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Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Lake Tapps Quadrangle Washington

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Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Lake Tapps Quadrangle Washington Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Lake Tapps Quadrangle Washington GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 388-A Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the Lake Tapps Quadrangle Washington By DWIGHT R. CRANDELL GEOLOGIC STUDIES IN THE PUGET SOUND LOWLAND, WASHINGTON GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 388-A A study of glacial^ interglacial^ and postglacial deposits in part of the Puget Sound lowland and in the foothills of the adjacent Cascade Range UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.G., 20402 CONTENTS Page Description of surficial deposits Continued page Abstract.__________________________________________ Al Wingate Hill drift._.-_-__ _ _- -- -.-- A29 Introduction _______________________________________ 2 Description _ __________-------------------_ 30 Location, culture, and accessibility________________ 2 Distribution-.-.---------------- ---------- -- 31 Purpose and scope ______________________________ 2 Weathering- _____________------------------ 31 Fieldwork and acknowledgments__________________ 3 Origin ________________-_------------------- 31 Earlier studies,_________________________________ 4 Stratigraphic relations and age. _ ..______--_-_- 32 General setting.____________________________________ 4 Till and gravel of pre-Vashon piedmont glacier.. 32 Drainage and relief__ ___________________________ 4 Evans Creek drift______ ___--_------------------- 32 Climate and vegetation__________________________ 6 Description ______________------------------ 32 Bedrock _______________________________________ 7 Provenance. __________-__--_--------------- 33 Physical geology of surficial deposits __________________ 7 Stratigraphic relations and age.. _. _ ___________ 35 Regional geologic setting_________________________ 7 Vashon drift....-------------------------------- 36 Depositional environments and provenance of sedi­ Till-.-- - 36 ments _______________________________________ Description ____________---------------- 36 Criteria used to establish stratigraphy,________________ 12 Distribution.. _ __- ______ -- 38 Provenance ____________________________________ 12 Topography ___ _ __ - -- - 38 Palynology _____________________________________ 12 Weathering -____ _ 38 Weathering.___________________________________ 12 Drift border.. _ ___ _ -_ -- ------- 38 Absolute age determinations_______________---_-- 13 Advance stratified drift_. _______ _ ___ _--- 39 Description of surficial deposits-______________________ 13 Recessional stratified drift. _ __________________ 40 Orting drift ____________________________________ 13 Ice-contact stratified drift. ___________ 40 Description ________________________________ 13 Kame and kame-field gravel __ ______ 40 Thickness. _________________________________ 15 Kame-terrace gravel. _________--__-_ 40 Distribution. _______________________________ 16 Ice-contact lacustrine sand. _ _________ 42 Weathering-_______________________________ 17 Proglacial lacustrine sand___--_-__------- 43 Origin.____________________________________ 17 Carbon River valley ________________ 43 Stratigraphic relations and age _______________ 17 Voight Creek valley. -_- __ _ 43 Lily Creek formation____________________________ 17 Glacial Lake Puyallup__________---_- 43 Description ________________________________ 17 Delta. ------------ _ _-----------_---- 44 Thickness, _ ________________________________ 18 Proglacial melt-water stream deposits _____ 44 Weathering ________________________________ 18 Terrace gravel along Carbon River_ _______________ 45 Distribution. _______________________________ 19 Description _______________-___---__-------- 45 Stratigraphic relations and age _______________ 21 Origin _ _ __ -_ --- 45 Origin_ ____________________________________ 22 Stratigraphic relations and age _______________ 45 Alderton formation _____________________________ 22 Osceola mudflow___ -- - 46 Description ________________________________ 22 Description ________________-_-------_------ 46 Distribution. _______________________________ 23 Thickness and volume____ ------------------- 47 Origin and environment of deposition.________ 23 Distribution and surface features ___________ 47 Stratigraphic relations.______________________ 23 Age 49 Stuck drift_____________________________________ 23 Origin. _ __ __ __ - 50 Description ________________________________ 23 Terrace alluvium along White River -____.____-_-- 50 Distribution, _______________________________ 24 Electron mudflow__-___-___--_-----_--------_-_- 50 Weathering._______________________________ 24 Description ________________-------------_-- 50 Stratigraphic relations and age_______________ 24 Thickness _ _______________________________ 51 Puyallup formation _____________________________ 25 Age and origin.-.- ___ - --_-- 51 Description ________________________________ 25 Lacustrine deposits. _______________-___.____---- 52 Distribution, ___ ____________________________ 26 Colluvium ______-__-______-__------_--------__- 52 Weathering ________________________________ 26 Slumps. _____________--____-_-_-_-_----_--_ 52 53 Environment of deposition,__________________ 26 Earthflows-- _-_- --- ----- Flood-plain alluvium. ___________________________ 54 Stratigraphic relations and age _______________ 28 Alluvium of the Puyallup and Duwamish Salmon Springs drift ____________________________ 28 54 Description._______________________________ 28 White River valley-_______ 55 Distribution.. _ _____________________________ 29 South Prairie Creek valley _ 56 Stratigraphic relations and environment of Carbon River valley ______ 56 deposition. _ ______________________________ 29 Artificial fill _ . _ _ 56 IV CONTENTS Page Page Structure __________________________________________ A56 Geologic history and geomorphic development Continued Geologic history and geomorphic development__________ 57 Pleistocene time Continued Pre-Pleistocene time. ___________________________ 57 Vashon glaciation Continued Pleistocene time________________________________ 57 Retreat of the Puget lobe________________ A65 Pre-Orting drainage pattern__________________ 57 Recent time._______________-_--------------_-_- 67 Orting glaciation_______________ _____________ 58 Pre-Osceola course of the White River_________ 67 Alderton time ______________________________ 58 Osceola mudflow._-______-__----__------__-- 67 Electron mudflow-__________________________ 68 Mount Rainier volcanism and the filling Correlations. ______________------------------------_ 70 of the ancestral Mowich Valley____ _ ___ 58 Economic geology___________-__--_-----_---------_-- 71 Climate__________ ______________________ 59 Sand and gravel__________-_-_-----__-_-_------- 71 Stuck glaciation____________________________ 59 Clay_________________-__-_------_-_-___-_:_--- 72 Puyallup time____-_--__---_____________-___ 59 Volcanic breccia__________----_---_-____-_-_ 72 Drainage changes in the foothill area_---__ 59 Lily Creek formation________________________ 73 Volcanism and aggradation in ancestral Vashon drift_______________________________ 73 Puyallup Valley___-__________________ 59 Fill material. ____________-_-_-_-_------------__ 73 Development of the Wingate Hill surf ace __ 60 Travertine.______________-_---_-_-------------_ 73 Weathering and erosion in the lowland_ _ __ 61 Peat._-__-____________-_-_--_-------------__ 74 Engineering geology_________________________________ 74 Salmon Springs time ________________________ 62 Foundation conditions.__________________________ 74 Salmon Springs-Vashon interval ______________ 62 Earthquake damage_____________-_______-_---_-_ 75 Vashon glaciation___________________________ 63 Subsidence._ ___________________________________ 76 Valley glacier phase___--____________-_-_ 63 Drainage._._______________-_-____----_-_---_-- 76 Advance of the Puget lobe_______________ 63 Measured sections __________________________________ 76 Relation of Puget lobe to valley glaciers _ _ 63 References.________________________________________ 80 Ice-marginal channels in Cascade foothills-. 64 Index.___________________--_-------------_-------_ 83 ILLUSTRATIONS [Plates are in pocket] PLATE 1. Surficial geology of the Lake Tapps quadrangle, Washington. 2. Sequence of the Vashon deglaciation of the Lake Tapps quadrangle, Washington. Page FIGURE 1. Index map of Washington showing location of the Lake Tapps quadrangle_________-______------_-------_---- A3 2. Physiographic subdivisions of the Lake Tapps quadrangle.- _ ______________________---------_-------------- 5 3. Outcrop of till in the Orting drift at confluence of Kapowsin Creek and Puyallup River. ________-_-_-_--_----___ 15 4. Outcrop of gravel in Orting drift on north bank of Carbon River in sec. 33, southeast of Orting_ _________-_-_-_-_ 16 5. Deeply weathered mudflow in Lily Creek formation exposed near top of scarp in SW/4 sec. 22, southwest of Spar Pole Hill________________________.________..__________________-_____________--__-_--__-----------_ 18 6. Index map of the southern part of the Lake Tapps quadrangle, the adjacent Cascade Range, and Mount Rainier, showing the distribution of the Lily Creek formation.. _________________________________________________ 20 7. Upper mudflow in Alderton formation in NE% sec. 12, northwest of McMillin____ ____________________________ 22 8. Outcrop of mudflow in Puyallup formation on north wall of Fennel
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