DOCSLIB.ORG

And Wisconsinan Paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
And Wisconsinan Paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park Sangamonian(?) and Wisconsinan paleoenvironments in Yellowstone National Park RICHARD G. BAKER Department of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ABSTRACT This paper summarizes five pollen sequences, three of which con- tained plant macrofossils (see Fig. 1 for locations). The Grassy Lake Res- Pollen and plant macrofossil records from Yellowstone National ervoir pollen sequence was interpreted as a warm interstadial event (Baker Park, if combined with dated glacial events, provide a paleoenviron- and Richmond, 1978). In this paper, the pollen sequence is compared with mental record of much of the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Bull Lake plant macrofossils collected at the same time from the same section. Sec- glaciation has been dated at -140,000 yr B.P. Section EP-6 records a tion EP-6 was interpreted from initial pollen counts as a late-glacial to late-glacial to full interglacial sequence which is correlated with the full-interglacial sequence (Baker, 1981). The complete pollen sequence is Sangamonian interglacial and estimated to be 127,000 yr old at the presented here, along with a pollen concentration diagram. In addition, the peak warm period. A prevailing Pseudotsuga-Pinus flexilis-Pinus section was resampled, and the pollen and plant macrofossils from the ponderosa forest suggests that climate was considerably warmer than interglacial portion of the sequence are examined in detail. A second any in the Holocene. Section EP-5 is somewhat younger, probably section, EP-S, is stratigraphically above EP-6, and pollen and macrofossils late Sangamonian, and shows a forest dominated by Picea, Abies, from it are presented. Reconnaissance palynology of a younger, cold inter- Pseudotsuga, and a haploxylon Pinus. Slightly cooler conditions than stadial section is also briefly discussed. those of the present are indicated. Pollen sequences from Yellowstone National Park have outlined The warmest phase of the Grassy Lake Reservoir section is con- vegetational changes in late glacial and Holocene time (Baker, 1970,1976; sidered to be -82,000 yr old and records a warm interstadial cycle Waddington and Wright, 1974; Gennett, 1977). Plant macrofossil anal- beginning with tundra. The wanning sequence is indicated by change yses have provided more detailed understanding of these changes (Baker, to a Picea-A bies-Pinus albicaulis forest and then to a Pinus contorta 1976). Pollen sequences from southern Montana (Mehringer and others, forest. The cycle ends with forest destruction and a return to open 1977; Brant, 1980) and some plant-macrofossil work (R. C. Bright, 1980, (tundra?) and, presumably, cold conditions. written commun.) from Montana support the general trends for the region. Extremely low values of arboreal pollen indicate that tundra This late Quaternary work provides a basis for understanding the earlier vegetation and cold conditions continued from -70,000 to -50,000 yr pollen sequences. B.P. One cool and, apparently, short interstadial interrupted this ex- tended period of tundra shortly after 68,000 B.P. when a very open Vegetation and Climate parkland of Picea-A bies-Pinus albicaulis appeared. No records of environment are available between -50,000 and The vegetation of the Yellowstone Park region is grassland or steppe 30,000 yr B.P. The Pinedale icecap apparently expanded -30,000 yr at low elevations (below -1,700 m), a series of overlapping forest series at B.P. and lasted until -14,000 yr B.P. Late-glacial Picea-A bies-Pinus middle and upper elevations (1,700 to 3,000 m), and tundra on the high albicaulis parklands gave way to Pinus contorta forests that have mountaintops (>3,000 m) (Steele and others, 1983; Arno, 1979). The prevailed with minor variation for -10,000 yr. forest zones are broadly controlled by elevation and include (base to top) Pinus flexilis, Pseudotsuga, Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii, Abies lasio- INTRODUCTION carpa, and Pinus albicaulis (Fig. 2). Topographic aspect, soil types, and other factors cause considerable variability in the elevation of each habitat Pollen sequences of pre-late Wisconsin or Sangamon age are known type, although the general pattern is widely established. Pinus ponderosa from few sites in the western United States. Heusser (1977) has developed does not grow locally in the Yellowstone Park area, but in central Mon- a generalized sequence of pollen assemblages back through the last inter- tana, it forms a habitat type below the Pinus flexilis type along the glacial period for western Washington, using a number of different sec- grassland-forest border (Arno, 1979). tions. Based on long cores from Clear Lake, Adam and West (1983) have Climatic stations in Yellowstone Park provide some data on the produced a continuous pollen sequence from Sangamon to present in climate associated with three of the habitat types (Fig. 2). Mean monthly central California. Few Rocky Mountain pollen records, however, are precipitation curves show that precipitation is rather evenly distributed older than Pinedale (late Wisconsin). Yellowstone National Park is per- throughout the year in this region. Mean monthly temperatures are lower haps unique in having many Wisconsin and older sections that contain each month at high-altitude sites as compared to low-altitude sites. Mean pollen and plant macrofossils (Baker and Richmond, 1978; Baker, 1981). annual temperature also varies inversely with altitude. Mean annual pre- The purposes of this paper are (1) to document vegetational sequences cipitation commonly increases with altitude, but Yellowstone National from early Wisconsin and probable Sangamon sites by comparing pollen Park has substantial variation of precipitation geographically (highest and plant macrofossil sequences and (2) to present a first approximation of values in the southwest corner and lowest along the northern border) so the environmental history of Yellowstone National Park during an esti- that the pattern is not uniform with elevation. The cause for this variation mated 140,000 yr. is uncertain, but it is not, apparently, caused by major air-mass boundaries Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 717-736,13 figs., 1 table, June 1986. Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/6/717/3445121/i0016-7606-97-6-717.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 718 R. G. BAKER Figure 1. Map of Yellowstone National Park showing ssunple lo- cations and arias men- tioned in text. Modified from Baker arid Rich- mond (1978). 440J 0 10 20 30 KILOMETERS L- _JI I _J in the region (Miichell, 1976). It may be that the southwest corner of the park has been glaciated several times (Richmond, 1970, 1976), iind the park receives maximum effect from westerly and southwesterly winds last major icecaps apparently occurred -140,000 and 20,000 to 30,000 yr blowing across the relatively low Snake River Plain (Mitchell,1976) and B.P. (Pierce and others, 1976; Pierce, 1979). suddenly cooling adiabatically as a result of the orographic effect of the Yellowstone Plateau. Methods The geology of Yellowstone National Park is fairly well known (Christiansen and Blank, 1972; Smedes and Prostka, 1972; Ruppel, 1972; The large sections exposed along stream cuts were measured using a Love and Keefer, 1975; Pierce, 1979). Volcanic and glacial geologic fea- steel tape, and samples were collected using shovels and knives. The slope tures predominate. Sedimentary rocks are exposed in the northwest and angles were measured with a Brunton compass, and the tape measure- south-central border areas of the park (U.S. Geological Survey, 1972). ments were corrected to vertical. Measurements of dipping units were Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks compose the Absaroka Range corrected to true thicknesses. Sediments were placed in plastic boxes or along the eastern border. Quaternary rhyolites from early to late Quater- zip-lock plastic bags and stored at room temperature. nary volcanic eruptions and related volcanic events cover central areas in Sediments were processed for pollen using a treatment modified from the park (Christiansen and Blank, 1972). The latest eruptive event took Faegri and Iversen (1975). Samples used for pollen concentration were place -70,000 yr ago and resulted in the Pitchstone Plateau flow. The immersed in water and their volume measured in a graduated centrifuge Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-pdf/97/6/717/3445121/i0016-7606-97-6-717.pdf by guest on 24 September 2021 SANGAMONIAN(?) AND WISCONSINAN PALEOENVIRONMENTS, YELLOWSTONE PARK 719 tube. A tablet containing 16,180 ± 1,500 gTains oi Eucalyptus pollen was GRASSY LAKE RESERVOIR added to these samples. All sediments were treated with KOH, HCL, HF, and acetolysis solution; rinsed in tertiary butyl alcohol; and mounted in The sample site at Grassy Lake Reservoir (Fig. 1) exposes lake sedi- silicon oil. In the spiked samples, Eucalyptus pollen grains were counted ments underlying Pinedale Till (Richmond, 1973, sec. 2; Baker and Rich- along with a minimum of 300 indigenous grains for calculation of pollen mond, 1978), and, in nearby sections, these lake sediments interfinger with concentration (Maher, 1972). Pollen was identified using the University of Bull Lake Till. Obsidian hydration dates indicate that the Bull Lake Till Iowa Pollen Reference Collection. was deposited before 130,000 yr B.P. near West Yellowstone, Montana About 200 ml of sediment for plant macrofossils analysis were (Pierce and others, 1976). Pieces of the Pitchstone Plateau rhyolite flow, washed through 35- and 105-mesh screens using a gentle stream of water which crops out "up-glacier" from Grassy Lake Reservoir, occur in the from a shower nozzle. The fossils were hand picked and then stored in overlying Pinedale Till but not in the lake sediments nor in Bull Lake Till glycerin. Seeds, fruits, leaves, bracts, and other macrofossils were identified by comparison with the Seed Collection of the Geology Department, University of Iowa. Elevations [-10,000 ft. (2970 m.) •9000 (2743) 8000 (2438) t/> <D N PI NUS CONTORTA PHASE 0C) E 7000 o CT (2133) eTín o X T) PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII SERIES <4— •D a>w 3 0.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Wisconsinan and Sangamonian Type Sections of Central Illinois
    557 IL6gu Buidebook 21 COPY no. 21 OFFICE Wisconsinan and Sangamonian type sections of central Illinois E. Donald McKay Ninth Biennial Meeting, American Quaternary Association University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 31 -June 6, 1986 Sponsored by the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys, the Illinois State Museum, and the University of Illinois Departments of Geology, Geography, and Anthropology Wisconsinan and Sangamonian type sections of central Illinois Leaders E. Donald McKay Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois Alan D. Ham Dickson Mounds Museum, Lewistown, Illinois Contributors Leon R. Follmer Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois Francis F. King James E. King Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois Alan V. Morgan Anne Morgan University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada American Quaternary Association Ninth Biennial Meeting, May 31 -June 6, 1986 Urbana-Champaign, Illinois ISGS Guidebook 21 Reprinted 1990 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W Leighton, Chief 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/wisconsinansanga21mcka Contents Introduction 1 Stopl The Farm Creek Section: A Notable Pleistocene Section 7 E. Donald McKay and Leon R. Follmer Stop 2 The Dickson Mounds Museum 25 Alan D. Ham Stop 3 Athens Quarry Sections: Type Locality of the Sangamon Soil 27 Leon R. Follmer, E. Donald McKay, James E. King and Francis B. King References 41 Appendix 1. Comparison of the Complete Soil Profile and a Weathering Profile 45 in a Rock (from Follmer, 1984) Appendix 2. A Preliminary Note on Fossil Insect Faunas from Central Illinois 46 Alan V.
    [Show full text]
  • Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin
    Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin ON ATI RM FO K CREE MILLER 0 20 40 mi Douglas Member 0 50 km Lake ? Crab Member EDITORS C O Kent M. Syverson P P Florence Member E R Lee Clayton F Wildcat A Lake ? L L Member Nashville Member John W. Attig M S r ik be a F m n O r e R e TRADE RIVER M a M A T b David M. Mickelson e I O N FM k Pokegama m a e L r Creek Mbr M n e M b f a e f lv m m i Sy e l M Prairie b C e in Farm r r sk er e o emb lv P Member M i S ill S L rr L e A M Middle F Edgar ER M Inlet HOLY HILL V F Mbr RI Member FM Bakerville MARATHON Liberty Grove M Member FM F r Member e E b m E e PIERCE N M Two Rivers Member FM Keene U re PIERCE A o nm Hersey Member W le FM G Member E Branch River Member Kinnickinnic K H HOLY HILL Member r B Chilton e FM O Kirby Lake b IG Mbr Boundaries Member m L F e L M A Y Formation T s S F r M e H d l Member H a I o V r L i c Explanation o L n M Area of sediment deposited F e m during last part of Wisconsin O b er Glaciation, between about R 35,000 and 11,000 years M A Ozaukee before present.
    [Show full text]
  • Glacial Geology of the Vandalia, Illinois, Region
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE i42 ILLINOtS GEOLOGICAL provided by Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship... S SURVEY LIBRARY 14.GS: CIR442 STATE ILLINOIS c. 1 OF DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF THE VANDALIA. ILLINOIS. REGION Alan M. Jacobs Jerry A. Lineback CIRCULAR 442 1969 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY URBANA, ILLINOIS 61801 John C. Frye, Chief Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/glacialgeologyof442jaco GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF THE VANDALIA, ILLINOIS, REGION Alan M. Jacobs and Jerry A. Lineback ABSTRACT Deposits and soils of the Kansan, Yarmouthian, Illinoian, Sangamonian, and Wisconsinan Stages are pre- sent in the region surrounding Vandalia (south-central), Illinois. Kansan till exposures, with a truncated Yarmouth Soil, are exposed at a few places. The unaltered till is sandy and silty M and its less than 2-micron size fraction contains abundant illite and more calcite than dolomite. The Smithboro till (lowermost Illinoian) is relatively silty, plastic, and its less than 2-micron size fraction contains more dolomite than calcite and more expandable clay min- erals than any till in this region. The overlying Vandalia till (Illinoian) is relatively sandy, friable, and its less than 2-micron size fraction contains abundant illite and more dolomite than calcite. The Mulberry Grove silt lies between the Vandalia and Smithboro tills at some localities. The Hagarstown beds (Illinoian) overlie the Vandalia till and consist of sand, gravel, poorly sorted gravel, and gravelly till.
    [Show full text]
  • Stratigraphy and Pollen Analysis of Yarmouthian Interglacial Deposits
    22G FRANK R. ETTENSOHN Vol. 74 STRATIGRAPHY AND POLLEN ANALYSIS OP YARMOUTHIAN INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS IN SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA1 RONALD O. KAPP AND ANSEL M. GOODING Alma College, Alma, Michigan 48801, and Dept. of Geology, Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana 47374 ABSTRACT Additional stratigraphic study and pollen analysis of organic units of pre-Illinoian drift in the Handley and Townsend Farms Pleistocene sections in southeastern Indiana have provided new data that change previous interpretations and add details to the his- tory recorded in these sections. Of particular importance is the discovery in the Handley Farm section of pollen of deciduous trees in lake clays beneath Yarmouthian colluvium, indicating that the lake clay unit is also Yarmouthian. The pollen diagram spans a sub- stantial part of Yarmouthian interglacial time, with evidence of early temperate and late temperate vegetational phases. It is the only modern pollen record in North America for this interglacial age. The pollen sequence is characterized by extraordinarily high per- centages of Ostrya-Carpinus pollen, along with Quercus, Pinus, and Corylus at the beginning of the record; this is followed by higher proportions of Fagus, Carya, and Ulmus pollen. The sequence, while distinctive from other North American pollen records, bears recogniz- able similarities to Sangamonian interglacial and postglacial pollen diagrams in the southern Great Lakes region. Manuscript received July 10, 1973 (73-50). THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 74(4): 226, July, 1974 No. 4 YARMOUTH JAN INTERGLACIAL DEPOSITS 227 The Kansan glaeiation in southeastern Indiana as discussed by Gooding (1966) was based on interpretations of stratigraphy in three exposures of pre-Illinoian drift (Osgood, Handley, and Townsend sections; fig.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sangamonian Stage and the Laurentide Ice Sheet Le Sangamonien Et La Calotte Glaciaire Laurentidienne Die Sangamonische Zeit Und Die Laurentische Eisdecke Denis A
    Document généré le 4 oct. 2021 02:19 Géographie physique et Quaternaire The Sangamonian Stage and the Laurentide Ice Sheet Le Sangamonien et la calotte glaciaire laurentidienne Die sangamonische Zeit und die laurentische Eisdecke Denis A. St-Onge La calotte glaciaire laurentidienne Résumé de l'article The Laurentide Ice Sheet La présente revue des travaux sur le Sangamonien (jusqu'à juin 1986) effectués Volume 41, numéro 2, 1987 dans des régions clés démontre qu'il n'y a pas encore de réponse satisfaisante à la question suivante: « À quel moment la glace, qui allait devenir la calotte URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032678ar glaciaire laurentidienne, a-t-elle commencer à s'accumuler? » Dans la plupart DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032678ar des régions, la séquence stratigraphique ne fait que signaler l'existence probable d'une période interglaciaire, sans toutefois permettre de déterminer le moment où la glace a commencé à s'accumuler après l'intervalle climatique Aller au sommaire du numéro chaud. Il existe toutefois quelques indices. Les sédiments d'un delta glaciolacustres de la Formation de Scarborough, dans la région de Toronto, et le Till de Bécancour, dans la région de Trois-Rivières, datent probablement du Éditeur(s) Sangamonien (sous-phases isotopiques marines 5d-b). Le Till d'Adam, dans les basses terres de la baie James, leur est probablement corrélatif. Dans les Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal régions atlantiques du Canada, en particulier à l'île du Cap-Breton, des restes de plantes indiquent que le climat au cours du Sangamonien moyen aurait été ISSN très semblable à celui de la période de 11 000 à 12 000 ans BP.
    [Show full text]
  • I3ll Sea-Level Indicators on Tectonically Stable Islands
    Journal of Coastal Research Fort Lauderdale, Florida Summer 1995 Sea-Level Highstand Chronology from Stable Carbonate Platforms (Bermuda and The Bahamas) Paul J. Hearty'[ and Pascal Kindler:j: tThe College of the Bahamas :j:Department de Geolologie et Cable Beach Villas #43 Paleontologie r.o. Box N-3723 Universite de Geneve Nassau, Bahamas 13, rue des Maraichers 1211 Geneve, Suisse ABSTRACT _ HEARTY, P.J. and KINDLER, P., 1995.Sea-level highstand chronology from stable carbonale platforms (Bermuda and The Bahamas). Journal of Coastal Research. 11(3), 675-689. Fort Lauderdale (Florida), ,tllllllll:. ISSN 0749-0208. e • •• • A history of sea-level highstands representing the past 1.2 my is assembled from geological and geo­ - --- ~ =...tIl- chronological data from Bermuda and the Bahamas. Outcrops of marine and eolian limestones exhibit f:!!I3ll sea-level indicators on tectonically stable islands. Because of the low-lying nature of the islands, they 2_ --a preserve a record of both highstand (limestone) aud lowstand (paleosol) events. Geomorphology and .... s-- sequence stratigraphy are critical for ranking deposit age, while U-series, amino acid racemization (AAR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and paleomagnetics have provided absolute and relative age estimates. In Bermuda, two early Pleistocene marine sequences are estimated to be >700 ka and >880 ka. The younger of the two is associated with a +22 m marine terrace cut into the older Walsingham Fm, which exposes marine limestones at < +5 m a.s.l. During the latter half of the middle Pleistocene (Stages 11, 9, and 7; 500 to 180 ka), sealevel rose above the present at least three times to approximately +4 m, +4 m, and +2.5 m, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Wisconsinan, Sangamonian, and Illinoian Stratigraphy in Central Illinois
    MIDWEST FRIENDS OF THE PLEISTOCENE 26th FIELD CONFERENCE May 4-6, 1979 Wisconsinan, Sangamonian, and Illinoian stratigraphy in central Illinois LEADERS: Leon R. Follmer E. Donald McKay Jerry A. Lineback David L. Gross CONTRIBUTIONS BY: Jerry A. Lineback Leon R. Follmer H. B. Willman E. Donald McKay James E. King Frances B. King Norton G. Miller Sponsored by: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois, and Department of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GUIDEBOOK 13 LOCATIONS OF GEOLOGIC SECTIONS AND FIELD TRIP ROUTE Wisconsinan, Sangamonian, and Illinoian stratigraphy in central Illinois contents Dedication ;|; Acknowledgments 1 INTRODUCTION 1 REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHY 5 Pre-lllinoian drift 5 Illinoian drift 5 Wisconsinan drift 6 LABORATORY DATA AND TECHNIQUES 7 DESCRIPTIONS OF SECTIONS 7 Farm Creek Section 19 Gardena Section 24 Farmdale Park Section 29 Glendale School Section 31 GraybaR Section 35 Tindall School Section 39 Lewistown Section 43 Arenzville Section 49 Fairground Section 54 Athens South Quarry Section 60 Athens North Quarry Section 65 Jubilee College Section 69 THE STATUS OF THE ILLINOIAN GLACIAL STAGE Jerry A. Lineback 79 A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE SANGAMON SOIL Leon R. Follmer 92 COMMENTS ON THE SANGAMON SOIL H. B. Willman 95 WISCONSINAN LOESS STRATIGRAPHY OF ILLINOIS E. Donald McKay 109 POLLEN ANALYSIS OF SOME FARMDALIAN AND WOODFORDIAN DEPOSITS, CENTRAL ILLINOIS James E. King 114 PLANT MACROFOSSILS FROM THE ATHENS NORTH QUARRY Frances B. King 116 PALEOECOLOGICAL COMMENTS ON FOSSIL MOSSES IN A BURIED ORGANIC BED NEAR PEORIA, TAZEWELL COUNTY, ILLINOIS Norton G. Miller 117 APPENDIXES 117 Appendix 1 Grain sizes, carbonate minerals, and clay mineralogy 126 Appendix 2 Pipette analysis data 129 Appendix 3 Explanation of the pedologic features and concepts used in the discussion of soils 135 REFERENCES Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference, 26th, 1979.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Geology of the Batavia Area
    BATAVIA AREA Geological Science Field Trip David L. Reinertsen Field Trip, 1986C October 4, 1986 Department of Energy and Natural Resources ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Champaign, IL 61820 A GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGY OF THE BATAVIA AREA David L. Reinertsen BATAVIA GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE FIELD TRIP AN OVERVIEW The Batavia Geological Science Field Trip will acquaint you with some aspects of the general geology, surface topography, and mineral resources along a portion of the western side of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, home to more than 7,000,000 people. The information in this guide leaflet, in addi- tion to your personal observations along the itinerary, will show you how geology relates to regional land-use planning and urban environmental improve- ment, to construction problems (structure foundations, highways, tunnels, etc.), and to locating, developing, and conserving our mineral and water resources. The geographic location and geologic setting of the Chicago region strongly influenced its growth and development from the early 1800s. Cheap water transportation, via the Great Lakes and the Illinois Waterway, and the availability of mineral and water resources, led to the region's early rise to importance. A short time later, a number of railroads converged on the city to strengthen further its national and international importance and influence. The rapidly expanding populace of the Chicago Metropolitan Area has not adjusted easily to its environment. Although many land-use problems have been resolved, others, such as the interrelationships between land burial and dis- posal of wastes and urban sprawl, the mineral and groundwater resources of the area, have not been understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide Leaflet, Geological Science Field Trip, Charleston Area, Coles and Clark Counties
    : s I* . #S - C-klrlt%h> ILLINOIS STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE GEOLOGY AND BOTANY FIELD TKIP -*T mJ I kffS April 29, 1961 COLES AND CLARK COUNTIES OAKLAND, TOLEDO, CASEY, Y AND KANSAS QUADRANGLES © \ \ / LEADERS Edgar Odom M. L. Thompson Hiram Thut Jack Simon George Ekblaw Robert Evers Kenneth Clegg Guide leaflet and map prepared by ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, URBANA Guide Leaflet No. 61 : • I Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/guideleaflet61om Illinois Academy of Science CHARLESTON FIELD TRIP 0.0 0.0 Caravan assembles at parking lot of Eastern Illinois University Gymnasium and Science Building, heading north. 0.2 0.2 TRAFFIC LIGHT. Obey signal. Turn right on Lincoln Street. 0.2 0.4 TRAFFIC LIGHT. Obey signal. Continue straight ahead. 0.6 1.0 TRAFFIC LIGHT. Obey signal. Junction Lincoln Street and Highway 130. Turn left on Highway 130. Charleston Community High School on left. 0.9 1.9 STOP. Junction Highway 16. Turn right (east). 0.9 2.8 Top of kame at south end of esker that trends along west side of the Embarrass River. 0.5 3.3 Slow. Turn left (north). 0.3 3.6 Slow. Railroad. EXTREME CAUTION. 0.3 3.9 The house on the left is located on top of a kame. 0.2 4.1 Low esker on right. 0.1 4.2 T-road east. 0.2 4.4 Crossing small esker. 0.4 4.8 Slow. Turn right (east). 0.8 5.6 T-road north.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the Glacial Geomorphology of Southern
    Document généré le 30 sept. 2021 09:20 Géographie physique et Quaternaire The Cordilleran Ice Sheet and the Glacial Geomorphology of Southern and Central British Colombia L’Inlandsis de la Cordillère et la géomorphologie glaciaire du sud et du centre de la Colombie-Britannique Die Kordilleren-Eisdecke und die glaziale Géomorphologie im Süden undim Zentrum von British Columbia June M. Ryder, Robert J. Fulton et John J. Clague L’Inlandis de la Cordillère Résumé de l'article The Cordilleran Ice Sheet On résume ici l'état des connaissances sur l'Inlandsis de la Cordillère du sud et Volume 45, numéro 3, 1991 du centre de la Colombie-Britannique. Les reconstitutions de l'inlandsis et les modes d'englaciation et de déglaciation sont fondés sur les formes et les URI : https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032882ar sédiments glaciaires qui datent de la glaciation du Wisconsinien supérieur DOI : https://doi.org/10.7202/032882ar (Fraser). On décrit également les lacs tardiglaciaires et les changements du niveau marin en relation avec les conséquences sur les niveaux isostatique et eustatique. Les rythmes de la progression et du retrait glaciaire ont été tout à Aller au sommaire du numéro fait différents; la giaciation a commencé vers 29 000 BP, a connu son optimum entre 14 500 et 14 000 BP et la déglaciation était à toutes fins utiles terminée dès 11 500 BP. La plus grande partie de cette époque a été dominée par une Éditeur(s) glaciation de type alpin, qui a engendré des formes d'érosion remarquables. L'Inlandsis de la Cordillère n'a existé que de 19 000 à 13 500 BP.
    [Show full text]
  • Quaternary Glaciation of the Puget Lowland
    Don J. Easterbrook – Publications Quaternary Glaciation of the Puget Lowland Easterbrook, D.J., 2010, A walk through geologic time from Mt. Baker to Bellingham Bay, WA: Chuckanut Editions, Bellingham, WA, 329 p. Easterbrook, D.J., Kovanen, D.J., and Slaymaker, O., 2007, New developments in late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation and volcanism in the Fraser Lowland and North Cascades, Washington: in Stelling, P., and Tucker, D.S. eds., Geological Society of America Field Guide 9, p. 31-56. Easterbrook, D.J., 2003, Advance and retreat of the late Pleistocene Cordilleran Ice Sheet in the Puget Lowland: Abstracts with programs, Geological Society of America, vol. 35, p. 215. Easterbrook, D.J., 2003, Synchronicity and sensitivity of alpine and continental glaciers to abrupt, global, climatic changes during the Younger Dryas: Abstracts with programs, Geological Society of America, vol. 35, p. 350. Easterbrook, D.J., ed., 2003, Quaternary Geology of the United States: International Quatenary Association, 2003 Field Guide Volume, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 438 p. Easterbrook, D.J., 2003, Cordilleran Ice Sheet glaciation of the Puget Lowland and Columbia Plateau and alpine glaciation of the North Cascade Range, Washington: in Easterbrook, D.J., ed., Quaternary Geology of the United States, International Quatenary Association, 2003 Field Guide Volume, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, p. 265-286 Easterbrook, D.J., Pierce, K., Gosse, J., Gillespie, A., Evenson, E., and Hamblin, K., 2003, Quaternary geology of the western United States, International Quatenary Association, 2003 Field Guide Volume, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, p. 19-79. Easterbrook, D.J., 2003, Cordilleran Ice Sheet glaciation of the Puget Lowland and Columbia Plateau and alpine glaciation of the North Cascade Range, Washington: Geological Society of America Field Guide 4, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation and Climate History of the Fraser Glaciation on Southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
    Vegetation and climate history of the Fraser Glaciation on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada by Kristen Rhea Miskelly B.Sc., University of Victoria, 2009 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the Department of Biology ã Kristen Rhea Miskelly, 2012 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Vegetation and climate history of the Fraser Glaciation on southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada by Kristen Rhea Miskelly B.Sc., University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Richard Hebda, Co-Supervisor (Department of Biology) Dr. Geraldine Allen, Co-Supervisor (Department of Biology) Dr. Daniel Smith, Outside Member (Department of Geography) iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Richard Hebda, Co-Supervisor (Department of Biology) Dr. Geraldine Allen, Co-Supervisor (Department of Biology) Dr. Daniel Smith, Outside Member (Department of Geography) Pollen records from southeastern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, show changes in vegetation and climate from the late Olympia Interstade through the Fraser Glaciation. This study provides important insights into phytogeographic patterns of Pacific Northwest flora, leads to an enhanced understanding of processes affecting present-day ranges of several plant taxa, and provides a historical perspective on the origin of coastal alpine ecosystems. Evidence for a previously unrecognized glacial advance in the region at ~21,000 14C yr BP, herein called the Saanich glacier, is provided. The results reveal widespread habitat and food sources suitable for the mega fauna that lived on southern Vancouver Island during the last glaciation.
    [Show full text]