Ice Age in Ohio
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Wisconsinan and Sangamonian Type Sections of Central Illinois
557 IL6gu Buidebook 21 COPY no. 21 OFFICE Wisconsinan and Sangamonian type sections of central Illinois E. Donald McKay Ninth Biennial Meeting, American Quaternary Association University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, May 31 -June 6, 1986 Sponsored by the Illinois State Geological and Water Surveys, the Illinois State Museum, and the University of Illinois Departments of Geology, Geography, and Anthropology Wisconsinan and Sangamonian type sections of central Illinois Leaders E. Donald McKay Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois Alan D. Ham Dickson Mounds Museum, Lewistown, Illinois Contributors Leon R. Follmer Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois Francis F. King James E. King Illinois State Museum, Springfield, Illinois Alan V. Morgan Anne Morgan University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada American Quaternary Association Ninth Biennial Meeting, May 31 -June 6, 1986 Urbana-Champaign, Illinois ISGS Guidebook 21 Reprinted 1990 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Morris W Leighton, Chief 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/wisconsinansanga21mcka Contents Introduction 1 Stopl The Farm Creek Section: A Notable Pleistocene Section 7 E. Donald McKay and Leon R. Follmer Stop 2 The Dickson Mounds Museum 25 Alan D. Ham Stop 3 Athens Quarry Sections: Type Locality of the Sangamon Soil 27 Leon R. Follmer, E. Donald McKay, James E. King and Francis B. King References 41 Appendix 1. Comparison of the Complete Soil Profile and a Weathering Profile 45 in a Rock (from Follmer, 1984) Appendix 2. A Preliminary Note on Fossil Insect Faunas from Central Illinois 46 Alan V. -
Disappearing Kettle Ponds Reveal a Drying Kenai Peninsula by Ed Berg
Refuge Notebook • Vol. 3, No. 38 • October 12, 2001 Disappearing kettle ponds reveal a drying Kenai Peninsula by Ed Berg A typical transect starts at the forest edge, passes through a grass (Calamagrostis) zone, into Sphagnum peat moss, and then into wet sedges, sometimes with pools of standing water, and then back through these same zones on the other side of the kettle. Three of the four kettles we surveyed this summer were quite wet in the middle (especially after the July rains), and we had to wear hip boots. These plots can be resurveyed in future decades and, if I am correct, they will show a succession of drier and drier plants as the water table drops lower and lower, due to warmer summers and increased evap- Photo of a kettle pond by the National Park Service. otranspiration. If I am wrong, and the climate trend turns around toward cooler and wetter, these plots will When the glaciers left the Soldotna-Sterling area be under water again, as they were on the old aerial some 14,000 years ago, the glacier fronts didn’t re- photos. cede smoothly like their modern descendants, such as By far the most striking feature that we have Portage or Skilak glaciers. observed in the kettles is a band of young spruce Rather, the flat-lying ice sheets broke up into nu- seedlings popping up in the grass zones. These merous blocks, which became partially buried in hilly seedlings can form a halo around the perimeter of a moraines and flat outwash plains. In time these gi- kettle. -
The Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer System in Parts of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Illinois Summary
THE MIDWESTERN BASINS AND ARCHES REGIONAL AQUIFER SYSTEM IN PARTS OF INDIANA, OHIO, MICHIGAN, AND ILLINOIS SUMMARY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1423-A uses dence for a changing world Availability of Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Order U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications from the Documents. Check or money order must be payable to the offices listed below. Detailed ordering instructions, along with Superintendent of Documents. Order by mail from prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Superintendent of Documents Survey." Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Books, Maps, and Other Publications Information Periodicals By Mail Many Information Periodicals products are available through Books, maps, and other publications are available by mail the systems or formats listed below: from Printed Products USGS Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Printed copies of the Minerals Yearbook and the Mineral Com Denver, CO 80225 modity Summaries can be ordered from the Superintendent of Publications include Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water- Documents, Government Printing Office (address above). Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Printed copies of Metal Industry Indicators and Mineral Indus Circulars, Fact Sheets, publications of general interest, single try Surveys can be ordered from the Center for Disease Control copies of permanent USGS catalogs, and topographic and and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and thematic maps. Health, Pittsburgh Research Center, P.O. Box 18070, Pitts burgh, PA 15236-0070. Over the Counter Mines FaxBack: Return fax service Books, maps, and other publications of the U.S. -
Vegetation and Fire at the Last Glacial Maximum in Tropical South America
Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research VOLUME 14 Aims and Scope: Paleoenvironmental research continues to enjoy tremendous interest and progress in the scientific community. The overall aims and scope of the Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research book series is to capture this excitement and doc- ument these developments. Volumes related to any aspect of paleoenvironmental research, encompassing any time period, are within the scope of the series. For example, relevant topics include studies focused on terrestrial, peatland, lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine systems, ice cores, cave deposits, palynology, iso- topes, geochemistry, sedimentology, paleontology, etc. Methodological and taxo- nomic volumes relevant to paleoenvironmental research are also encouraged. The series will include edited volumes on a particular subject, geographic region, or time period, conference and workshop proceedings, as well as monographs. Prospective authors and/or editors should consult the series editor for more details. The series editor also welcomes any comments or suggestions for future volumes. EDITOR AND BOARD OF ADVISORS Series Editor: John P. Smol, Queen’s University, Canada Advisory Board: Keith Alverson, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, France H. John B. Birks, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway Raymond S. Bradley, University of Massachusetts, USA Glen M. MacDonald, University of California, USA For futher -
WELLESLEY TRAILS Self-Guided Walk
WELLESLEY TRAILS Self-Guided Walk The Wellesley Trails Committee’s guided walks scheduled for spring 2021 are canceled due to Covid-19 restrictions. But… we encourage you to take a self-guided walk in the woods without us! (Masked and socially distanced from others outside your group, of course) Geologic Features Look for geological features noted in many of our Self-Guided Trail Walks. Featured here is a large rock polished by the glacier at Devil’s Slide, an esker in the Town Forest (pictured), and a kettle hole and glacial erratic at Kelly Memorial Park. Devil’s Slide 0.15 miles, 15 minutes Location and Parking Park along the road at the Devil’s Slide trailhead across the road from 9 Greenwood Road. Directions From the Hills Post Office on Washington Street, turn onto Cliff Road and follow for 0.4 mile. Turn left onto Cushing Road and follow as it winds around for 0.15 mile. Turn left onto Greenwood Road, and immediately on your left is the trailhead in patch of woods. Walk Description Follow the path for about 100 yards to a large rock called the Devil’s Slide. Take the path to the left and climb around the back of the rock to get to the top of the slide. Children like to try out the slide, which is well worn with use, but only if it is dry and not wet or icy! Devil’s Slide is one of the oldest rocks in Wellesley, more than 600,000,000 years old and is a diorite intrusion into granite rock. -
Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
The Climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: Results from a Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model Andrew B
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 104, NO. D20, PAGES 24,509–24,525, OCTOBER 27, 1999 The climate of the Last Glacial Maximum: Results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model Andrew B. G. Bush Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada S. George H. Philander Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Abstract. Results from a coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model simulation of the Last Glacial Maximum reveal annual mean continental cooling between 4Њ and 7ЊC over tropical landmasses, up to 26Њ of cooling over the Laurentide ice sheet, and a global mean temperature depression of 4.3ЊC. The simulation incorporates glacial ice sheets, glacial land surface, reduced sea level, 21 ka orbital parameters, and decreased atmospheric CO2. Glacial winds, in addition to exhibiting anticyclonic circulations over the ice sheets themselves, show a strong cyclonic circulation over the northwest Atlantic basin, enhanced easterly flow over the tropical Pacific, and enhanced westerly flow over the Indian Ocean. Changes in equatorial winds are congruous with a westward shift in tropical convection, which leaves the western Pacific much drier than today but the Indonesian archipelago much wetter. Global mean specific humidity in the glacial climate is 10% less than today. Stronger Pacific easterlies increase the tilt of the tropical thermocline, increase the speed of the Equatorial Undercurrent, and increase the westward extent of the cold tongue, thereby depressing glacial sea surface temperatures in the western tropical Pacific by ϳ5Њ–6ЊC. 1. Introduction and Broccoli, 1985a, b; Broccoli and Manabe, 1987; Broccoli and Marciniak, 1996]. -
An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250
The Ohio Naturalist, PUBLISHED BY The Biological Club of the Ohio State University. Volume VIII. JANUARY. 1908. No. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SCHEPFEL—An Esker Group South of Dayton, Ohio 231 JACKSON—Notes on the Aphididae 243 New Books 250 Natural History Survey 250 AN ESKER GROUP SOUTH OF DAYTON, OHIO.1 EARL R. SCHEFFEL Contents. Introduction. General Discussion of Eskers. Preliminary Description of Region. Bearing on Archaeology. Topographic Relations. Theories of Origin. Detailed Description of Eskers. Kame Area to the West of Eskers. Studies. Proximity of Eskers. Altitude of These Deposits. Height of Eskers. Composition of Eskers. Reticulation. Rock Weathering. Knolls. Crest-Lines. Economic Importance. Area to the East. Conclusion and Summary. Introduction. This paper has for its object the discussion of an esker group2 south of Dayton, Ohio;3 which group constitutes a part of the first or outer moraine of the Miami Lobe of the Late Wisconsin ice where it forms the east bluff of the Great Miami River south of Dayton.4 1. Given before the Ohio Academy of Science, Nov. 30, 1907, at Oxford, O., repre- senting work performed under the direction of Professor Frank Carney as partial requirement for the Master's Degree. 2. F: G. Clapp, Jour, of Geol., Vol. XII, (1904), pp. 203-210. 3. The writer's attention was first called to the group the past year under the name "Morainic Ridges," by Professor W. B. Werthner, of Steele High School, located in the city mentioned. Professor Werthner stated that Professor August P. Foerste of the same school and himself had spent some time together in the study of this region, but that the field was still clear for inves- tigation and publication. -
The Evolution of Crayfishes of the Genus Orconectes Section Limosus (Crustacea: Decopoda)
THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE Vol. 62 MARCH, 1962 No. 2 THE EVOLUTION OF CRAYFISHES OF THE GENUS ORCONECTES SECTION LIMOSUS (CRUSTACEA: DECOPODA) RENDELL RHOADES Department of Zoology and Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus 10 The earliest described crayfish species now included in the Section limosus of the Genus Orconectes was described by Samuel Constantine Rafinesque (1817: 42). He reported the species, which he named Astacus limosus, "in the muddy banks of the Delaware, near Philadelphia." How ironical it now seems, that when Rafinesque located at Transylvania three years later and traveled to Henderson, Kentucky, to visit a fellow naturalist, John J. Audubon, he could have collected from the streams of western Kentucky a crayfish that he might have identified as the species he had described from the Delaware. We now know that these streams of the knobstone and pennyroyal uplands are the home of parent stock of this group. Moreover, this parental population on the Cumberland Plateau is now separated from Rafinesque's Orconectes limosus of the Atlantic drainage by more than 500 miles of mountainous terrain. Even Rafinesque, with his flair for accuracy and vivid imagination, would have been taxed to explain this wide separation had he known it. A decade after the death of Rafinesque, Dr. W. T. Craige received a blind crayfish from Mammoth Cave. An announcement of the new crayfish, identi- fied as "Astacus bartonii (?)" appeared in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia (1842: 174-175). Within two years the impact of Dr. Craige's announcement was evidenced by numerous popular articles both here and abroad. -
The History of Ice on Earth by Michael Marshall
The history of ice on Earth By Michael Marshall Primitive humans, clad in animal skins, trekking across vast expanses of ice in a desperate search to find food. That’s the image that comes to mind when most of us think about an ice age. But in fact there have been many ice ages, most of them long before humans made their first appearance. And the familiar picture of an ice age is of a comparatively mild one: others were so severe that the entire Earth froze over, for tens or even hundreds of millions of years. In fact, the planet seems to have three main settings: “greenhouse”, when tropical temperatures extend to the polesand there are no ice sheets at all; “icehouse”, when there is some permanent ice, although its extent varies greatly; and “snowball”, in which the planet’s entire surface is frozen over. Why the ice periodically advances – and why it retreats again – is a mystery that glaciologists have only just started to unravel. Here’s our recap of all the back and forth they’re trying to explain. Snowball Earth 2.4 to 2.1 billion years ago The Huronian glaciation is the oldest ice age we know about. The Earth was just over 2 billion years old, and home only to unicellular life-forms. The early stages of the Huronian, from 2.4 to 2.3 billion years ago, seem to have been particularly severe, with the entire planet frozen over in the first “snowball Earth”. This may have been triggered by a 250-million-year lull in volcanic activity, which would have meant less carbon dioxide being pumped into the atmosphere, and a reduced greenhouse effect. -
Hogback Trail Greenfield State Park Greenfield, New Hampshire
Hogback Trail Greenfield State Park Greenfield, New Hampshire Self-Guided Hike 1. The Hogback Trail is 1.2 miles long and relatively flat. It will take you approximately 45 minutes to go around the pond. As you walk, keep an eye out for the abundant wildlife and unique plants that are in this secluded area of the park. Throughout the trail, there are numbered stations that correspond to this guide and benches to rest upon. Practice “Leave No Trace” on your hike; Take only photographs, leave only footprints. 2. Hogback Pond is a glacial kettle pond formed when massive chunks of Stop #5: ridge is an example of glacial esker ice were buried in the sand, then slowly melted leaving a huge depression in the landscape that eventually filled with water. Kettle ponds generally have no streams running into them or out of them, resulting in a still body of water. Water in the pond is replenished by rain and is acidic, prohibiting many common wetland species from flourishing. 3. The blueberry bushes around Hogback Pond and throughout Greenfield State Park are two species; low-bush and high-bush. Many animals such as Black Bear and several species of birds seek out these berries as an important summer food source. Between Stops #2 & 3: example of unique vegetation found on kettle ponds 4. The Eastern Hemlocks that you see around you are one of the several varieties of evergreen that grow around Hogback Pond. This slow- growing, long-lived tree grows well in the shade. They have numerous short needles spreading directly from the branches in one flat layer. -
Eskers Formed at the Beds of Modern Surge-Type Tidewater Glaciers in Spitsbergen
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Apollo Eskers formed at the beds of modern surge-type tidewater glaciers in Spitsbergen J. A. DOWDESWELL1* & D. OTTESEN2 1Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1ER, UK 2Geological Survey of Norway, Postboks 6315 Sluppen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) Eskers are sinuous ridges composed of glacifluvial sand and gravel. They are deposited in channels with ice walls in subglacial, englacial and supraglacial positions. Eskers have been observed widely in deglaciated terrain and are varied in their planform. Many are single and continuous ridges, whereas others are complex anastomosing systems, and some are successive subaqueous fans deposited at retreating tidewater glacier margins (Benn & Evans 2010). Eskers are usually orientated approximately in the direction of past glacier flow. Many are formed subglacially by the sedimentary infilling of channels formed in ice at the glacier base (known as ‘R’ channels; Röthlisberger 1972). When basal water flows under pressure in full conduits, the hydraulic gradient and direction of water flow are controlled primarily by ice- surface slope, with bed topography of secondary importance (Shreve 1985). In such cases, eskers typically record the former flow of channelised and pressurised water both up- and down-slope. Description Sinuous sedimentary ridges, orientated generally parallel to fjord axes, have been observed on swath-bathymetric images from several Spitsbergen fjords (Ottesen et al. 2008). In innermost van Mijenfjorden, known as Rindersbukta, and van Keulenfjorden in central Spitsbergen, the fjord floors have been exposed by glacier retreat over the past century or so (Ottesen et al.