DOCSLIB.ORG

The Use of Private Security Services for Policing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Use of Private Security Services for Policing The Use of Private Security Services for Policing by Ruth Montgomery and Curt Taylor Griffiths RESEARCH REPORT: 2015–R041 RESEARCH DIVISION www.publicsafety.gc.ca Abstract This paper examines the intersections between private security and public policing, with an emphasis on those functions that private security are now performing that have traditionally been performed by the public police, as well as cooperative efforts between public police and private security. The research included a literature review of the roles, responsibilities of private and public policing in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, a review of relevant Canadian legislation, and interviews with key individuals in Canadian government, private security, policing, and police governance organizations. Author’s Note The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Public Safety Canada. Correspondence concerning this report should be addressed to: Research Division Public Safety Canada 340 Laurier Avenue West Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0P8 Email: [email protected]. Acknowledgements The project team would like to thank those individuals who were interviewed for the study. Their candid and insightful observations on the state of private security in Canada comprise a core component of this report. Product Information © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2016 Cat. PS113-1/2015-45E-PDF ISBN Number: 978-0-660-03495-9 THE USE OF PRIVATE SECURITY IN POLICING PUBLIC SAFETY CANADA 2 Table of Contents The Transformation of Policing and Growth of Private Industry ................................. 6 Core Policing ............................................................................................................................ 6 The Growth of the Private Security Industry ............................................................................. 7 Types of Private Security .......................................................................................................... 8 The Police and Private Security Environment ............................................................ 9 Private Security and the Economics and Sustainability of Policing ........................................... 9 Policing and the Costs of Crime .............................................................................................. 11 Outsourcing vs. Public Police-Private Security Partnerships .................................................. 12 Differences between Public Police and Private Security ......................................................... 13 The Role and Powers of Private Security Officers .................................................................. 15 Obstacles to the Development of Public Police-Private Security Partnerships ....................... 15 Opportunities for Public Police-Private Security Partnerships ................................................. 16 Private Security, Democratic Values, and the Public Good .................................................... 18 Privatization, Private Security and the Community ................................................................. 19 Oversight and Accountability of Private Security..................................................................... 21 The Effectiveness of Private Security ..................................................................................... 22 Training and Skill Levels of Private Security Personnel .......................................................... 23 The Limits of Private Security ................................................................................................. 24 Private Security and Privatization ............................................................................ 25 The United States ................................................................................................................... 25 Types of Private Security ...................................................................................... 27 Public Police-Private Security Partnerships.......................................................... 27 Training, Licensing and Certification ................................................................... 28 Australia .................................................................................................................................. 29 Training, Licensing and Regulation ...................................................................... 29 The Activities of Private Security ......................................................................... 31 Public Police-Private Security Partnerships.......................................................... 31 Concerns Surrounding Private Security ................................................................ 32 The Effectiveness of Australian Public Police-Private Security Partnerships ...... 33 New Zealand ........................................................................................................................... 33 United Kingdom ...................................................................................................................... 34 THE USE OF PRIVATE SECURITY IN POLICING PUBLIC SAFETY CANADA 3 Public Police-Private Security Partnerships.......................................................... 34 Selected Examples of Public Police-Private Security Partnerships ...................... 35 The Impact of Privatization and the Increased Role of Private Security .............. 36 The Lincolnshire Police-G4S Partnership ............................................................ 37 The Effectiveness of Privatization ........................................................................ 38 Privatization and Partnerships: Lessons Learned ................................................. 39 Canada ................................................................................................................................... 40 The Continuum of Canadian Policing...................................................................................... 41 The Economics of Policing and Private Security ................................................. 42 Private Security Functions .................................................................................... 43 Public Police-Private Security Collaboration ....................................................... 45 Police Resistance to Private Security .................................................................... 46 Montreal Airport Policing ..................................................................................... 46 University of Waterloo Police .............................................................................. 47 Canadian Private Security Legislation by Jurisdiction .............................................. 48 Licensing Authority ................................................................................................................. 48 Government Accountability ..................................................................................................... 49 Security Services Licensing .................................................................................................... 49 Licensing Requirements for Individuals and Agencies ............................................................ 50 Training ................................................................................................................................... 51 Mandated Training for Specialized Licenses .......................................................................... 51 Legislated Conduct Requirements .......................................................................................... 52 Complaint and Appeal Management ....................................................................................... 52 Licensee Reporting Requirements .......................................................................................... 53 Uniform, Vehicle, Equipment and Service Dog Regulations ................................................... 54 Prohibited and Restricted Equipment ...................................................................................... 55 Use of Dogs ............................................................................................................................ 55 Review of Legislative and Policy Guidelines for Private Security ............................................ 55 Governance, and Government Perspectives on Private Security ........................................... 56 Recruitment and Training ........................................................................................................ 58 Community Engagement ........................................................................................................ 58 Legislative and Regulatory Framework ................................................................................... 58 Collaboration ........................................................................................................................... 59 Oversight and Accountability .................................................................................................. 59 THE USE OF PRIVATE SECURITY IN POLICING PUBLIC SAFETY CANADA 4 Organized Crime ..................................................................................................................... 60 Areas for Policy Dialogue........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • POLICING REFORM in AFRICA Moving Towards a Rights-Based Approach in a Climate of Terrorism, Insurgency and Serious Violent Crime
    POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, Mutuma Ruteere & Simon Howell POLICING REFORM IN AFRICA Moving towards a rights-based approach in a climate of terrorism, insurgency and serious violent crime Edited by Etannibi E.O. Alemika, University of Jos, Nigeria Mutuma Ruteere, UN Special Rapporteur, Kenya Simon Howell, APCOF, South Africa Acknowledgements This publication is funded by the Ford Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme, and the Open Societies Foundation. The findings and conclusions do not necessarily reflect their positions or policies. Published by African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Copyright © APCOF, April 2018 ISBN 978-1-928332-33-6 African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum (APCOF) Building 23b, Suite 16 The Waverley Business Park Wyecroft Road Mowbray, 7925 Cape Town, ZA Tel: +27 21 447 2415 Fax: +27 21 447 1691 Email: [email protected] Web: www.apcof.org.za Cover photo taken in Nyeri, Kenya © George Mulala/PictureNET Africa Contents Foreword iv About the editors v SECTION 1: OVERVIEW Chapter 1: Imperatives of and tensions within rights-based policing 3 Etannibi E. O. Alemika Chapter 2: The constraints of rights-based policing in Africa 14 Etannibi E.O. Alemika Chapter 3: Policing insurgency: Remembering apartheid 44 Elrena van der Spuy SECTION 2: COMMUNITY–POLICE NEXUS Chapter 4: Policing in the borderlands of Zimbabwe 63 Kudakwashe Chirambwi & Ronald Nare Chapter 5: Multiple counter-insurgency groups in north-eastern Nigeria 80 Benson Chinedu Olugbuo & Oluwole Samuel Ojewale SECTION 3: POLICING RESPONSES Chapter 6: Terrorism and rights protection in the Lake Chad basin 103 Amadou Koundy Chapter 7: Counter-terrorism and rights-based policing in East Africa 122 John Kamya Chapter 8: Boko Haram and rights-based policing in Cameroon 147 Polycarp Ngufor Forkum Chapter 9: Police organizational capacity and rights-based policing in Nigeria 163 Solomon E.
    [Show full text]
  • Flood Risk Management in Canada Building Flood Resilience in a Changing Climate
    Flood Risk Management in Canada Building flood resilience in a changing climate December 2020 Flood Risk Management in Canada Building flood resilience in a changing climate Maryam Golnaraghi (lead investigator of the flood risk management report series and coordinating author), The Geneva Association Jason Thistlethwaite (lead author of the report), University of Waterloo Daniel Henstra, University of Waterloo Craig Stewart, Insurance Bureau of Canada Flood Risk Management in Canada 1 The Geneva Association The Geneva Association was created in 1973 and is the only global association of insurance companies; our members are insurance and reinsurance Chief Executive Officers (CEOs). Based on rigorous research conducted in collaboration with our members, academic institutions and multilateral organisations, our mission is to identify and investigate key trends that are likely to shape or impact the insurance industry in the future, highlighting what is at stake for the industry; develop recommendations for the industry and for policymakers; provide a platform to our members, policymakers, academics, multilateral and non-governmental organisations to discuss these trends and recommendations; reach out to global opinion leaders and influential organisations to highlight the positive contributions of insurance to better understanding risks and to building resilient and prosperous economies and societies, and thus a more sustainable world. The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics Talstrasse 70, CH-8001 Zurich Email: [email protected] | Tel: +41 44 200 49 00 | Fax: +41 44 200 49 99 Photo credits: Cover page—Bob Hilscher, Shutterstock. December 2020 Flood Risk Management in Canada © The Geneva Association Published by The Geneva Association—International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics, Zurich.
    [Show full text]
  • The Police: Roles and Responsibilities in Good Security
    SSR BACKGROUNDER The Police Roles and responsibilities in good security sector governance About this series The SSR Backgrounders provide concise introductions to topics and concepts in good security sector governance (SSG) and security sector reform (SSR). The series summarizes current debates, explains key terms and exposes central tensions based on a broad range of international experiences. The SSR Backgrounders do not promote specific models, policies or proposals for good governance or reform but do provide further resources that will allow readers to extend their knowledge on each topic. The SSR Backgrounders are a resource for security governance and reform stakeholders seeking to understand but also to critically assess current approaches to good SSG and SSR. About this SSR Backgrounder This SSR Backgrounder is about the roles and responsibilities of police in good security sector governance (SSG). Because of their special powers and their proximity to the population, how the police do their work directly affects the security of individuals and communities on a daily basis, as well as the democratic character of the state itself. Although police organizations differ in every country, this SSR Backgrounder explains how the same principles of good SSG and democratic policing can be adapted to every context. This SSR Backgrounder answers the following questions: What are the police? Page 2 What are typical features of effective policing? Page 3 How does democratic policing contribute to good SSG? Page 4 What are typical features
    [Show full text]
  • Omar-Ashour-English.Pdf
    CENTER ON DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENT, AND THE RULE OF LAW STANFORD UNIVERSITY BROOKINGS DOHA CENTER - STANFORD PROJECT ON ARAB TRANSITIONS PAPER SERIES Number 3, November 2012 FROM BAD COP TO GOOD COP: THE CHALLENGE OF SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN EGYPT OMAR ASHOUR PROGRAM ON ARAB REFORM AND DEMOCRACY, CDDRL FROM BAD COP TO GOOD COP: THE CHALLENGE OF SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN EGYPT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY gence within the police force of a cadre of reform- ist officers is also encouraging and may help shift Successful democratic transitions hinge on the the balance of power within the Ministry of Interi- establishment of effective civilian control of the or. These officers have established reformist orga- armed forces and internal security institutions. The nizations, such as the General Coalition of Police transformation of these institutions from instru- Officers and Officers But Honorable, and begun to ments of brutal repression and regime protection push for SSR themselves. The prospects for imple- to professional, regulated, national services – secu- menting these civil society and internal initiatives, rity sector reform (SSR) – is at the very center of however, remain uncertain; they focus on admira- this effort. In Egypt, as in other transitioning Arab ble ends but are less clear on the means of imple- states and prior cases of democratization, SSR is mentation. They also have to reckon with strong an acutely political process affected by an array of elements within the Ministry of Interior – “al-Ad- different actors and dynamics. In a contested and ly’s men” (in reference to Mubarak’s longstanding unstable post-revolutionary political sphere, the minister) – who remain firmly opposed to reform.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Emergency Response Plan (FERP) Is the Government of Canada’S “All-Hazards” Response Plan
    FEDERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN JANUARY 2011 This plan has been developed by the Government of Canada in consultation with appropriate partners/stakeholders. In accordance with the Policy on Government Security, this plan cannot be distributed without the explicit permission of Public Safety Canada. This document is unclassified FEDERAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS AMENDMENTS RECORD…………………………………………………………………………………………………...iii SECTION 1 – PLAN OVERVIEW………..………………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1 Introduction………………..………………………………………………..…………….......1 1.2 Purpose………………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.3 Authorities……………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.4 Scope…………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.5 Canada’s Risk Environment………………………………………………………………....2 1.6 Strategic Objectives…………………………………………………………………………..2 1.7 Integrated Government of Canada Response……………………………………………..2 1.8 Relationship to Event-Specific and Departmental Plans…………………………………3 1.9 Primary, Supporting and Coordinating Departments……………………………………..3 1.9.1 Primary Department ………………………………………………………………….3 1.9.2 Supporting Department………………………………………………………………3 1.9.3 Coordinating Department…………………………………………………………….3 1.10 Departmental Roles…………………………………………………………………………. 3 1.10.1 The Public Safety Canada Operations Directorate……………………………..3 1.10.2 The Public Safety Canada Communications Directorate………………………4 1.10.3 Federal Departmental Representatives………………………………………….4 1.10.4 Other Representatives……………………………………………………………..4 1.11 Emergency Support Functions……………………………………………………………...4
    [Show full text]
  • 1996 Human Rights Report: United Kingdom Page 1 of 10
    1996 Human Rights Report: United Kingdom Page 1 of 10 The State Department web site below is a permanent electro information released prior to January 20, 2001. Please see w material released since President George W. Bush took offic This site is not updated so external links may no longer func us with any questions about finding information. NOTE: External links to other Internet sites should not be co endorsement of the views contained therein. U.S. Department of State United Kingdom Report on Human Rights Practices for 1996 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, January 30, 1997. United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) is a longstanding, constitutional monarchy with a democratic, parliamentary government. A lower legislative chamber (the House of Commons), the center of parliamentary power, is elected in periodic multiparty elections. An upper chamber (the House of Lords), with the power to revise and delay implementation of laws, is made up of hereditary and life peers and senior clergy of the established Church of England. There is an independent judiciary, but Parliament may overrule its decisions. Throughout the United Kingdom, police forces are responsive to, and under the effective control of, civilian officials. The Security Service Act of 1996, giving the intelligence agency MI-5 jurisdiction to act in support of other law enforcement agencies in the prevention and detection of serious domestic crime, received royal assent in July. In some areas of Northern Ireland, because of continued terrorist violence, army units operated to reinforce the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).
    [Show full text]
  • Capitalism, Social Marginality, and the Rule of Law's Uncertain Fate in Modern Society
    University of Colorado Law School Colorado Law Scholarly Commons Articles Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship 2005 Capitalism, Social Marginality, and the Rule of Law's Uncertain Fate in Modern Society Ahmed A. White University of Colorado Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Law and Economics Commons, Rule of Law Commons, and the Social Welfare Law Commons Citation Information Ahmed A. White, Capitalism, Social Marginality, and the Rule of Law's Uncertain Fate in Modern Society, 37 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 759 (2005), available at https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles/429. Copyright Statement Copyright protected. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship at Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. +(,121/,1( Citation: 37 Ariz. St. L.J. 759 2005 Provided by: William A. Wise Law Library Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline Sun Apr 30 18:05:56 2017 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: Copyright Information CAPITALISM, SOCIAL MARGINALITY, AND THE RULE OF LAW'S UNCERTAIN FATE IN MODERN SOCIETY Ahmed A.
    [Show full text]
  • BDSM: Safer Kinky
    BDSM SAFER KINKY SEX If sexually explicit information about BDSM activities might offend you, then this information is not for you. 1 BDSM Etiquette BDSM etiquette is about respect and communication: RESPECT: Negotiate all the limits and terms (including ‘safe’ words and signals) of a scene before you start to play. A ‘safe’ word (or signal) is used in BDSM play to stop the scene immediately. Some people use green, yellow, and red. These systems are there to protect everyone involved. Respect the limits and feelings of other players (and your own) at all times. COMMUNICATION: Discuss interests, pleasures, perceived needs, physical limitations, past experiences, health needs, and STI status with your partner(s). If you are unsure of a sexual or BDSM activity, then hold off until someone experienced teaches you the safety aspects. Discussion builds intimacy. You and your partner(s) will have more fun! BDSM Risk Reduction Responsible BDSM has always been about practicing safety, so it’s important to understand the risks involved in BDSM play, and how to minimize them. BDSM activities have generally been classed as low risk for HIV transmission. This booklet contains practical guidelines and This means that only a small number of people advice on the prevention of Human Immuno- are likely to have contracted HIV, or passed on deficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C (HCV), and HIV, while practising BDSM. HIV is not the only other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) sexually transmitted infection (STI), and there are within bondage and discipline, dominance and other possible dangers associated with some submission, and sadomasochism (BDSM) play.
    [Show full text]
  • CBP Security Policy and Procedures Handbook HB1400-02B August 13, 2009
    CBP Security Policy and Procedures Handbook HB1400-02B August 13, 2009 Security Never Sleeps FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY VOL TOC BACK VOLUME CONTENTS 1. FOREWORD ............................................................................V 2. REVISION HISTORY ...............................................................XVII 3. PHYSICAL SECURITY HANDBOOK.............................................VII 4. INFORMATION SECURITY: SAFEGUARDING CLASSIFIED AND SENSITIVE BUT UNCLASSIFIED INFORMATION HANDBOOK ... 735 5. BADGES, CREDENTIALS AND OFFICIAL IDENTIFICATION ............. 845 WARNING: This document is FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO). It is to be controlled, stored, handled, transmitted, distributed, and disposed of in accordance with DHS policy relating to FOUO information. This information shall not be distributed beyond the original addressees without prior authorization of the originator. iii of 890 U.S. Department of Homeland Security Washington, DC 20229 Commissioner FOREWORD The Office of Internal Affairs (IA) Security Management Division (SMD) is responsible for establishing policies, standards, and procedures to ensure the safety and security of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) personnel, facilities, information, and assets. IA/SMD has developed the CBP Security Policy and Procedures Handbook to provide CBP with uniform standards and procedures for the proper administration of Physical Security; Safeguarding Classified and Sensitive but Unclassified Information; and Badges, Credentials, and Official Identification.This handbook
    [Show full text]
  • Judith Jarvis Thomson on Abortion; a Libertarian Perspective
    DePaul Journal of Health Care Law Volume 19 Issue 1 Fall 2017 Article 3 April 2018 Judith Jarvis Thomson on Abortion; a Libertarian Perspective Walter E. Block Loyola University New Orleans, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/jhcl Part of the Health Law and Policy Commons Recommended Citation Walter E. Block, Judith Jarvis Thomson on Abortion; a Libertarian Perspective, 19 DePaul J. Health Care L. (2018) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/jhcl/vol19/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Journal of Health Care Law by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Judith Jarvis Thomson on abortion; a libertarian perspective1 I. Introduction Abortion is one of the most vexing issues faced by society. On the one hand, there are those who favor the pro-choice position. In their view, the woman, and she alone (along with the advice of her doctor – but the final decision must be hers), should be able to legally determine on what basis, and whether, her pregnancy should be conducted. She should be as free to end her pregnancy at any stage of the development of her fetus, or give birth to it after the usual term of nine months. On the other hand, there are those who favor what is called the pro-life position. In this perspective, the fetus, from the moment of conception, is a full rights-bearing human being.
    [Show full text]
  • Policing in Qikiqtaaluk
    Qikiqtani Truth Commission Thematic Reports and Special Studies 1950–1975 Paliisikkut: Policing in Qikiqtaaluk Qikiqtani Inuit Association Published by Inhabit Media Inc. www.inhabitmedia.com Inhabit Media Inc. (Iqaluit), P.O. Box 11125, Iqaluit, Nunavut, X0A 1H0 (Toronto), 146A Orchard View Blvd., Toronto, Ontario, M4R 1C3 Design and layout copyright © 2013 Inhabit Media Inc. Text copyright © 2013 Qikiqtani Inuit Association Photography copyright © 2013 Library and Archives Canada, Northwest Territories Archives Originally published in Qikiqtani Truth Commission: Thematic Reports and Special Studies 1950–1975 by Qikiqtani Inuit Association, April 2014. ISBN 978-1-927095-63-8 All rights reserved. The use of any part of this publication reproduced, transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or stored in a retrievable system, without written consent of the publisher, is an infringement of copyright law. We acknowledge the support of the Government of Canada through the Department of Canadian Heritage Canada Book Fund program. We acknowledge the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program. Please contact QIA for more information: Qikiqtani Inuit Association PO Box 1340, Iqaluit, Nunavut, X0A 0H0 Telephone: (867) 975-8400 Toll-free: 1-800-667-2742 Fax: (867) 979-3238 Email: [email protected] Errata Despite best efforts on the part of the author, mistakes happen. The following corrections should be noted when using this report: Administration in Qikiqtaaluk was the responsibility of one or more federal departments prior to 1967 when the Government of the Northwest Territories was became responsible for the provision of almost all direct services.
    [Show full text]
  • Racist Violence in the United Kingdom
    RACIST VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch New York AAA Washington AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 April 1997 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-56432-202-5 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-77750 Addresses for Human Rights Watch 485 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10017-6104 Tel: (212) 972-8400, Fax: (212) 972-0905, E-mail: [email protected] 1522 K Street, N.W., #910, Washington, DC 20005-1202 Tel: (202) 371-6592, Fax: (202) 371-0124, E-mail: [email protected] 33 Islington High Street, N1 9LH London, UK Tel: (171) 713-1995, Fax: (171) 713-1800, E-mail: [email protected] 15 Rue Van Campenhout, 1000 Brussels, Belgium Tel: (2) 732-2009, Fax: (2) 732-0471, E-mail: [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org Gopher Address://gopher.humanrights.org:5000/11/int/hrw Listserv address: To subscribe to the list, send an e-mail message to [email protected] with Asubscribe hrw-news@ in the body of the message (leave the subject line blank). HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. Our reputation for timely, reliable disclosures has made us an essential source of information for those concerned with human rights. We address the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law, and a vigorous civil society; we document and denounce murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, discrimination, and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights.
    [Show full text]