards are finding themselves caught in the middle, guarding the public 40% from a perpetual menace while struggling to afford 68.5% 74.1% 66.7% 66.7% 69.4% 53.7% 30% the basic expenses of life — and often forced to reconsider their choice of career. 20% In the middle, too, is a public who remain deeply 10% concerned about their security. A recent survey
0% found that nearly half of respondents believe that Safety of Safety of Client Safety OH&S Increased members clients’ assets of other of other risk of Australian airports are “very or extremely vulnerable of the employees, security security criminal to malicious or terrorist attack.”62 public customers, officers officers activity visitors or at site tennants Often without even knowing it, the community relies on our security officers to keep them safe While 53.7% said there would be an increased risk of from attack. But unless this labour crisis is resolved, criminal activity, the more worrying answer was the at some point, it is the public who may end up paying number who were concerned about the safety of the the ultimate price. public: 68.5%.
Too many inexperienced security officers are also a risk to client assets, employees, visitors, tenants and other security guards, they said. It will be a long time before I can start a family, because I can’t seem to save enough money. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a shopping plaza
PAGE NO: 32 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice ›› “You’ve got to be well-trained to deal with CASE STUDY public and Defence personnel. You’ve got to know how to talk to defence personnel; know their rank-structure. You’ve got to be Defence Security very, very up to date with your computer skills. We’ve done extensive training, including self- defence and martial arts and defence techniques.” Security at Defence sites is paramount – Security Officer, Defence base ›› Experience is also vital: ›› The Defence Department says “the threat of “We’re protecting national assets. If you’ve got terrorism is real, persistent and evolving and that the inexperienced guard he’s got no idea what Defence personnel and premises are potentially is going on – the ramifications could be huge.” attractive targets for terrorist groups.”63 – Security Officer, Defence base ›› In 2009 five people were arrested on allegations of planning an armed attack on Sydney’s Defence security officers struggle to survive on Holsworthy Army Base. Three were subsequently current wages found guilty of conspiring to prepare for or plan ›› Security officers at Defence sites also find it a terrorist act.64 very hard to make ends meet on current wages: ›› Among terrorist cases since September 11 at “I work, my other half works part-time, least three have been related to Defence sites.65 and we have two kids, but my wage just doesn’t ›› A defence expert noted that the main security seem to go that far. With the cost of living going threat to defence sites was the theft by insiders up, fuel’s a big issue, gas, electricity, everything or external parties of Defence assets, including: has gone up but our wages haven’t gone up much. “Night vision devices, operational military Guards like me who’ve been here for 15 years, equipment, weapons and ammunition, and we should get long-service leave but we’ve lost military ordnance and explosives. The ongoing all that [due to the changes in contractors]. concern at some Defence facilities is the potential We’re guarding very important national assets for an organised attempt to gain access to and we should be paid accordingly.” weapons and explosives.”66 – Security Officer, Defence base Trained, skilled and an essential part of “I go without my holidays and [my daughter] Defence security goes without leisure activities. I do too. It’s a lot of shuffling around with the money. ›› Security officers play a crucial role in protecting The last few weeks I’ve been working a hell of Defence assets and personnel. a lot of overtime. It’s the overtime that helps ›› Security officers at Defence sites are required me to get by — there’s my weekends out the to have security clearance, maintain first aid window because I’m too tired. And when people competencies and complete a Defence-specific ask me to go out with them I have to say no training package which includes: defence security because I’ve got household duties as well.” policy and relevant laws, defence security – Security Officer, Defence base environment and awareness and defence policing.67 “If I had better pay I would save a bit for my ›› Defence security officers must also do ongoing old age which is very fast creeping up on me. training and professional development: My super is not going to be enough when I finally “It is very important work. We’re the first ones a retire. I’ve got about $27,000 in my super which terrorist or a maniac is going to see. If they’ve got is not going to help a great deal.” a knife or a gun, we’re the people who will cop it. – Security Officer, Defence base We’re not appreciated for the work that we do.” – Security Officer, Defence base
PAGE NO: 33 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 4/ VALUING SECURITY
The industry needs a big shake-up in order to survive. We need decent pay and conditions, to reflect the valuable work which we do. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a major public building
PAGE NO: 34 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice It is important to be recognised for what we do, as lots of guards feel unappreciated and undervalued and as a result are thinking of leaving. — — — — — — — — — — — Security officer at a shopping centre
It is clear that our community and our economy have become increasingly dependent on private security Key points: officers, for our protection and for our peace of mind. — — — — — — — — —
In response, the industry has grown in professionalism Solution to in the past decade, with a hugely increased emphasis labour crisis on training, licensing and probity for security officers is to value — who now have more responsibility and are better and respect skilled than ever before. security guards But stagnant wages make it tougher and tougher for — — — — — — — — — experienced security officers to stay in the industry, The way to as well as ensuring the profession is less and less value them is appealing for promising candidates. to ensure they The result is a labour crisis that increasingly threatens are paid fairly to undermine the safety and security of our — — — — — — — — — community and our economy. Clients This chapter argues that there is a solution to understand the this crisis, and that solution is to better value the value of fairly contribution security professionals make to the paying security safety and peace of mind of our community. professionals — — — — — — — — — Fair pay and conditions would ensure peace of mind for the public
PAGE NO: 35 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice If we want IMPROVED WAGES, SAFER COMMUNITIES good guards The way to better value our security professionals is to stay in to ensure that their pay keeps up with the dramatic rise in skills, responsibilities and training required in the industry, the past decade. then things Wages must also improve in relation to Average have to Weekly Earnings and ever rising costs of living in order to ensure that wages in this vital industry are improve — competitive, so that it can retain and attract the otherwise best possible workers. It is this last point that particularly concerns security they are officers themselves, who see many good guards going to being lost to other industries. have to get “If they want good guards to stay in the industry, then things have to be improved — otherwise they out and seek are going to have to get out and seek employment employment elsewhere,” said one security officer. elsewhere. Said another: “We need an increase in pay, equal to the work involved and to rising costs. Then, we can — — — — — — — — — — — retain the experienced guards and have people come in and make a career in this industry.” Security officer at an industrial site There can be no doubt that improved wages will, at the very least, reduce turnover and make the profession more appealing for potential new entrants, just as they would in any other industry.68
But an increase in wages would also send a powerful signal to security officers: a signal that their profession is valued and respected by the community they work so hard to protect.
“It is important to be recognised for what we do, as lots of guards feel unappreciated and undervalued and as a result are thinking of leaving,” said a veteran security officer.
The community depends on experienced and properly trained officers to keep buildings, critical infrastructure and public spaces safe and secure. Therefore, we will all benefit from professional guards feeling respected, valued and choosing to stay in the industry.
PAGE NO: 36 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice CLIENTS VALUE One of Australia’s largest property managers, ISPT, PROFESSIONAL STANDARDS which owns and operates shopping centres, office buildings and industrial facilities, is one such client Clearly higher wages do raise costs for security that understands the importance of valuing and contractors, which they in turn will need to pass on respecting security professionals. to their clients. So, are the companies and agencies who engage security contractors prepared to pay “A stable workforce is a key thing we seek in a security more? Or, will higher wages simply price these profile,” explained ISPT fund manager Mark Bassett.70 contractors out of the security market? Recent “Tenants often form relationships with security experience indicates just the opposite. staff over months or years. It gives them a sense of Over the last five years some of the biggest security community when they see a familiar face. Also the contractors in Victoria have signed union agreements security staff gets to know the habits and patterns with their staff, and committed to wages and of people within the building.” conditions that are above the award minimum. It is clear that the growing labour crisis in the industry, This commitment to better wages and professional with annual turnover at individual sites running at standards has since resulted in these contractors more than 40% is of real concern to ISPT and many being endorsed by the Safeguard Professional other clients. Code for the Victorian Security Industry.69 And an industry haemorrhaging experienced Although these contractors that pay above-award security officers, and failing to attract promising wages may be at risk of being undercut by cut-price new candidates to a career in security, is a serious contractors who only pay their officers the award — concern for clients. or worse — many major clients have enlisted or retained the services of these contractors. Why? “Training and licensing are also very important,” Because they value a stable, experienced workforce continued Bassett. “We seek qualified people who and the professional standards that higher wages can respond to an incident on the basis of training.”71 allow these contractors to deliver. ISPT is not alone in seeking out contractors who themselves seek to better value their security staff. And many of those companies are at the greatest threat of potential attacks on our defence, economy and community.
A stable workforce is a key thing we seek in a security profile. — — — — — — — — — — — ISPT fund manager Mark Bassett
PAGE NO: 37 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice Defence contractor Thales values professional security
A PRICE WORTH PAYING And the National Gallery of Victoria, one of Australia’s major cultural assets with a permanent collection United Voice understands that in 2010, Defence valued at more than $3.5 billion, and around 1.5 million contractor Thales put the security contract for its visitors every year,72 put its security out to tender Bendigo facility, where it builds Bushmaster armoured last year and selected ISS Security in favour of SNP vehicles, out to tender. The contract was won by MSS Security, a lower-cost contractor. Security, which pays its guards above-Award wages. It is clear that companies and agencies that require General Motors Holden has engaged the services of contract security value professional security officers MSS for at least the past seven years to protect its and are prepared to pay extra for these services. Fishermans Bend factory, a sophisticated vehicle manufacturing plant full of expensive machinery This continued faith in these contractors is clear and commercially sensitive data, where hundreds of evidence that paying higher wages to security Victorians work and which plays a crucial role in the officers is not a threat to their bottom line. Australian economy.
Shell’s oil refinery in Geelong, Victoria, also an obviously important player in the local economy, swapped security companies in February this year — crucially, it moved from one contractor who pays above-award wages, ISS Security, to another, G4S , who also pays above-award wages.
PAGE NO: 38 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice EVERYONE WINS
Government agencies throughout the world also understand the value of fairly paying security staff they employ. A recent report into the protection of critical infrastructure produced for the US Congress noted that a doubling of airport screeners’ wages had “improved both employee quality and retention”.73
So we can see that, while improved wages obviously benefit security officers, companies and government agencies who use contract security value the enhanced professionalism they receive as a result. AMP LEARNS A HARD LESSON And although the public may not be aware of it, the One of the largest property owners and fund community also benefits when the value placed on managers in the country has experience of both and respect accorded to our security professionals ends of the security industry — in recent years grows, as it enjoys protection from highly-trained, AMP has employed a cut-price security highly-skilled and highly-experienced guards who contractor before moving to a contractor that are able to remain within the industry. pays above the award.
AMP’s journey to using a professional security provider began when it contracted ADF Group to provide security for three of its most prestigious sites in Melbourne: 600 Bourke St, 45 Collins St (Collins place) and 15 William St.
Security should be a Unfortunately for AMP, ADF Group went into receivership and AMP was left with a security more valued profession. vacuum on some of its most important valuable My job involves looking sites. The company soon called on ISS Security to fulfil the rest of the contract — ISS pays above- after the welfare of award pay rates and complies with the Safeguard all many people working Professional Code. When the contract expired and was put out to here along with a building, tender, AMP was eventually faced with choosing data and equipment between a premium contractor and a cut-price contractor. worth hundreds of For AMP, the decision to employ a company millions of dollars. seeking to better value its security officers was — — — — — — — — — — — obviously one worth sticking with: it opted for Wilson Security, another premium contractor that Security officer at an office building pays above-award pay rates and complies with the Safeguard Professional Code.
PAGE NO: 39 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice CONCLUSION
We are losing good guards and people are not interested in this occupation as the wages are so low — this is creating an unsafe working environment and an unsafe society. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — security officer at a major office building
PAGE NO: 40 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice There is a crisis at the In short, today’s security guard is a security professional. heart of the private But for today’s security professional, some things never change. They still receive scant respect from security industry. an often hostile public. And a proud and important profession is further undermined by wages that are dramatically failing to keep pace with the ever It is an industry that has grown significantly increasing costs of living. since September 11 into one that touches all our lives, as both the public and the private sector And here lies the crisis: even the most committed have increasingly called on to it keep safe and security professional is being forced to reconsider secure facilities on which our community and their choice of career as the struggle to pay for food economy depend. and bills, to raise a family, and to save for retirement becomes tougher with every passing day. In fact, the private security industry has been utterly transformed in the past decade, playing As security officers fall further and further behind a crucial and leading role in protecting us from the rest of us, industry turnover climbs and climbs those who seek to cause mayhem and injury — — leaving our community and economy ever more be they criminals or terrorists. exposed to the terrorists and criminals always seeking to exploit gaps in our security. Security officers are now on the frontline of the fight against terrorism: at busy airports, at crowded train Without a solution this crisis is set to worsen, stations, at key Defence bases, at city high-rises and especially as promising candidates are finding a at popular shopping centres. career in security less and less appealing. And then who will be there to keep us safe? Without these security officers we could be easily targeted aboard planes and trains, at work or at But there is a solution, and it is simply to ensure that leisure. The economy on which we all depend is those whose skills and experience protect us around also under the watchful eye of our hard-working the clock are paid appropriately. security officers. These professionals that we ask to keep ourselves Naturally, this transformation of the industry has and our families safe and secure need to be respected changed those who work in it. Security officers, and valued, instead of forcing them closer and closer keen to commit themselves to a career in the industry, to the poverty line — or out of this crucially important have embraced this sea change. industry altogether.
Once untrained and poorly-qualified night watchmen, This is not a crisis limited to just one industry, to just security officers are now required to do rigorous one set of workers. With our security and safety on training. They must stack up to tough new probity the line, this crisis threatens each and every one of us. requirements. They must undertake continuous This is a crisis we must solve now or we will pay the on- and off-the-job training. They must always be heaviest price. learning new skills and taking on new and greater responsibilities.
PAGE NO: 41 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice DETAILS OF RESEARCH 9 Trusted Information Sharing Network cited in Griffiths, M. (2008) “Aviation Infrastructure Protection: Threats, This report draws on some primary research conducted by Contingency Plans and the Importance of Networks” Valli, United Voice Victoria, the Security Union: C. and Brooks, D. (Eds) Proceedings of The 1st Australian Security and Intelligence Conference SECAU ›› 2011 security officer survey: survey of 108 Victorian security officers (all members of United Voice) 10 Victorian Department of Justice (2005) Private Security conducted by phone in April and May 2011. Regulations 2005: Regulatory Impact Statement April ›› Security officer interviews: brief interviews of 15 security 2005 (Officer Preparing Statement: Jonathon Spear, officers (all members of United Voice) conducted by Officer Authorising Statement: Marisa De Cicco), p9. phone and in person in March, April and May 2011. 11 Op.Cit. Bureau of Justice Assistance, United States Almost all of the comments by security officers in this Department of Justice, p3. report are sourced from the 2011 security officer survey and interviews. Three of the comments are drawn from security 12 (26/4/2011) “Criminal guards to lose licences” Herald Sun industry audit (survey) and interviews conducted by United 13 Australian Department of Infrastructure and Transport Voice Victoria in 2010. (2011) Fact Sheet: Maritime Security Identification Cards — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — (MSICs). Website accessed 4/4/2011: http://www. infrastructure.gov.au/transport/security/maritime/ factsheets/msics.aspx Endnotes 14 Op. Cit. Victorian Department of Justice, p7. 1 Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 1 15 Sarre (2010) “Issues in courtroom security: A key role for (2008) First Defense: Chicago’s security industry at a the private sector in Australia and New Zealand” Security crossroads April 2008, p8. Journal Advance online publication 2 Bureau of Justice Assistance, United States Department 16 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996 & 2006 Census cited of Justice (2005) Engaging the Private Sector to Promote in Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2011) Private Security and Homeland Security: Law Enforcement-Private Security Public Interest: Exploring Private Security Trends and Partnerships September 2005, p1. Directions for Reform in the New Era of Plural Policing. 3 Op. Cit. SEIU Local 1, p8. ARC Report, p15.
4 SEIU Local 32BJ (2005) “New York City Council Honors 17 Australian Bureau of Statistics 1996 & 2006 Census cited Private Security Officers for Unsung Role in 9/11” Website in Ibid, p17. accessed 30/5/2011 http://www.seiu32bj.org/ne/ 18 Op. Cit. Sarre R. and Prenzler T. (2011) p5. safe5162005.asp 19 van Dijk (2008) cited in Op. Cit. Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. 5 National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the (2011), p32. United States (2004) The 9/11 Commission Report January 27, 2004. 20 Op. Cit. Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2011) , p89.
6 (6/2/2003) “Boom times for security trade” Australian 21 Rick Sarre, Professor of Law and Criminal Justice, Financial Review University of South Australia in telephone interview with United Voice, 19th April 2011. 7 Mal Day cited in Ibid. 22 Victorian Government Procurement policy accessed 8 Fishcer and Green cited in Griffiths, M., Brooks, D. and 11/5/05 on Victorian Government Purchasing Corkill, J. (2010) “Defining the Security Professional: Board website: http://www.vgpb.vic.gov.au/ Definition through a Body of Knowledge” Proceedings of CA2575BA0001417C/pages/state-contracts-security- the 3rd Australian Security and Intelligence Conference, services-security-services Edith Cowan University, November 2010, p45.
PAGE NO: 42 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 23 United Voice, Victoria (formerly named Liquor, 38 CPPO7 Security Training Requirements accessed on Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union, Victoria) (2010) Victoria Police website on 11/5/2011 http://www.police.vic. Safeguard: A Professional Code for the Victorian Security gov.au/content.asp?Document_ID=2459 Industry, p24. 39 Victoria Police, Licensing Services Division Approved 24 Fair Work Ombudsman (2010) National Security Industry Registered Training Organisations Minimum Face to Face Campaign 2009: Report and Recommendations March Training Hours accessed on Victoria Police website on 2010. 24th May 2011, http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content. asp?Document_ID=22758 25 (11/11/2010) “Danger at hospitals due to cheap security, say guards” Sydney Morning Herald 40 As reported by interviewed security officers when asked what additional training they had undertaken. 26 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Details of Research) 41 Licensing Services Division, Victoria Police, 16.9.2010 Letter to all Registered Training Organisations. Available 27 Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union [2006] AIRC at: http://www.police.vic.gov.au/content.asp?Document_ C2004/1848, PR969655 ID=23531
28 Ferguson, P., Prenzler, T., Sarre, R., de Caires, B. 42 Work Safe Victoria (2005) Guidance Note: Security (forthcoming 2011) ‘Police and Security Officer Personnel OHS-Static guarding and patrol work Experiences of Occupational Violence and Injury in Australia’, International Journal of Police Science and 43 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Management. Rick Sarre, in e-mail correspondence Details of Research) with United Voice, 6th June 2011, who also notes that 44 Australian research on this subject is limited and differs 48.6% of prison and security officers reliant on minimum from other jurisdictions. award rates. Fair Work Australia (2010) Research Report 4/2010: Earnings of employees who are reliant on 29 Op. Cit. Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2011), p127 minimum rates of pay Authors Bolton, T. and Wheatley T., Minimum Wages and Research Branch, Fair Work 30 Ibid. Australia, February 2010
31 Sarre, R. and Prenzler, T. (2011) Op. Cit. p129. 45 Op. Cit. Fair Work Ombudsman p10
32 Witness Statement of Antony Michael Zalewski, Chief 46 All rates as at December of the relevant year with the Executive Officer of Australian Institute of Public Safety exception of Average Weekly Ordinary Time Earnings (para 9) in Liquor, Hospitality and Miscellaneous Union which are taken as at November of the relevant year. [2006] AIRC C2004/1848, PR969655. Average Weekly Earnings (Ordinary Time) are Full Time Adult Ordinary Time Earnings Trend ABS Cat 33 As applicable from the 1st July 2011 when fingerprinting 6302.0. Security Award and Victorian Security Union of all applicants and greater range of disqualifying Agreement rates are for Level 1. Award is Security offences is introduced.. Employees (Victoria) Award 1998 then Security Services 34 Op. Cit. (26/4/2011) Herald Sun Industry Award 2010 (transitional rates). For Police Constable rates the 13% Commuted Penalty Allowance 35 (8/5/2011) Email to United Voice by Licensing Services has been deducted for the purpose of providing a more Division, Victoria Police comparable rate.
36 (4/5/2011) Email to United Voice by Licensing Services 47 Ibid. Division, Victoria Police
37 Op. Cit. Witness Statement of Antony Michael Zalewski.
PAGE NO: 43 Security Failure: PREVENTING Another September 11 united voice 48 Australian Bureau of Statistics Consumer Price Index, Cat. 61 Note the figures may be an underestimation. 7.4% of 6401.0, December 2010. Australian Bureau of Statistics respondents did not answer this question at all, the Analytical Living Cost Indexes for Selected Australian results were calculated to assume that they perceived Household Types Cat. 6463.0, Security Employees none of potential options to be at risk if a high proportion (Victoria) Award 1998 then Security Services Industry of inexperienced guards were used a their site; however Award 2010 (transitional rates), Level 1 Security Officer. this may not be the case. United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Details of Research). 49 Australian Bureau of Statistics Consumer Price Index, Cat. 6401.0, December 2010. 62 Veness, Peter 25/5/2011 “Airport security still worries passengers” Peter Veness The Age 50 Australian Bureau of Statistics Analytical Living Cost Indexes for Selected Australian Household Types Cat. 63 Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation 6463.0, Explanatory Notes, December 2010. Committee (2011) Defence Legislation Amendment (Security of Defence Premises) Bill 2010 [Provisions] 51 Ibid. Inquiry Report, Commonwealth of Australia, March 2011, p6 52 Queensland Council of Social Service (2011) Cost of Living Report 2011: Ensuring Low Income Households A 64 Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Basic Standard of Living, May 2011, p2. Committee (2011) Defence Legislation Amendment (Security of Defence Premises) Bill 2010 [Provisions] 53 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Inquiry Report, Commonwealth of Australia, March 2011, Details of Research) p8. 54 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey 65 Clive Williams cited in Ibid p8. (see Details of Research) and Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research (2011) Poverty 66 Williams, C., cited Ibid, p6. Lines: Australia, December Quarter 2010 University of Melbourne. 67 Department of Defence (2011) Supplementary Departmental Submission to the Senate Foreign Affairs, 55 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Defence and Trade Legislation Committee on the Defence Details of Research) Legislation Amendment) Security of Defence Premises) Bill 2010, January 2011, p5. 56 United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Details of Research) 68 Hausknecht, J. and Trevor, C. (2011) “Collective Turnover at the Group, Unit and Organizational Levels: Evidence, 57 IBISWorld (2010) IBISWorld Industry Report L7864: Issues and Implications” Journal of Management 37:352 Security and Investigative Services in Australia, June 2010, (published online from 10/2010). Roman Zwolak 69 Safeguard: A Professional Code for the Victorian Security 58 Estimation derived from data that appears in Graph 7 Industry, report, United Voice, 2010 from United Voice Victoria 2011 Security Officer Survey (see Details of Research). 70 Ibid. p16
59 Australian Bureau of Statistics (2010) Labour Mobility: 71 Ibid. p16. Catalogue Number 6209.0 February 2010. 72 23/5/2011 “National Gallery celebrates 150 years” 60 Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Reporter: Greg Hoy 7.30 ABC Television. Relations (2007) Airport Screening Sector: Survey of Employers’ Recruitment Experiences Australian 73 CRS Report for Congress Parfomak, Paul W (November Government, December 2007 2004) Guarding America: Security Guards and US Critical Infrastructure Protection, p 13
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