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Download Download PDF -.Tllllllll Journal of Coastal Research Fort Lauderdale, Florida Fall 1995 Multiple Pliocene-Quaternary Marine Highstands, Northeast Gulf Coastal Plain-Fallacies and Facts Ervin G. Otvos Geology Section Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Ocean Springs, MS 39566-7000 ABSTRACT _ OTVOS, E.G., 1995. Multiple Pliocene-Quaternary marine highstands, northeast Gulf Coastal plain­ Fallacies and facts. Journal of Coastal Research, 11(4),984-1002. Fort Lauderdale (Florida), ISSN 0749­ .tllllllll:. 0208. •• • Claims persist in the literature alleging multiple pre-Sangamonian Pleistocene, mid-Wisconsinan, middle - ~ ,,0 and late Holocene marine highstands on the northeast Gulf coastal plain. These views, still encountered ass"-"-2 W even in official publications are rooted in the assumed similarity between Atlantic and northeast Gulf coastal history. A critical re-examination of the evidence is based on detailed sedimentary, microfossil, and geomorphic data from hundreds of drillholes and field sampling. Sediment data were matched with basic diagnostic criteria of depositional facies. Deposits and landforms that developed during the peak of Sangamonian transgression yielded the only evidence for higher-than-present Quaternary sea levels on the northeast Gulf. Pre-Sangamonian marine units are absent in the subsurface and not exposed in coastal plain surfaces. Post-Pliocene uplift and erosion had removed littoral and nearshore units from the northeast coastal plain. Upland ridges, mistaken for relict barriers, are elongated, high interfluves. Composed of alluvial deposits, they are bounded by semi parallel lineaments of apparently tectonic origin and incised by stream erosion. Combined with lineaments, rare covered karst depressions on a late Pleistocene alluvial plain provide the slight relief of subdued linear features that had been mistaken for relict barrier islands, associated with multiple Pleis­ tocene highstands. Claims for wide Holocene sea level oscillations and record highstands rest on the belief, unsupported by reliable sediment data, that the upper ridge lithosomes were essentially wave-built, intertidal and directly correlatable with sea level positions. However, the ridge morphology and dimensions clearly indicate the foredune origins of discussed Florida Gulf shore strandplain ridges. Cited texture parameters and sedimentary structure types also fail to lend independent diagnostic support to the intertidal origins of the highest beach ridge intervals. Wave-cut scarps and associated supratidal narrow terraces yield no independent proof for the postulated high eustatic Holocene sea levels. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Beach and foredune ridges, sea level indicators, shore features, coastal scarps and lineaments, covered karst, strandplains, Silver Bluff shoreline. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to review claims Statements on the presence of multiple Plio­ for several late Neogene and Quaternary littoral cene-Quaternary high marine terraces and wave­ lithosomes. Strandplain ridges, cut terraces and cut scarps, suggested indicators of elevated sea scarps are also evaluated as alleged indicators of levels on the northeast Gulf plain, keep reap­ record sea levels and sea level oscillations during pearing in the coastal literature (e.g., RUPERT, the mid- and late Holocene. Higher-than-present 1991; DONOGHUE and TANNER, 1992). Such claims eustatic Gulf stands, as proposed in certain pub­ are based on landform interpretations, including lications, would drastically alter presently ac­ correlated elevations. Flat coastwise surfaces, lin­ cepted sea level curves. ear ridges and steep slopes, apparently of tectonic DISCUSSION: ALLEGED LATE NEOGENE and/or erosional origin, have been diagnosed as AND PRE-SANGAMONIAN PLEISTOCENE marine littoral landforms. SHORELINE INDICATORS COOKE'S (1931) original Atlantic terrace des­ ignations (Penholoway, Talbot, Pamlico, Silver Late Neogene Units and Landforms Bluff), while in fact not applicable to the Gulf The coastal Pleistocene in Mississippi and Al­ coast (OTVOS, 1972) keep recurring even in official abama is directly underlain by a thick undiffer­ publications (e.g., RUPERT, 1991). entiated Neogene alluvial sequence that includes thin intercalated brackish units. The Pliocene age 94150 received and accepted in revision 30 July 1994. of this sequence locally is indicated by marine Gulf Coast Marine Highstands 985 microfossils and pollen (OTVOS, 1991, 1994; WIL­ LARD and EDWARDS, 1994). Eastward, toward and 84·00' 83"00' within northwest Florida, the siliciclastic Neo­ 29·00' gene sequence gradually becomes less alluvial and GA more marine. Miocene and Pliocene carbonate --- - - -~ --- - ---- --- units appear and thicken (OTVOS , 1992). Alluvial o TA LL AHASSEE sediments (in cluding a Pliocene alluvial se ­ quence) form an upland surface that adjoins the narrow Pleistocene coastal plain (Table 1). "Marine Terraces", Northwest Florida Uplands I(J~o '"S DONOGHUE and TANNER (1992) reiterated ear­ lier assertions by GREMILLION and others (1964), T ANNER (1966), and WINKER and HOWARD(1977), regarding the "relict ocean shoreline" origins of upland surfaces, i.e., plains, ridges, scarps, and \ swales between the Escambia River and penin­ Figure 1. Index map ofalleged pre-Pleistocene ("A"-through­ sular Florida. Inland, not far from the coast, ridge "C"; + 80 m- to-+ 35 m) and Pleistocene; Tates Hell ("D "; elevations range between 35-50 m, and according + 9 m and + 6 m) shorelines (DONOGHUE and TANNER, 1992; to Winker and Howard, on both sides of the Ap­ Figure O. alachicola River reach c. +100 m (Figure 1). Sets of semiparallel topographic ridges , flanked by creek valleys, led to the interpretations of inter­ fluve ridge groups as relict barriers. WINKER and of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Atlantic and HOWARD(1977) acknowledged that these conclu ­ Gulf strandplain complexes (OTVOS, 1985) only sions were solely based on large-scale topo graphic locally exceed 2-4 km, while ridge summits rarely map features, not field studies. rise more than a few meters above the adjacent The flat-topped interfluves are 2-8 km wide. In alluvial or lagoonal deposits of approximately the Winker and Howard's "Gadsden ridge sequence" same age. The late Pleistocene Gulfport barrier in areas of Bristol and Hosford USGS Quadran­ strandplain sectors provide good examples. Their gles, in sharp contrast with real barrier strand­ ridge elevations rarely exceed 2--4 m over the swale plains, upland ridge summits rise 15- 24 m above floor or the adjacent alluvial surface of compa­ adjacentvalley floors. In contrast, the total widths rable age. EPOCHS, AGES GEOLOGICAL UNITS Coastal wetlands , lagoonal , inlet , fresh and brackish water delta deposits. Mainland and HOLOCENE island barrier strandplains, beach complexes, alluvium. w z WISCONSINAN w Eolian inland dune ridges (Blue Mt. Carrabelle area) Valley fill alluvium ~g GLACIAL :5§ Prairie Fm. (alluvial) Gulfport Fm. (barrier complex) ~ SANGAMONIAN n. Biloxi Fm. (neritic-to-estuarine deposits) INTERGLACIAL Undifferentiated earty and pre-Sangamonian alluvial deposits UPPER Citronelle Fm. (in uplands only) zw w 0 MIDDLE 0 Undifferentiated alluvial and marine siliciclastics :J n. LOWER Perdido Key Fm. (AL-FL border area) Jackson Bluff Fm. - Intracoastal Fm. w I!:!ffi Choctawhatchee Fm. / Stage :5~ UPPER ::; Pensacola Fm. (=? part of Intracoastal Fm.) Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 11, No.4, 1995 986 Otvos Field studies indicated that interftuve ridges in its original shore locations (FORCE and RICH, 1989; what Winker and Howard called "Escambia, FOHCE, 1991). Wakulla, and Gadsden Shoreline Sequences" are In contrast, the cited Florida upland ridge se­ composed of laterally and vertically variable, very quences are erosional in origin (OTVOS, 1972). They coarse-to-fine, silty-sand siliciclastic deposits. were incised deeply into late Neogene alluvium, These units represent the late Pliocene Citronelle apparently carved along semi-parallel tectonic Formation between northwest Florida and Mis­ lineaments that developed into stream valleys. sissippi (OTVOS, 1972). In Georgia and adjacent Sedimentary and/or fossil evidence for C}ssociated Florida areas, a correlative unit was named the marine, estuarine, shoreface, and intertidal/su­ Miccosukee Formation (HlJDDLESTlIN, 1988). 'I'he pratidal littoral (barrier) deposits is absent. upland interfluve ridges reveal much greater ver­ tical relief and wider spacing than the littoral Tectonic Scarps and Lineaments (IS. Marine strandplain ridges. In terms of sediment content, Terraces and Wave-Cut Bluffs texture and textural variations, morphology and Sedimentary and fossil evidence for "wave-cut" dimensions, they bear no resemblance to littoral interpretation of Citronelle and Pleistocene scarps barriers. is also missing. No littoral sediments, associated The strongly mottled alluvial Citronelle com­ with wave deposition, have been reported from plex contains abundant peds, fragipans, burrows, scarp toes. Relict barrier ridge slopes are generally root casts and other structures, indicative of in­ gentle, rarely as steep as the cited upland valley tensive paleosol development. Shallow subtidal slopes, cut into fluvial deposits. Steep slopes like Miccosukee lithofacies include Uphiomorpho trace those cut into Citronelle redbeds south of Tal­ fossils in Georgia and adjacent Florida east of the lahassee, at Pensacola, Florida and in Mississippi­ Apalachicola River (HUDDLESTlJN, 1988, and per­ Alabama, apparently follow fault scarps that sonal communication,
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