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2001. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 1 10:9-22 QUATERNARY RECORD AT CAGLES MILL, PUTNAM COUNTY, INDIANA Robert D. Hall and Allyson K. Anderson: Department of Geology, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202 ABSTRACT. Indiana's most time-transcending stratigraphic section of Quaternary deposits is probably the exposure in the wall of the emergency spillway at Cataract Lake in Putnam County, Indiana. The oldest sediments, whose probable age is early Pleistocene, consist of residuum mixed with loess. The overlying middle Pleistocene sequence consists of a basal loess, a thin and discontinuous (0-50 cm) glaciolacustrine unit, and several meters of lodgment till. Late Pleistocene sediments include an Illinoian till/outwash sequence and three late Sangamonian through late Wisconsinan units deposited primarily by eolian processes. Eolian units apparently include both the early Wisconsinan Roxana Silt and the late Wisconsinan Peoria Loess. There are several buried soils in the section, including the very well-developed Yarmouth Soil and Sangamon Soil. There is also a pre- Yarmouth soil, probably early Pleistocene, which developed in mixed residuum and loess. The three youngest soils are late Sangamonian (Chapin Soil), middle Wisconsinan (Farmdale Soil) and post- Wisconsinan (present surface soil); all these younger soils are welded to each other and to the Sangamon Soil. Keywords: Glacial geology, Quaternary geology, paleosol, stratigraphy, general geology The most useful stratigraphic sections re- The Pleistocene part of the Cagles Mill ex- veal as much geologic history as possible, are posure (hereafter known as the Cagles Mill well exposed, and are accessible. The walls of section) has drawn some attention from ge- the Grand Canyon rate high for their long rec- ologists since it became available for study. ord (Precambrian through Permian), the ex- Most descriptions of the section are brief cellent exposure (nearly 100%), and accessi- (Wayne 1954, 1958; Bhattacharya 1962; bility (merely walk the trails). For Quaternary 1963; Wayne 1963; Schneider & Wayne 1967; geologists, the emergency spillway for the Ca- Hasenmueller & Bleuer 1987) (Table 1). To gles Mill Dam (forming Cataract Lake; Fig. our knowledge, a detailed characterization and 1) is, in a sense, Indiana's "grand canyon." It interpretation of the Cagles Mill Pleistocene is Indiana's most complete record of Pleisto- sediments and soils has never been published cene events (early Pleistocene to late Wiscon- before. sinan). The spillway was established in 1954 As part of an ongoing investigation of bur- for a distance of about 300 m; throughout ied soils and Quaternary stratigraphy in cen- most of this length there is a magnificent ex- tral Indiana, we have closely studied this ex- posure of the Pennsylvanian Mansfield For- posure as one of our key stratigraphic sections mation (Huff 1985; Hasenmueller & Bleuer and certainly one of the most complete and 1987). most accessible. In this paper, we share our Pleistocene sediments are best exposed near data and our interpretations on this extraor- the east end of the north side of the spillway dinary stratigraphic section, adding much de- where they fill a paleovalley that was eroded tail to that published previously, particularly into the Mansfield Formation probably early information on the buried soils within the sec- in the Pleistocene. This valley is about 18 m tion. With this paper, we hope to render this deep at the point where it was intersected by exposure much more useful to all geologists the cutting of the spillway. The paleovalley and other interested people who visit there. and the Pleistocene sediments it contains can Our presentation here is really geared to be traced to the southeast on the south side of three audiences. First, a brief review is pre- the spillway cut. sented for the reader who has only a casual 10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE X^J&lian^Sowjfr'' 160 Kilometers . Figure l —Location of the Cagles Mill stratigraphic section. Inset map shows Cataract Lake, the Cagles Mill dam, and the emergency spillway cut. The arrow marks the location of the Cagles Mill section, which is in the SE1/4, NW1/4, Sec 13, T12N, R5W The inset map is from the Poland, Indiana, 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle. HALL & ANDERSON—QUATERNARY RECORD 1 1 Table 1. —A comparison of the interpretation of lithologic units in the Cagles Mill section by Wayne (1958) and Schneider and Wayne (1967) with those by the authors. Thicknesses of the units are given in meters in the brackets. ;1 Complete geologic-pedologic descriptions are given in Table 2. Units are numbers following the work of Wayne (1958) and Schneider & Wayne (1967). b We recognize two silty units, the lower having a greater sand content. We correlate the lower unit with the Roxana Silt and the upper unit with the Peoria Loess. L This unit may be of late Sangamonian age. d This unit of Schneider and Wayne includes an oxidized subunit over an unoxidized subunit. In Wayne (1958) the two subunits were given unit status. The two subunits are of about equal thickness (~2 m). L> This unit is the Cagles Loess, named by Wayne (1958) for this locality. Wayne (1958) and Unit Schneider & Wayne (1967) Unit Hall & Anderson'1 (this paper) Wisconsinan Wisconsinan 10 [0.9] Yellow-brown clayey silt, noncalcar- 10B [0.7 1 Yellow-brown sandy silt, noncalcar- eous eous 11 10A [0.4] Yellow-brown sandy silt, noncalcar- eous 11 Illinoian Illinoian 9 [3.6] Brown till, fractured, noncalcareous 9 [0.2] Yellow-brown sandy clay, noncalcar- eous 8 [1.6] Light brown till, sandy, clayey, calcar- 8 [0.5] Yellow-brown sandy clay, gravelly, eous noncalcareous 7 [1.8] Dark-gray till, very pebbly, sandy, 7A [3.5] Yellow-brown diamicton (till), calcar- clayey, calcareous eous 7B [1.5] Grayish-brown diamicton (till), calcar- eous Pre-Ulinoian Pre-Illinoian 6 [1.1] Brown to greenish-gray clay, silty, 6 [0.7] Yellow-brown sandy silt, noncalcar- sandy, noncalcareous eous 5 [2.6] Brown till, sandy, silty, noncalcareous 5 [2.8] Yellow-brown diamicton, (till) slightly calcareous 4 [4.5] Reddish brown over brownish gray till, 4 [3.7] Grayish-brown diamicton, (till) calcar- sandy, silty, calcareous; wood frag- eous ments"1 in lower part 3 [0.7] Brownish-gray clay, laminated, calcar- 3 [0.1] Brownish-gray clayey silt, laminated, eous, wood fragments throughout calcareous 2 [0.9] Grayish brown silt; wood, peat, humus 2 [0.8] Grayish-brown silt, wood, molluscs, at topc other organics 1 [3.6] Colluvium and bedrock I [0.5] Colluvium, loess, bedrock interest in the topics of glacial stratigraphy and interpretations presented in this paper are and buried soils. Second, for glacial geologists our own and are based upon the detailed stud- and other Quaternary scientists who want to ies cited above. Specific references from our have more information, the remainder of this work are cited in some places in the text to paper provides a more detailed summary of facilitate the reader's search for more infor- our work on the Cagles Mill section as part mation. of our nearly 10-year effort to study Quater- STRATIGRAPHY nary paleosols in Indiana. Finally, for those OVERVIEW OF who seek a truly in-depth analysis of our data From the base to the top, the Pleistocene on the Cagles Mill section, we provide refer- section (Fig. 2) consists of: unit 1) the older ences to the pertinent literature (Hall 1992, of two pre-Illinoian loesses mixed with sand- 1994, 1999; Hall et al. 1998; Hall & Anderson stone residuum derived from the Mansfield 2000, in press; Hall & Zbieszkowski 2000). Formation, unit 2) a younger pre-Illinoian In this paper we do not attempt to repeat the loess (the Cagles Loess of Wayne 1963), unit in-depth analyses of our extensive previous 3) pre-Illinoian lacustrine sediments, unit 4) a work. Unless otherwise referenced, the results pre-Illinoian till (glacial diamicton), unit 5) 12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE Table 2.—Pedologic characteristics of the Cagles Mill Section. * Surface soil mostly eroded leaving a thin silty Bt, underlain by an older buried soil that forms a fragipan (25-112 cm). The fragipan character is expressed by a massive appearance, hard dry consistence, and vertical fractures filled with light gray silt. This older soil is probably the Farmdale Soil, which in turn is underlain by the Sangamon Soil (from 112 cm downward). Abbreviations: Geologic unit LW = Later Wisconsin, EW = Early Wisconsin, LS = Late Sangamonian, 111 = Illinoian. Soil Horizon Bt = textural (argillic) B horizon, Bx = fragipan, b = buried horizon. Dry color (and elsewhere): ND = no data available. Size of mottles c = coarse (>15 mm), m = medium (5-15 mm), f = fine (<5 mm). Abundance of mottles: a = abundant (>20% of soil surface), Geological Soil Depth Moist Dry Abun- unit horizon (cm) color color Color Size dance sandy silt Bt* 0-25 10YR 4/6 10YR 7/6 10YR 5/8 m u (L. Wise, loess) 10YR 7/4 m u sandy silt BC1 25-66 10YR 5/6 10YR 8/4 10YR 7/4 m-c c (M. Wise, loess) (E') 10YR 5/8 m-c c sandy silt 2BC2 66-112 10YR 5/6 10YR 8/3 10YR 7/4 c c (loamy sed.) (2B'x) 10YR 5/8 sandy clay 3Btlb 112-135 10YR 4/6 10YR 8/3 7.5YR 5/8 m c (outwash) 10YR 7/4 m u sandy clay 3Bt2b 135-150 10YR 4/6 ND 7.5YR 5/8 m-c a (outwash) 10YR 2/1 m-c c 10YR 7/4 m-c u sandy clay 4Bt3b 150-187 10YR 4/6 10YR 5/8 7.5YR 5/8 m-c a (outwash) 10YR 2/1 m-c c 10YR 7/4 m-c u diamicton 4BCb 187-290 10YR 6/6 10YR 7/4 10YR 6/8 m-c a (111.
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  • And Wisconsinan Paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park

    And Wisconsinan Paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park

    Sangamonian(?) and Wisconsinan paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park RICHARD G. BAKER Department of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ABSTRACT This paper summarizes five pollen sequences, three of which con- tained plant macrofossils (see Fig. 1 for locations). The Grassy Lake Res- Pollen and plant macrofossil records from Yellowstone National ervoir pollen sequence was interpreted as a warm interstadial event (Baker Park, if combined with dated glacial events, provide a paleoenviron- and Richmond, 1978). In this paper, the pollen sequence is compared with mental record of much of the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Bull Lake plant macrofossils collected at the same time from the same section. Sec- glaciation has been dated at -140,000 yr B.P. Section EP-6 records a tion EP-6 was interpreted from initial pollen counts as a late-glacial to late-glacial to full interglacial sequence which is correlated with the full-interglacial sequence (Baker, 1981). The complete pollen sequence is Sangamonian interglacial and estimated to be 127,000 yr old at the presented here, along with a pollen concentration diagram. In addition, the peak warm period. A prevailing Pseudotsuga-Pinus flexilis-Pinus section was resampled, and the pollen and plant macrofossils from the ponderosa forest suggests that climate was considerably warmer than interglacial portion of the sequence are examined in detail. A second any in the Holocene. Section EP-5 is somewhat younger, probably section, EP-S, is stratigraphically above EP-6, and pollen and macrofossils late Sangamonian, and shows a forest dominated by Picea, Abies, from it are presented. Reconnaissance palynology of a younger, cold inter- Pseudotsuga, and a haploxylon Pinus.