E -/ A
TECHNICAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized
MIGAS
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE WEST JAVA GAS DISTRIBUTION Public Disclosure Authorized PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized PT PERUSAHAAN GAS NEGARA (PGN)
DRAFT FINAL REVISION No. 01
PREPARED BY DET NORSKE VER1TAS AS IN CO-OPERAnON WITH ELNUSA EHAESINDO Public Disclosure Authorized t DRAFT FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT *
Table of Contents Page
I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1 1.1 Abstract 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework I ,I 1.4 Description of the Gas Distribution Project 2 i 1.5 Environmental Baseline Description 2 ,, 1.6 Safety Baseline Description 3 1.7 Social and Economic Baseline Description 3 1.8 Communities and Cultural Baseline Description 3 1.9 Pollution Baseline 4 1.10 Environmental Impacts on Land Use 4 1.11 Environmental Impacts from Pollution 4 A 1.12 Accidental Events - Assessment of Safety and Environmental Risks 4 ; 1.12.1 Safety risks 4 1.12.2 Environmental risks 4 1.13 Impacts on Social and Economic Conditions 5 1.14 Impacts on Communities and Culture 5 * 1.15 Analysis of Alternative Options 5 - 1.16 Environmental and Safety Mitigation Plan 6 s 1.17 Environmental and Safety Management within PGN 6 1.17.1 PGN organisation 6 1.17.2 Gas distribution project 6 1.17.3 Contractors 6 1.17.4 Environmental and Safety Monitoring Programme 7 Q 1.18 PGN Commitments on Environment and Safety 7
2 INTRODUCTION ...... 8 2.1 Purpose of This Report 8 2.2 Overview of the Trans South Sumatera - West Java Gas Development Project 8 2.3 Brief Description of the PGN Gas Distribution System 9 2.4 Methodology of the Environmental Assessment Study 10 2.5 Report Structure 12
3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK...... 13 3.1 The EA Concept and its Role in Industrial Development and Action 13 3.2 Indonesian Environment and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Authorities 14 3.3 The World Bank's Environmental Policies and Guidelines 19 3.4 Safety and Environmental Permits 20
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J 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE GAS DISTRIBUTION PROJECT ...... 21 4.1 Activities and Geographical Area Included in the EA Studv 21 4.2 Pre Construction 24 4.2.1 Project Management 24 4.2.2 Procurement Philosophy 24 4.2.3 Design Philosophy 26 4.3 Construction 28 4.4 Operation and Maintenance 31 4.5 Decommissioning of Installations 32 4.6 Environmental Effects of Gas Consumption 32 4.7 Summary of Releases to the Environment 33
5 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ...... 35 5.1 Introduction 35 5.2 Geography 35 5.3 Climate 35 5.4 Soil 36 5.5 Land Use 38 5.6 Biology 40
. 6 SAFETY BASELINE DESCRIPTION ...... 41 6.1 Introduction 41 6.2 Safety in Design 41 6.3 Baseline Accident Statistics 41
7 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASELINE...... 44 7.1 Introduction 44 7.2 Infrastructure 44 7.3 Population and Human Settlement 45 7.4 Employment 47 7.5 Economic Situation 49
8 COMMUNITIES AND CULTURAL BASELINE ...... 51 8.1 Introduction 51 8.2 Organisation and Management of Local Communities 51 8.3 Land Ownership 51 8.4 People 52 8.5 Cultural Heritage and Values 52
9 POLLUTION BASELINE ...... 54 9.1 Air 54 9.2 Soil 55
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9.3 Water 55 s 9.4 Noise 55 9.5 Conclusions 56 i 10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON LAND USE .57 10.1 Pre Construction 57 10.2 Construction 57 10.3 Operations 59 10.4 Conclusions 60 10.5 Recommendations 60
11 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM POLLUTION.61 11.1 Introduction 61 11.2 Activities of Potential Impact 61 11.3 Releases to Air 62 11.3.1 Construction 62 11.3.2 Operations 63 11.4 Releases to Water 65 11.4.1 Construction 65 11.4.2 Operations 66 11.5 Releases to Land 67 11.5.1 Construction 67 11.6 Operation 68 ; 11.7 Noise 68 11.7.1 Construction 68 11.7.2 Operations 69 11.8 Conclusions 69 11.9 Recommendations 71 s 12 ACCIDENTAL EVENTS - ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS...... 72 12.1.1 Introduction 72 12.2 Safety Risk Assessment 72 12.2.1 Introduction 72 12.2.2 Hazard Identification 73 12.2.3 Pipeline Failure Scenarios and Impacts 75 12.3 Environmental Risk Assessment 77 12.3.1 Construction 77 12.3.2 Operations 77 12.4 Conclusions 80 12.4.1 Safety 80 12.4.2 Environmental 81 12.5 Recommendations 81
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12.5.1 Safety 81 12.5.2 Environment 81
13 IMPACTS ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 83 13.1 Introduction 83 13.2 Pre-Construction 83 13.3 Construction 83 13.4 Operations 85 13.5 Conclusions 87 13.6 Recommendations 88
14 IMPACTS ON COMMUNITIES AND CULTURE ...... 89 14.1 Introduction 89 14.2 Pre Construction 89 14.3 Construction 89 14.4 Operations 90 14.5 Conclusions. 90 14.6 Recommendations 90
.. 15 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS ...... 91 15.1 Introduction 91 15.2 Alternative Investment Plans 91 15.3 Alternative Routing 91 15.4 Design 92 15.5 Conclusions 93 15.6 Recommendations 93
V 16 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MrTIGATION PLAN ...... 94 16.1 Introduction 94 16.2 Environment Mitigation Plan 94 16.3 Safety Mitigation Plan 99 j 17 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT .103 17.1 Introduction 103 17.2 General Organisational and Management Structure in PGN 103 17.3 Environmental Management in PGN 105 17.3.1 Comparison with ISO 14001 105 17.3.2 Conclusions 107 17.3.3 Recommendations 108 17.4 Safety Management in PGN 109 17.4.1 Comparison with ISRS 109 17.4.2 Conclusions III 17.4.3 Recommendations 111
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17.5 Environmental Management Plan 112 17.5.1 Gas Distribution Project 112 17.5.2 Contractors 113 17.5.3 Emergency Response 113 17.6 Safety Management Plan 113 17.6.1 Gas Distribution Project 113 17.6.2 Inspection and Maintenance 113 17.6.3 Emergency Response 114
$ 18 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MONITORING PROGRAMME ...... 1 15 18.1 Introduction 115 18.2 Environmental Monitoring Programme 115 18.3 Safety Monitoring Programme 121
19 REFERENCES...... 125
APPENDICES APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX B LIST OF EA PREPARERS a APPENDIX C INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY PERMIT SCHEDULE APPENDIX D INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS APPENDIX E SITE VISIT DETAILS APPENDIX F SITE VISIT PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
2 APPENDIX G SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT APPENDIX H SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD DATA SHEETS - APPENDIX I PUBLIC CONSULTATION DETAILS
> APPENDIX J LIST OF PGN'S PROJECT COMMITMENTS
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 Abstract
This report contains an Environmental Assessment (EA) of a natural gas distribution system being planned on West Java. The main environmental impacts of the project are: * nuisanceand physicaldisturbance along the pipelineroutes duting construction: * a potential for accidents from gas leaks during operation. The main environmental benefit of the project is less air pollutiolnthan when using fuel oil and coal, which are the fuel alternatives if natural gas is not made available.
1.2 Introduction
The EA has been carried out by Det Norske Veritas AS and PT Elnusa Ehaesindo. The gas distribution system is part of the Trans South Sumatera - West Java Gas Development project, and will be owned and operated by Pt. Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN). PGN is seeking financing from the World Bank, and the EA has for this reason been carried out according to the World Bank guidelines and directives. These pipelines are routed alongside existing roads, through mainly urbanised or industrial areas interspersed with agricultural and farming activity. The terrain is generally flat or gently undulating crossed by several major rivers and numerous natural streams or man-made canals and drainage channels. There are no known conservation or environmentally sensitive areas affected by the proposed extension of the existing gas distribution system. The Consultant has made a number of recommendations to PGN in order to avoid or mitigate negative impacts. The impact assessments discussed below are based on an adoption of these recommendations by PGN.
1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
The EA addresses the construction and normal operations of the gas distribution pipeline, as well as scenarios for possible accidental events. As part of the EA, a review of Indonesian environmental legislation and regulations applicable to the project was undertaken. The Indonesian EA statement (AMDAL) is broadly consistent with the corresponding EA requirements in other countries. PGN will prepare an AMDAL report for the gas distribution project. Indonesian safety guidelines for gas pipelines have recently been revised by MIGAS in order to incorporate a voluntary requirement for safety quantitative risk assessment (QRA). The World Bank has adopted environmental guidelines for environmental assessments to be followed by recipients of their loans.
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PGN will comply with all existing Indonesian safety and environmental legislation and regulations, according to World Bank guidelines.
1.4 Description of the Gas Distribution Project
The gas distribution system is planned to be built in 1998 - 2001. The plans are still flexible and some changes are expected. A summary of the present plans is given in the table.
IJakarta/B ogor area. Zone 1 189mmscfd 16km Scrang-Anyer-Cilegon-Kopo arca. Zone 2 94 mmscfd 106 km Karawang-Cikampek-Purwakarta-Subangarea. Zone 3 215 mmscfd 125 km
The pipelines will be routed through mainly urban areas and alongside main roads with heavy traffic in some areas. Existing dwellings and buildings are frequently close to the roads and this may present problems during construction and operation. The pipeline route crosses numerous rivers and streams and some major highways and railroads. These crossings are not expected to present significant problems during construction. The pipeline will be designed to ASME B31.8 Class 4 standard, consistent with densely populated urban areas where multi-storey buildings are prevalent and traffic is heavy. This design class is appropriate for the area of operation and caters also to future developments. The distribution pipelines will be made of welded steel. Pipe diameter will be mainly 16". The pipelines will be buried with a minimum cover of 1.5m.
Water crossings will be by steel bridges. For major road and highway intersections and rail crossings, thrust boring may be employed. The pipeline will be pigged, cleaned and pressure tested, using fresh water supplied from local water mains where available, otherwise river water will be used with filtering and removal of suspended solids. PGN carry out regular patrols of its existing pipelines and will also carry out regular controls of the proposed gas distribution pipelines. An odorant (THT), which PGN already have experience of using, will be injected into the distribution system for detection of leaking gas. PGN have established a project team for the gas distribution project responsible for planning.
1.5 Environmental Baseline Description
West Java has a tropical climatewith moderatetemperature distinction betweenthe seasons.The monsoon season is from October to the end of April, and the dry season from May to September. Monthly rainfall varies from 100 to 400 mm.
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Land use along the routes is: Rural 34 % Urban 28% Industrial 22% Agricultural 9% Forestry'5% Tourisiii 2% Whilst several protected species of flora and fauna can be found in West Java. none are likely to be found directly along the planned pipeline routes.
1.6 Safety Baseline Description
The gas distribution system is designed for compliance with the technical and safety requirements set by the latest edition of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B3 1.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems. PGN have reported 7 accidents since 1974. Three of these accidents have occurred in high pressure distribution systems (>7 bar). Two of the accidents resulted from third party impact and the other was due to material defect.
1.7 Social and EcornomicBaseline Description
The total population in 1995 was 4,189,000 in Zone 2 and 3,291,000 in Zone 3. Population densities are high, ranging from 600 to 5,800 per square km. Population growth is rapid. Employment in these zones is mainly in the agricultural sector, providing 32% of the jobs. Industry, trade, hotels, restaurants, services and construction sectors contribute 58%. The utilities sector (gas, electricity and water) provides less than I % of the total The economy in West Java grew at around 8 % over the period 1994 to 1995. Manufacturing industry in West Java is particularly important to the economy of Indonesia and contributes around 30% cf the Gross Domestic Regional Product. Agriculture contributes 16 % and utilities around 2%.
1.8 Communities aind Cultural Baseline Description
Rural or urban village (keluruhan) is the lowest level of formal government administrative organisation in West Java. Non govemmental organisations that contribute to village organisation and managernent are common. The land ownership system in West Java is generally in the form of private property owned by families or individuals. * The original people of West Java are known as the Sundanese, who remain the most dominant ethnic group. The majority of the population in West Java as a whole are Moslems. Other religions including Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism are followed by smaller numbers of the population. Sundanese culture is strongly associated with the Islamic religion.
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1.9 Pollution Baseline
The amount of pollution baseline data available is limited. But as pollution caused by the gas distribution pipeline is not likely to be significant the lack of pollution baseline data is not considered to be important.
1.10 Environmental Impacts on Land Use
The main land use impacts to the pipeline route are associated with potential solid waste and liquid effluent waste disposal along the pipeline route and lack of land reinstatement. Land will be acquired for the offtake stations only. In total 7.500 m2 in three different locations will be acquired. PGN will prepare a land reinstatement plan as part of the detailed design phase in order to ensure that land in urban and non-urban areas returns to its original condition as quickly as possible, and to reduce the levels of erosion and pipeline failure risk.
1.11 Environmental Impacts from Pollution
Construction activities are likely to cause localised noise nuisance. Disposal of contaminated trench and hydrostatic testing water may cause localised river and agricultural land pollution during construction, if not carried out properly. Construction wastes will be reused, recycled or disposed of at officially approved sites. Natural gas combustion by customers produces smaller quantities of gaseous pollutants per unit of energy supplied than other fossil fuels currently used. In addition no solid wastes are produced by gas combustion. These are important environmental benefits of the project.
1.12 Accidental Events - Assessment of Safety and Environmental Risks
1.12.1 Safety risks
The major safety hazard associated with gas distribution pipeline project is from accidental releases of natural gas. The flammable hazard associated with natural gas releases is of primary concern for human safety. The PGN failure rate per 1,000 km-year is comparable to the U.S. gas transmission and the European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group pipeline failure rate data. Pipeline routing, pipeline sectionalisation and third party impacts are the most important factors to be considered for limiting safety risks. 1.12.2 Environmental risks
Accidental release of the odorant (THT) added to the gas can give a local air pollution problem close to the injection station. Any methane lost by leaks or ruptures is a potential asphyxiant and will contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.
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The amounts of THT stored at odorising plant will be limited to I tonne and measures to prevent and contain spills will be implemented.
1.13 Impacts on Social and Economic Conditions
The gas distribution pipeline will be constructed along an existing government ROW. Some land acquisition is required for the three planned offtake, metering and regulation stations. Construction workings amelikely to cause temporary nuisances ancddisruptions to residents and economic activity along t.ie pipeline route. PGN estimate total investment costs for the project of US$ 120 million over a two year period. This corresponds to a small fraction of the construction and manufacturing sectors in West Java. It is estimated that a total of 1,215 man years of effort (from 1998 to 2001) will be required in order to design and construct the gas distribution pipeline and ancillary plant. Current plans for Zones 2 and 3 include supplying 156 principally industrial customers with a total of 500 mmscfd of gas. The gas supplied will be used for industrial expansion and to replace other formnsof present energy supply (e.g. fuel oil, coal, wood, etc.).
1.14 Impacts on Comnmunitiesand Culture
Public consultation has been started by PGN. They will include the general public, local government and non-government organisations in Zones 2 and 3 according to the World Bank's requirements. Public consultation is a means for mitigating impacts on communities and culture. The construction activities may cause a disturbance to local cultural activities. These impacts are not likely to be significant.
1.15 Analysis of Alternative Options
The "zero option" would be not to build a gas distribution system at all. The energy demnandmust then be met by other sources, such as coal, fuel oil, combustible wastes and wood. Compared to use of natural gas, these fuels would cause a significant increase in emission of air pollutants and thus have a significant negative impact on local and regional air quality. In addition, the emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) is lower when burning natural gas. The option of routing the pipelines remote from roads is normally not recommended as it will create a land acquisition problem, access roads must be built and service lines to the customers will be long. Investment costs will increase. However, there could be sections where a route remote from very densely populated areas should be considered. The technologies and design standards used in the project-are acceptable. They will be further refined by the appropriate use of Quantitative Risk Assessment during the detailed design process, where this is required by the standards.
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1.16 Environmental and Safety Mitigation Plan
Tables summarising the priorities for the environmental and safety and mitigation plans for the pre-construction, construction and operations phases are presented in the report. The plans are based on conclusions and recommendations from the preceding impact sections.
1.17 Environmental and Safety Management within PGN
1.17.1 PGN organisation
PGN do have some elements of an Environment Management System (EMS), and have several of the key elements of a Safety Management System (SMS). PGN will evaluate implementing institutional changes in the future in order to improve safety and environmental performance. This may involve establishing an environmental department for managing environmental issues, and will require long term commitment and development. Introduction of an EMS based on ISO 14001 will be considered. This will be throu-gh.areview conducted bv consultants.- Training programs in environment and safety management should be established. Shiortcourses will be sufficient for most personnel categories. Specialist will need extensive training, in Indonesia and possibly abroad. 1.17.2 Gas distribution project
PGN will appoint a safety and environmental manager within the organisation of the gas distribution project. Due to the very little time available, first priority will be given to develop separate environmental and safety management systems in accordance with the general requirements of ISO 14001 for the gas distribution project. PGN will create safety and environmental (SE) responsibilities within the organisation of the gas distribution project. SE management will generally be according to the ISO 14001 EMS model. A basic set of procedures will be established in order to ensure compliance with the requirements of Indonesian legislation, mitigation plans and monitoring programmes detailed in this EA study. PGN have existing emergency response plans for their other existing pipeline systems. This emergency response plan (including THT aspects) will be amended accordingly for the gas distribution project and communicated to PGN staff, local authorities and the public. 1.17.3 Contractors
PGN will develop a set of contractual clauses to control the performance of Contractors within SE. These clauses will be part of the contract between PGN and the Contractors.
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1.17.4 Environmentil and SafetY Monitoring Programme
The monitoring program;ne will provide PGN management with information in order to assess compliance with Government, World Bank and corporate safety and environmental policies. objectives and regulations. Important elements of the monitoring programmes presented in the report are: * establish baseline documentation of the state of the pipeline route; * records of regulations and permits; * records of consultations with local population and leaders; * records of reactions from the community including response; * monitoring of contractors activities; * records of incidents/accidents including corrective actions taken.
1.18 PGN Commitments on Environment and Safety
The Consultant has proposed a number of commitments to be made by PGN on environmental and safety aspects of the gas distribution pipeline project. These are listed in Appendix J of the report. PGN has decided tv carry out a review of these commitments.
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2 INTRODUCTIO'N
2.1 Purpose of This Report
The purposeof this report is to presentthe EnvironmentalAssessment (EA) of a gas distribution system being planned on West Java. The gas distribution system is part of the Trans South Sumatera - West Java Gas Developmentproject, and will be owned and operated by Pt. PerusahaanGas Negara(l'GN). PGN is seekingfinancing from the WorldBank, and the EA has for this reason been carriedout accordingto the World Bankguidelines and directives. The EA has been carriedout by Det NorskeVeritas AS and PT Elnusa Ehaesindofor PGN, under acontractwith the D)irectorateGeneral of Oil and Gas (MIGAS).
2.2 Overview of the Trans South Sumatera - West Java Gas Development Project
The first stage of upstream gas developmentincludes several onshore gas fields in South Sumatera,including collecting pipelines, processing and compressiig.These installationswill be owned and operatedby Pertaminaand supplygas to PGN at Pagar Dewa. The second stage of upstream gas development includes gas fields in Central Sumatera, transportedto PagarDewa in a futurepipeline planned and ownedby PGN. PGN is planninga new Gas transmissionpipeline from Pagar Dewa to Cilegonon the West coast of Java. Constructionof the transmissionpipeline is planned to stwrtin 1998,and operationsin 2001. It will be connected to the existing Pertamina gas pipeline system in West Java. Two partially overlapping EA reports are being prepared for the Gas transmission pipeline, one according to Indonesian regulations and one according to the World Bank guidelines and directives. The purpose of the PGN gas distributionsystem, subject to the EA findings of this report, is to make gas from Sumateraavailable to the marketson Java. The construction of the lyas distributionsystem will be based on the market situation. PGN prefers to have contracts with gas customersbefore constructionstarts. The plans are therefore flexible and dependupon futurecontracts.
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2.3 Brief Description of the PGN Gas Distribution SYstem
It is intended to expand PGN's existinggas distributionsystem in WVestJava by the construction of new pipelines and branch lines in the system. The purpose of thlisproposed expansion is to deliveradditional natural gas brought in from the Pertaminaoperated gas fields in South Sumatra estimated at 250 mmscfd to major industrial growth areas in West Java. Currently, PGN is supplyingabout 110 mmscfd to industrialand commercialcustomers in the Jakarta/Bogorarea of West Java, receiving its supplies from offshore and onshore gas fields in West Java through the Pertamina TransmissionNetwork and six offtake stations at Tegal Gede, Cimanggis,Walahar, Cibinong, Bitung and Serpong. The demand for gas is expected to grow from the present gas utilisationof I 10 mmscfd to at least 500 mmscfdover the next seven years. To meet this growing demand, extension of the current distribution network is required to achieve this ramp up. Gas from the Pertamina South Sumatra gas fields is expected to be available from the year 2002,but could also be suppliedfrom other additionalsources. The new PGN gas pipelines,ranging from Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) 6" to 16" in diametercover two main areas, namelythe Serang-Anyer-Cilegon-Kopoarea (Zone 2 extension)west of Jakarta and the Karawang-Cikampek-Purwakarta-Subangarea (Zone 3 extension) east of Jakarta. In addition,a relativelyshort branch line will be constructedin the centralZone 1 of Jakarta/Bogor. Gas to the two regions are supplied at potential supply quantities of 189, 94 and 215 mmscfd respectively for Zones 1, 2 and 3 based on a ASME #150 class pipeline system (nominal operatingpressure of 5 to 16 bar). Three new metering and pressureregulating off-takestations at Cikande and Cilegonin Zone 2 and at Pasir Jadi in Zone 3 are plannedas part of the extension. Figure 2.1 shows the existing Pertamina and PGN gas distribution system and the proposed extensions of the PGN distribution system.The expansion plans do not require any addition of compressionfacilities. Accordingto PGN marketingsurvey results, the PGN gas distributionsystem is intendedto serve only industrialusers for steam raising, heating and process applications,typically manufacturing plants engaged in. the production of ceramics, textiles, chemicals, food, paper and metals. Potentially,there are estimated409 additional industrialcustomers that the extended distribution system could serve. PGN has good experiencewith managinggas distributionsystem with approximately1500 kin of distribution pipelines,of which about half compriselow pressure distributionlines of steel, cast iron, ductile iron and polyethyleneconstruction. Recently, PGN completeda major expansionof the high pressure distributionsystem in East Java at Surabaya.The proposedexpansion plans for West Java are, by comparison, on a similar scale and therefore not expected to pose new and difficult challenges to PGN. The West Java expansion plans are presently still on a Master Plan level and preliminaryengineering has yet to be completed.It is thereforeassumed for the purpose of this assessment that this new distributionnetwork expansionwill proceedaccording to PGN's previously established design philosophies, construction methods and operational procedures used for the existingpipelines.
Page 9 . .. ~ C-W&Vk_Ff The proposed extension of PGN's West Java gas distribution netlvorkihas been initiated as the PEMJADIG West Java Project and xvillbasically comprise a total of 255 km of buried, coated steel pipelines located in the eastern and western halves of West Java. on either side of Jakarta. These pipelines are routed alongside existing roads that passes through mainily urbanised or industrial areas interspersed with agricultural and farming activity. The terrain is generally flat or gently undulating crossed by several major rivers and numerous natural streanis or man-made canals and drainage channels. There are no known conservation or environmentally sensitive areas affected by the proposed extension of the gas distribution system.
2.4 Methodology of the Environmental Assessment Study Site specific environmental informnationused in this EA has been provided from a site survey. The log from the survey is included in Appendix E. Appendix F contains a selection of photographs taken durinig the survey. Baseline information on legislation, environment and socio-economic and cultural aspects has been obtained through reviews prepared by IPB at the Agricultural University of Bogor and by Elnusa, based on a scopes of work prepared by DNV.
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Figure 2.1: Existing and PlannedGas Distribution Networks in West Java
ODCW po0ulafedpieces 1 . mlingPGNOistrbulonnelwodr ODCWUfbanareas "tVwrE N eingP4flhrbnp rel.1 DCW Roads P EleviCWrivors 0 20 Kilome _Elevation cont ou rs
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In order to provide a readily accessible database for all information compiled through the Environmental Assessment, an application in ArcView GIS (Geographical Information System) was created. In this application, field observations. base maps and information received from PGN were included, forming the basis for discussions, analysis and presentation. The report is also harmonised towards international standards on EA reports, including initeralta the use of graphics. maps, and references to complementary scientific work. The technical assessment of the project is based on information provided by PGN. The documentation on the receiving environment is based on the current knowledge of the West Java environment. In this context, the reviews prepared by IPB as part of the screening and scoping have been contributions of significant importance. The assessment of the likely impacts is based on international scientific experience and in-house research. The EA has been carried out by Det Norske Veritas AS (DNV), assisted by Pt. Elnusa Ehaesindo and IPB in Indonesia. A list of EA preparers is included in Appendix B.
2.5 Report Structure
The report is structured to provide the reader easy access to the results and conclusions of the assessment. The next section of the report describes the legislative framework for an EA carried out in Indonesia and according to the requirements of The World Bank. Then follows a technical description of the project. All discharges to water, emissions to the air and solid waste production are identified and quantified where possible. In the sections that follow, details are given of the baseline conditions of the area that will be affected by the development of the gas distribution system. Having described the environment and the discharges and emissions to which it will be exposed, the following sections discuss the environmental impacts that could be expected firstly from planned activities such as construction and operations and thereafter from accidental events. The accidental event assessments are based on the probabilities for a pipeline rupture/major release of gas. The abandonment of installations after their useful operational life has been completed is also discussed in general termr;. The final main sections deal with the Environment and Safety Mitigation plan that will be implemented to mitigate any impacts that have been identified, the Management plan and the Monitoring plan. Additional information is given in the Appendices. Appendix A includes a glossary of terms and abbreviations used freque ntly throughout this report.
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3 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
3.1 The EA Concept and its Role in Industrial Development and Action
One major objective of an EA is to provide decision makers wilh an indication of the likely consequences - both negative and positive - of their actions. Consequently, EA is perhaps the most important predictive tool, which can prevent today's decisions resulting in unacceptable environmental impacts tomorrow. The EA should be considered as a process [Hansson & Moe, 19961. This includes the initial step of identifying, from a broEd range of potential problems, a limited number of priority issues to be addressed by the EA. Subsequent to the identification of these issues, further effort should be placed on surveys to provide infornation conceming the selections made in the scoping process. The concluding assessmeni.will rely on impact prediction. EA has for several years been recognised in the mainstream of national development and environmental concerns. In most countries the EA process is linked to application for siting, building or operation permits, often confined to assessment of compliance with existing regulations and standards. To comply with the different enactments and regulations required, which is evidently beneficial for all participants involved, transparency and stringency of the legislative framework are generally considered as cnicial. This is especially important for developers of multiple sectorial projects. The following describes general characteristics of this EA: * The EA is a process, which has the overall objective of providing the basis for rational decision making and environmental management strategy. * The EA approach, which is utilised in this study, is in accordance with accepted international and national standards. * An EA is a multi-disciplinary study and its success in connection with any given development proposal depends largely on the ability to identify at an early stage the most important key issues, which should be iocused upon. * The EA process should result in a report, which is concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text should focus on findings, conclusions and recommendations, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The EA addresses the construction and normal operations of the Gas Distribution Svstem, as well as scenarios for possible accidental events.
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3.2 Indonesian Environment and Safety Legislation, Regulations and Authorities
This Section contains a brief overview of the environmentalregulations and. in addition, a correspondingoverview of safetyregulations. The 1945Constitution forms the basis for all IndonesianActs and Regulations. Structure of Regulations The basic Provisions are stipulated throughActs, which further define the guiding principlesin the GovernmentalRegulations. General guidelinesare establishedthrough Decreesfrom the Ministerof the Environment,which are further elaboratedon specific guidance (for every sector of Government)by a Ministerial Decree,e.g. the Ministerof Energyand Miningfor the energyand mining sector. The Director General of Oil and Gas (for the Govemment), or the President Director of Pertamina(for the Industry)may establishspecific guidance for the oil and gas sector. The EnvironmentAct (Act no. 4 of 1982)concerning Basic Provisions for the Managementof the Living Environment is the guiding rule for environmentalmanagement in Indonesia. It containsbasic provisionsfor furtherenvironmental regulations. Article 16 of the EnvironmentAct stipulatesthat environmentalimpact assessmentsare required for any plan, which is consideredlikely to have a significantimpact onI the environment. Several other aspectsare addressedthrough separate acts. The protection of the living environment will be based on environmental quality standards establishedby legislation. Environment The Environment.Ministry (LH) and the enforcementagency, The EnvironmcntalManagement Agency (BAPEDAL),are the two agencies dedicatedspecially to environmentalmanagement at the central governmentlevel. As part of the environmentalassessment, a review of Indonesianenvironmental legislation and regulationsapplicable to the project was undertaken.Relevant regulationsare presented in Table 3.1.
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Table 3.1: Relevant Indonesian Environmental Regulations
Stage Type Reference Topic Relevant parts Planning Govcrnment No. 51 Descriptionof Environmental All Regulation Assessmentprocedures - ANIDAL Planning Ministerial Decice. No. 11.1994 The typeof businessesor activities AppendixI No. 1. (8- Minister of the No. 39. 1996 requiredto preparean EA I I). Appendix.11 Environment.l Planning Ministerial Decree. No. 14. 1994 Generalguidelines for the All Minister of the preparationof EA Environment Planning Ministerial Decree. No. 56. 1994 Guidelinesfor the determinationof All Minister of the significantimpacts Environment Plannina Ministerial Decr-e. No. 2. 1992 Guidelinesfor the control of All Minister of the explorationand exploitation of oil Environment andgas mining Planning Ministerial Decnre. No. 391. 1995 Procedurefor theapproval of EA All Minister of the studiesand its elements Environment
Operations Joint Ministerial No. 183= 09 of Implementationof the monitoringof All Decree.Ministern; of 1993 environmentalimpacts Healthand Minister of Environment Operations Ministerial Decree. No. 12, 1994 Generalguidelines for ENIAand All Minister of the EMO procedures Environment Operations Ministerial Decree. No. 35 and35A. Programfor cleanerrivers Generalreference Minister of the 1995 Environment Operations Ministerial Decre-. No. 02. 1992 Guidancefor supervisionof oil and All Minister of Minesand gasE & P operations ______Energy Operations Decreeof the Director No. 131. 1995 Guidesfor EMA andEMO plan All Generalof Oil ancl Gas
Table 3.2 contains a list of relevant environmental standards.
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Table 3.2: Relevant Indonesian Environmental Standards
Type Reference Topic Relevant parts Presidential Decree No. 55. 1993 Land acquisition for development All projects Act No. 20. 1961 Land expropriation All Act No 4 1982 Basic provisions for EM Anicle 17. General guidance Government No. 20. 1990 The control of water pollution All regulation I Ministenal Decree. No. 2. 1988 Guides for environmental standards General reference Minister of the Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 3, 1991 Effluent quality standard for existing Appendix 4. 15. 16 Minister of the operations Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 13. 1995 Emission standard for stationarv All Minister of the sources Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 51. 1995 Effluent standard for industry General reference Minister of the Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 42, 1996 EMuent standard for oil and gas All Minister of the Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 48. 1996 Standard for noise All Minister of the Environment Ministerial Decree. No. 50. 1996 Standard for odor, smell All Minister of the Environment Provincial/Govemors Local regulations Local environment standards South Sumatera. Decree Lampung and West Java
Appendix D contains Indonesian standards for ambient air, water and noise. Indonesia is signatory to several international environmental initiatives and agreemcnts. As the gas distribution system will follow existing roads, in a developed area, only the International Convention for Global Climate Change is considered relevant for the gas distribution system.
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The Indonesian Environmental Assessment System The Gas distribution system is subject to two partially overlappincgEA processes. established by * The Government of idonesia; * The World Bank. At the time when this report was prepared, the gas distribution system was at an early planning stage and an EA according to the Indonesian regulations had not been started. But an Indonesian EA will be required latei, and a brief overview of the process is thus appropriate. The Indonesian EA is termed AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Danipak Lingkungan, Environment Impact Assessment Study). The exact reference to the regulation is included in Table 3.1. The regulation is much in line with corresponding regulations in a large number of countries in all parts of the world. The AMDAL consists of four documents: * Terms of Reference (KA, ANDAL). * EA Statement (ANDAL, Analisis Dampak Lingkungan) * Environmental Management Plan (RKL, Rencano Kengelolan Liiigkungan) * Environmental Monitoring Plan (RPL, Rencano Pemartana Lingkulgan) The KA ANDAL is a scciping document, used to assess the need for and scope of the ANDAL. PGN will prepare an AI,DAL for the gas distribution project according to the schedule provided in Table 3.3.
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Table3.3: AMDAL Schedule for the Gas Distribution Project No Activities 1997 1998 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dce Jan Feb Mar Apr -May Jun Jul 1. PreparationTender Document 2. Invitationlo Tender 3. Submissionand Opening Document 4. Evaluation
5. Notificationof Award l _ _ __ . 6. StudyConducting 7. DataCollection 8. Field Survey 9. DataAnalysis 10. Reporting IL InterimReport 12. DalaRcporl 13. Draft Report 14. FinalReport 15. Presentationat DPE 16. Recommendalion
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Safety The basic provisions for safety regulations in Indonesia was Act no. I of 1970. The Department of Manpower has the authority to control occupational safety and health. Tlhrough the Government Regulation no. 19 of 1973, the Government delegated the control of occupational health and safety in the oil and gas industry to the Department of Mining (at that time), which delegated it further to tLe Director General of Oil and Gas (MIGAS). The Minister of Mining Decree no. 2 of 1975 pertains the work safety at pipelines including ancillary facilities outside the mining areas. MIGAS is presently (1997) revising the safety guidelines for gas pipelines. In lieu of specific government guidelines the industries, i.e. PGN and Pertamina, use recognised international standards and established oil and gas industry practices. Specific Safety Regulations As part of the environmenitalassessment, a review of Indonesian safety standards and regulations applicable to the project was undertaken. These are presented in Table 3.4. Tatble3.4: Relevant Indonesian Safety Regulations
Type Reference Topic Government No.45, 1985 Materialsutilised in oil and gas activities Reculation Ministcrial Decree. No. 2. 1975 Work safety at pipe transmission and its Minister of Mining facilities for oil and gas activities operated outsidemining area No. 300, 1997 Includes a requirement for safety QRA (Amendment to when not using Indonesian national design above) standards. MinisterialDecrees No. 6, 1991 Inspectionon installation.equipment and Ministerof Mining techniqueutilised in oil. gas and geothermal activities Decreeof Director No. 52. 1979 Establishmentof the Directorfor Technical Gcneral of Oil ard Oil and Gas mining as the head of Gas inspectors for oil and gas mining activities
3.3 The World Bank's Environmental Policies and Guidelines
The World Bank has adoDted environmental guidelines to be followed by recipients of their loans. EA is implemented in the World Bank's operations on specific projects or sectors to national environmental st-7ategiesand action plans. The World Bank policy stipulates that projects with severe environmental impacts would not be financed without the implementation of mitigating measures acceptable to the Bank. The Bank has published environmental guidelines for a number of sectors, to be complied with in projects financed by the ]3ank. The Bank is normally requires a project to comply with all national environment and safety regulations.
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This EA report for PGN's planned -as distribution project is prepared to form the basis for the World Bank evaluation of the project and has been prepared to satisfy the World Bankidirective: * OD 4.01. Environmental Assessment (October 1991) The EA prepared by the consultant, and the project plans and descriptions formulated by the proponent, form the basis for the World Bank review. In reviewing the project, the World Bank may request changes to be made to the EA, in terms of e.g. level of detail and issues addressed. However, the Bank may also request changes in the proponents project design and plans. A revised environmental assessment is prepared, and put forward for a new review by the Bank, which either will request further changes, or approve the assessment.
3.4 Safety and EnvironmentalPermits
The gas distribution project has just past the planning stage. Consequently PGN have not yet obtained any health, safety and environmental permits. A list of health, safety and environmental permits required by PGN for the gas distribution project is provided in Appendix C. Appendix C also contains a permit schedule which details when permits will be applied for, the responsible permit application authorities and when the permits could be received.
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4 DESCRIPTION OF THE GAS DISTRIBUTION PROJECT
4.1 Activities and Geographical Area Included in the EA Stud)
Figure4.1 providesan overviewof the geographicallocations in West Java where it is plannedto build the gas distributior pipeline.Areas B and C that appear on tlhemap refer to zones 2 and 3 respectively.Zone I is in and aroundJakarta. The Zone I expansionwill basicallyentail a short branchline into the existingJakarta market.In Zone 2, the new distribution pipelines will traverse industrial developmentcorridors between west Jakarta and the Cilegon/Merakarea, includingAnyer, Serang, Cikande, Balaraja, Jatiuwung and Tangerang. In the Zone 3 expansion, the new distribution lines will service industrial developmentzones east of Jakartaincluding Bekasi, Karawang, Cikampek and Purwakarta. Expansionof the existing,gas distributionsystem will involvethe followingmain components: a. Zone 1 expansiona A totalof 16.25km of servicepipelines ranging from NPS 2" to 16" and servingpotentially 325 customers in the existing supply zone of Jakarta/Bogor.A summary of the pipeline sizes and their correspondinglengths in Zone I is given in Table 4. 1. Table 4.1 Zone1 Gas DistributionSystem Expansion Diameter Numberof Total(mi) ______2 ___ Customers = 16 I 50 12 I 50 10 1 50 8 4 200 6 9 450 4 53 2,650 2 256 12.8(K) Total 325 16,250 b. Zone 2 expansioni A new NPS 16 main dist^ibutionpipeline extending from Balaraja,which ties into the end of the existing distribution system,is proposedextending to Serang and on to Bojanegarain Cilegon, with a 10" branch pipeline to Anyer from Cilegon and a 16" branch pipeline to Kopo from Cikande. Additionalspur lines of NPS 6 and NPS 8 join the main and branchdistribution line at several points.Total pipeline lengthin this zone is expectedto be III km. Two metering and pressure regulating offtake stations at Serang/Cikandeand Cilegon are planned.The pipelinescan potentiallyserve up to 60 new customers.
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Figure 4.1: Overview Map of the Gas Distribution Project
/ DCW populaied places fOCW Urban areas . ,DCW Roads A\,'OCW rivers Elevation contours 0 20 Kilomete
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A summary of the pipeliiie sizes and their corresponding lengths in Zone 2 is given in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Zone 2 Gas Distribution System Expansion
Diameter _Year of Construction Total(kmn) 1998 1999 2000 2001 16 81.00 - 0.40 81.4() 10 12.80 2.40 - 15.20 8 _ 1.90 1.90 6 3.25 1.65 2.30 7.20 Total(km) 97.05 4.45 4.2 105.7 c. Zone 3 expansioni NPS 16 main distribution pipeline extending from the end of an existing distribution pipeline at Kerawang to Purwarkarti and on to Jatihulur. A pipeline branclies off at Purwakarta -to midway between Campaka and Subang at Pasir Jadi. A number of other branch and spur lines of NPS 12, 10, 8, 6 and 4 are also tied into this main distribution line. Total pipeline length in this zone is expected to be 126 km. A metering and pressure regulating offtake station at Pasir Jadi is planned. The pipelines can potentially serve up to 56 new customers in the area. A summary of the pipeline sizes and their corresponding lengths in Zone 3 is given in Table 4.3. Tablei4.3: Zone 3 Gas Distribution System Expansion
Diameter Year of Construction Total(kn) 1998 1999 2000 20101 16" 9.2 41.3 - - 50.5
14" - - - -
12" 0.8 27.05 - 27.85
10" _ 8.2 - - - 8.2
8" - 5.3 2.25 - 7.55
6" 9.6 1.2 - - 10.8
4" - 6.1 2.15 12.3 20.55 Total (km) 27.8 53.9 31.45 12.3 125.45
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4.2 Pre Construction
4.2.1 Project Management
PGN will establish a project tearn for the PEMJADIG West Java project. This team will comprise of a Project Manager, two Construction Managers each supervising 2 site managers and an assistant engineering manager, an Administration Manager supervising an assistant administration manager, transport and logistics assistant manager and an evaluation/reporting assistant manager, and a Finance Manager supervising an assistant finance and accounting manager and a treasury assistant manager. Figure 4.2 shows the Project Team organisational chart. Based on the required functions, a total of 16 managers are required. To fill the project positions, the intention is to second personnel from PGN's main and branch organisations and relocating project personnel involved with the recently completed East Java Distribution Network project to this project. The project team requires personnel experienced in the management of construction of distribution pipeline networks and it is acknowledged by PGN that some staff may.lack the necessary experience. To compensate for this, training of project personnel will be emphasised and monitored during the course of the project. Dedicated'Quality Assurance (QA) and Safety and Environment (S&E) manaiiiefniefunctions for the Project Team are not yet defined? The activities associated with these functions will be monitored by the construction site teams to ensure full compliance with Indonesian legislation, assisted by a third party consultant to undertake quality control aspects of the work.
4.2.2 Procurement Philosophy
Based on PGN's market survey of gas demand and the Pertamina gas supply commitments, the schedule for completion of this gas distribution network expansion in West Java is targeted for March 2001. Due to the relatively short time frame available, the project is intended to be a fast- track project and consequently, the procurement philosophy will necessarily be dictated by this consideration. The procurement philosophy will be based on turnkey approach for supply and installation, with three separate intemational competitive bid tenders for supply and installation of the pipelines and MRS offtakes. The design of Zone I spur line will be performed by PGN Project Team which will also undertake to define the scope of work for the Zone 2 and 3. However, taking into account the limitations of manpower availability within PGN and the level of experience needed, the detailed engineering and quantity survey services for the Zone 2 and 3, expansion works will be awarded to a third party Design Consultant. The responsibilities of this Design Consultant will include obtaining necessary permits, preparation of alignment drawings and engineering details, calculate bill of quantities, prepare technical specifications, prepare tender documents and provide technical assistance to the PGN project team during construction and commissioning. The supply and installation tenders will comprise tender packages for the following: * supply and installation of distribution pipelines in Zone 2; * supply and installation of distribution pipelines in Zone 3; * supply of MRS offtake and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system.
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The scope of supply and installation for the distribution pipelines include the following: * supply of coated steel pipes; * supply of fittings, bends, tees, flanges; * supply of line valves and branch valves; * supply of temporary pigging facilities; * installation of pipelines and associated fittings; * testing and commissiconing. The scope of supply for the MRS offtake and SCADA system includes the following: * offtake metering and pressure regulating station. This includes gas odorisation and chromatography units; * SCADA system. Though international bidding will be carried out, contract awards will most likely be made to local contractors based on past experience, as such contracts do not normally appeal to international contractors. In addition to the above international competitive bid tenders for the main distribution system, local contractors are reqjuired for the supply of service lines and associated MRS units to individual customers. This work is dependent on the needs of individual customers in terms of capacities and delivery pressures and also the need for conversion or addition of present customer facilities to gas buming. Presently, PGN has approved Installers to undertake such work and handled by the individual PGN branch offices for new customers. Currently, only 10 Installers are approved by PGN. However, based on PGN estimates. about 25 approved Installers will be required to cater to the total projected number of 409 new customers. Given the current number of approved Installers and potential customer demand on the PGN branch offices, bottlenecks may result. T'herefore, phased installation of service lines by PGN will be required and the flexibility for customers to directly engage contractors for service line and MRS installation is being considered by PGN. Plans to increase the number of installers will also be required to avoid delays to customers, but at the same time maintaining proper training and ensuring competence and qualifications of the new approved installers.
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Figure 4.2: PGN Project Organograim
| PROJECT l MANAGER
ADMINISTRATION FINANCE CONSTRUCTION MANAGER MANAGER :'MANAGER
Administration 1 Finance& SiteManager AssistantManager | AccountingManager
Transportation& Logistic AssistantTreasury Site Manager AssistantManager Manager
Evaluation& 1 Assistant ReportingManager EngineeringManager
4.2.3 Design Philosophy
(a) Design Standards Detailed engineering for the distribution pipelines will be carried out as a minimum according to the applicable Indonesian standards for pipelines (equivalent to the ASME B31.8 Standard - 1986 edition). However, where requirements are more stringent in the latest edition of the ASME code, these will be followed. In addition, PGN's codes of practice and construction standards for distribution facilities will be applied. These are mainly based on standards from the Institution of Gas Engineers and British Gas codes of practice. (b) Metering and Pressure Regulation Stations The distribution networks will be supplied via metering and pressure control off-take (MRS) stations directly from the existing Pertamina transmission pipeline. The new facilities will be fitted with gas odorisation stations, flow control and computerised metering, pressure regulation, with full safety features to cater for all foreseeable equipment failure scenarios, appropriate instrumentation and remote SCADA monitoring/ control systems. The offtake stations will be sized to deliver the design capacity under minimum inlet and maximum outlet pressure configuration.
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An offtake station typically includes remote SCADA system. gas chroinatography and odorisation units. The odorant used is Tetrahydrothiophene (THT) which is automatically injected at a rate of 16 mg/M3. The SCADA system is linked by UHF radio to PGN's central control and monitoring station in Jak-arta.It is planned that the SCADA system is used only for on-line monitoring of process flow rates and temperatures. The proposed new three offtake stations at Cikande, Cilegon and Pasir Jadi will be based on this standard layout and designed according to international standards. At the time of reporting, the exact locations of these stations have yet to be finalised, but expected to be of about 2500m2 in size each. Land acquisition, in connection with these new offtake stations will be required. Some of this land may be purcthasedfrom existing Pertamina owned sites. Within specific industrial estates, boundary metering and pressure regulating stations will be installed, depending on the supply and delivery pressure requirements of the customers in these estates and the relative supply economics. Industrial customers will be supplied via individual pressure regulating and rnetering units located within the customers boundary limritsand will be sized to deliver the reqaired maximum gas loads under minimum anticipated inlet pressure conditions. Final design will be to an appropriate international standard and will incorporate a range of safety features to ensure full downstream protection in the event of a component failure. These safety features will include:
3 local monitoring and shutdown * pressure relief devices for high pressure systems and venting * Pressure regulating and relief devices will be designed according to ASME requirements.
(c) Distribution Pipelines Several alternatives of network layout and capacity requirements were evaluated by PGN and currently the approach is to adopt a network based on an ASME #150 system with maximum working pressure of 16 bar and a design flow capacity of about 500 mmscfd. This is based on PGN's review of their engineering policy with regards to maximum operating pressure of the West Java distribution system. This was in view of the system being located in more urbanised areas than in East Java anid in many cases operate in close proximity to population centres and property. This pressure restriction has being considered also in anticipation of impending regulations by MIGAS specifying more stringent requirements of pipeline operating pressures and proximity of high pressure pipelines to buildings. The pipelines will be routed through mainly urban areas and alongside main roads with heavy traffic in some areas. Existing dwellings and buildings are frequently close to the roads and this may present problems dturing construction and operation with encroachment on the pipeline right-of-way. Numerous rivers, streams and man-made canals and drains intersect the proposed pipeline route. In a few areas, major highway intersection crossings and railroad crossings will be required. These crossings are not expected to present significant problems during construction as the crossings are not expected to exceed lOOm. Based on current preliminary engineering by PGN, pipeline parameters are given in Table 4.4.
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Table 4A: Pipeline Sizes and Grade
Pipeline Wall Thickness Grade Design Class* Design Factor Diameter (ins) (nmm) 6 7.1 B 4 0.3 8 9.5 B 4 0.3 10 9.5 B 4 0.3 12 12.7 B 4 0.3 16 12.7 B 4 0.3 * according to ASME B31.8
The pipelines are designed for Class 4 locations which pertain to urban areas where multi-storey buildings are prevalent, traffic is heavy or dense and where there may be numerous other utilities underground. This design class is appropriate for the area of operation and caters also to future developments. Notwithstanding, the application of a more stringent class location, the design factor adopted by PGN of 0.3 is also more stringent than the ASME recommended design factor. Sectionalisation valves will be installed on the main distribution pipelines. Manually operated isolation valves will be provided at both ends of major crossings in addition to in-line valves at tee branches and end of service lines The pipelines will be protected from extemal corrosion by suitable external coating and cathodic protection by sacrificial anode and impressed current systems.
4.3 Construction
(a) Standards and Code of Practice Construction will be carried out following, as a minimum, provisions contained in the Indonesian Standard SPM 50.54.02 which is based on the 1989 ASME B31.8 code, supplemented by PGN's in-house specifications and the latest edition of ASME B31.8. These specifications cover the following areas: * linepipe material; * elbows and tees; * in-line valves; * external corrosion PE coating; * welding; * sacrificial anodes; * supply of impressed current system; * trenching and burial; * crossings and casings.
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(b) Supplv and Instsillationof Distribution Pipelines The distribution pipelines are of welded steel construction, which are externally coated with coal tar enamel. The pipelines will be installed by the traditional cut andlfill method, and buried with a minimum cover of l.5mr. The pipelines will only be exposed at water crossings and within the boundaries of metering and pressure regulating stations. The major typical activities associated with supply and construction are briefly described as follows: * manufacture and coating of linepipe Pre-coated linepipes are delivered to a storage site and held temporarily before being despatched to site for installation. * preparation of pipeliine route The necessary local pi rmits will be obtained by PGN. Some initial public consultation has been performed by PG3Nand further consultation is planned (see Appendix I for further details). All public consultation is being conducted according to the World Bank requirements. Surveys and marking of the pipeline route are carried out. Extra precaution during construction therefore needs to be taken with respect to traffic safety and to minimise construction impacts such as noise and dust to surrounding population. Installation works will be carried out by several teams simultaneously at several locations along the pipeline route to reduce construction time. - trenching and weldingr At each site, trenches are dug along the designated pipeline alignment to the required depth to provide minimum cover of 1.Om.Generally, on this project, manual tools and labour will be used for this activity: Mrherenecessary, a backhoe may be employed to assist in difficult areas. However, it is envisaged that use of mechanised equipment will be mninimalfor trenching. Where necessary, trenc [ supports will be used to ensure stability of trench sides. Trenches are opened at lengths of about 500 m along which are strung individual pipe joints in preparation for welding. Trenches are opened ahead of pipe-welding and carried out simultaneously as other activities on the pipeline construction are performed. Spoils from the trenching are placed along the trench side and re-used for burial. The pipe joints are welded, inspected and, if necessary repaired, before being lowered into the pre-prepared trench in sections. The trench is filled up with in-situ soil and ground surface restored to previous condition. The existing pipeline rcutes are marked by small stone markers approximately lOOmspacing and sign posts every 500m. In some areas, such as major crossings and near other utilities, additional signs are posted indicating the presence of buried high pressure gas pipeline and company contact details in case of leakages being detected. It is intended that stone markers are replaced by sign postings since stone markers do not give adequate warning messages and furthermore are easily d isplaced, as evident along existing pipeline routes.
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* Installation of cathodic protection The cathodic protection system in the form of ground zinc anode beds or impressed current system is installed at designated locations and connected to the pipeline. Design is based on field surveys of soil resistivities and pH values. * Crossings The types of crossings expected are water crossings, road highway intersections and rail crossings. The water crossings will be by steel pipe bridge which ranges from a simple single beam span crossing for small streams and man-made canals to multi-span latticed supports for wider rivers. Pipe-bridges are utilised for crossings not exceeding lOOm. No water crossings exceeding lOOmare expected on this project. For major road highway intersections and rail crossings, where several are expected in Zone 2, thrust drilling will be employed. This technique basically involves tunnelling by directional drilling equipment, under the obstruction where overhead crossings and cut-and-fill techniques are not permitted or possible. Usually, a pilot hole is created which defines the path to be followed by the pipeline and this is increased gradually by repeated drilling. A pipe string is pulled through when the hole of appropriate size is created. This is a well established technique but requires careful engineering to establish proper pipe profiles. Complexity and difficulty of operations increases exponentially with crossing distance and pipe size. * Commissioning Upon completion of whole sections of the pipeline between sectionalisation valves, the pipeline is pigged, cleaned and pressure tested, using fresh water supplied from local water mains where available. Water from natural sources such as rivers and streams may be used but would require filtering. No inhibitors or bactericides will be added to the test water as the test water will be expelled from the line immediately after completion of pressure testing. Temporary pig launchers and receivers will be installed for this purpose. The pipeline is dried and filled with nitrogen after completion of pressure testing of all sections of the line. (c) Supply and Installation of Metering and Pressure Regulation Stations Activities associated with the construction of the MRS offtakes are similar to civil and mechanical engineering works associated with building and process equipment construction. This includes: * foundation works for buildings; * construction of buildings housing process equipment and administration offices; * installation of process equipment, SCADA system; * testing and commissioning of process equipment and SCADA system.
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4.4 Operation and Maintenance
(a) Procedures and I'lans For the existing distribui:ion system, PGN has the following emergency response procedures available: * incident/accident reporting procedure; * response in the event of incidents/accidents: * gas escapes. Accident/incident statistics are also compiled on a monthly and annual basis by PGN. This information is submitted to MIGAS. PGN will amend its exist ng Operation and Maintenance Manual lor the West Java distribution pipelines to accommodate the expanded gas distribution system. This document will address the following main issues: (i) Operation and Maintenance Structure This area deals with the management structure of the responsible organisation within PGN. Duties and responsibilities of key positions are identified and outlined. (ii) Maintenance Philosophies, Procedures and Schedules This covers all necessary maintenance functions for pipelines and above-ground installations in compliance with design code and manufacturer specifications such -as: * pipeline routine maintenance activities and frequency; - pipeline condition monitoring; - on-line inspection activities and equipment; * pipeline equipment servicing of valves, filters, regulators, metering systems and other instrumentation; (iii) Operating Philosophies and Procedures This covers operational activities and include: * operational procedures; * emergency procedures covering loss of supply, emergency shutdown, pipeline damage and repair, communications failure; * Permit-to-Work system; * Standby requirements.
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(iv) Training Requirements for training of staff are outlined to ensure adequate competence is maintained for various functions. This will include: * project management; * development of procedures; * safety management awareness; * use of inspection and maintenance equipment; * incident/accident reporting investigation; * fire-fighting and first-aid; * staff training schedule. (v) Records Administration records of implementation of maintenance and training plans will be kept. (b) Leakage Surveys PGN carries out regular patrols of its pipelines. Visual inspection frequency is approximately weekly to monthly. An odorant (THT) is injected into the distribution system at all off-take stations. which allows physical detection of leaking gas. Leakages in the system are often detected through reports made by the general public and surveys are then carried out using surface gas detection and bubble leakage test.
4.5 Decommissioning of Installations
Decommissioning of the installations is not likely to cause problems beyond what is normal for infrastructural installations such as the types involved i.e. pipelines, metering, regulating and offtake stations. As decommissioning is several decades into the future, when environmental requirements and technologies will no doubt be different from today, details of decommissioning will not be discussed in this report.
4.6 Environmental Effects of Gas Consumption
The gas distribution system will mainly supply industries. Some existing industries use oil and possibly coal and other solid fuels, and consequently substitution by gas will thus have a positive impact on air quality. Use of natural gas will reduce emission of carbon dioxide, relative to oil and coal, although there could be an increased emission of methane depending on gas leaks and other losses. Natural gas combustion produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy produced than any other type of fossil fuel. No solid wastes are generated from natural gas combustion. Natural gas is a clean fuel.
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4.7 Summary of Releases to the Environment
Table 4.5 summarises all releases associated with the gas distribution project over all phases (pre-construction, construction, and operation). No releases to the environment are expected during the pre-construc tion phase. The environmental imracts resulting from the releases described are discussed in more detail in Section 11.
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Table 4.5: Summary of Potentially Polluting Releasesto Air, Land and Water
Medium Phase ReleaseType Source SubstanceReleased Air Construction Fugitive Constructionduring dry condilions dust (soil particles) Intermittent Mobile gencratorplant andworking activities. noise Operation Continuous Gascombustion by customers. combustionproducts Fugitive Small leaks naturalgas / THT Intermittent SCADAsystem fuel oil back-upgenerator. combustionproducts Intermittent Cold venting. naturalgas Accidental Pipelinefailure. naturalgas Accidental Odorisingplant. Tctrahydrothiophene Water Construction Intermittent Hydrotesting. contaminatedwatcr Intermittent Trenchwater. soil and oil containinatcdwater Intermittent Bridge construction. solid wastes
Accidental Odorising plant. Tetrahydrotliiophene
Land Construction Interminttent Removalof vegetation. Vcgelaltionwaste (Waste) Intermittent Removalorconcretc surfacc. concreicrubble Intermitent Hydrolesting soil, spentwelding rods,mill cuttings,tape and oxide scale. Intermittent Trenchwater. soil and oil contaminatedwater Operation Accidental Odorisingplant. 'etrahydrothiophene
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CAAR(iANWrip L)RAFr -INAL I ECHNICAL KhPUK i
5 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE
5.1 Introduction
This Section provides a Driefdescription of the general environmental characteristics of West Java and the gas distribution pipeline environs.
5.2 Geography
The geography of West Java is often characterised into three distinct regions: * north coast region; * central mountain region; * southern mountain region. The planned gas distribujtion pipeline route will pass through the north coast and central mountain regions.
5.3 Climate
West Java has a tropical climate with little distinction between the seasons. The temperature and relative humidity are fairly uniform throughout the year. In general the climate in the northern coastal region is hotter and more humid than in the central mountain region. Table 5.1 provides a summary of the general climate in areas where the gas distribution pipeline will be constructed. Table 5.1: General ClimaticConditions in West Java
Location Temperature Relative WindSpeed WVind .______( 0c) Hunmidity(%) (nm/sec) direction Cilamaya1 30 -31 79 - 83 1.0- 1.2 South-WesM Cilamaya11 30- 31 80- 83 1.0- 1.3 North-West Tegal Gcde I 30 83 - 85 0.1 -0.3 East Tegal Gede I 30 83 - 85 0.1 - 0.3 East Pamulang 30- 31 74- 79 0.8 - 1.5 North Wanaherang 30 - 32 78 - 81 0.5 - 1.0 West Bitung 31 - 32 75 - 77 1.5 - 2.7 South-West Cileo n 30 -31 75 - 78 1.3 - 2.5 West
Seasons in West Java are characterised in terms of monsoons, which bring increased rainfall to the area. The monsoon season is from October to the end of April, and the dry season from May to September. Rainfall statistics typical of the region where the gas distribution pipeline will be constructed are given in Table 5.2 [IPB, 1997].
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Table 5.2: Rainfall Statistics From Cikampek Station (1982-1988)
Month Average Monthly (nun) Average Rainy Days January 323.4 22 February 412.4 25 March 274.2 20 April 223.7 18 May 212.9 16 June 146.3 12 July 117.1 9 August 123.8 9 September 92.5 8 October 149.8 13 November 232.3 15 December 246.1 17 Total 2,554.518
5.4 Soil
The main soil types likely to be encountered along the pipeline routing along West Java are presented in Table 5.3 [Java Exploration Soil Map, 1960]. The main soil types are described: 1. Alluvial Alluvial soil possesses little or no soil developing profile and normally exhibits bad drainage problems. Alluvial soil is commonly found in northem beaches of West Java. Alluvial soil is yellow brown in colour with a dusty clay structure and is high in organic content. Alluvial soil generally has a high pH level, high nitrogen content (decreasing with deptlh), high phosphate content (increasing with depth), low potassium, low calcium content and low magnesium content. Alluvial soil is of good quality for growing rice providing it is treated with lime to reduce acidity. 2. Latosol Latosol soil has a soil developing profile and in general possess good physical characteristics (soil permeability and resistance to erosion), but poorer chemical characteristics. Latosol soil is found in high rainfall areas and is often associated with regosol, yellow red podzolic and litosol soil types. In mountainous areas latosol soil is often associated with aquifers. Latosol soil is brownish red in colour with a granulated texture. Latosol soils generally have a high pH, medium nitrogen content (increasing with depth), low phosphate content (at all depths), and low levels of potassium and calcium.
Page 36 IURAFI rlNAL I EC-HNILAL 1¶JUI( I
Latosol soils are used tc develop food crops, estate crops and teakwood forestry. Food crop production is improved with the use of fertilisers. 3. Podzolic Podzolic soil has bad physical and chemical characteristics, low permeability and is sensitive to erosion. Podzolic soil is found in dry regions and is often associated with latosol and litosol soil types. Podzolic soil types are frequently found in north Java and in volcanic/mountainous regions. Pozdolic soil is yellowish red in colour with a dusty clay structure which may be either loose or hard depending upon the level of iron and manganese concretion. Podzolic soils generally have a slightly acidic pH, low to high nitrogen content and low phosphate. potassium and calcium contents. Podzolic soils require fLIl fertilisation and plastering in order to be useful for agricultural purposes. Other land uses include estate and forestry use. 4. Regosol Regosol soil has little or no soil profile development, low soil permeability, and is sensitive to erosion. Regosol soil is found in volcanic areas and is often associated with litosol soil. Regosol soil is ash or brownish grey in colour with a loose sandy clay structure. Regosol soil is pH neutral (becoming mcre acidic with depth), low organic content, medium nitrogen content and low calcium content. Regosol soils are generally associated with the forests. Table 5.3: Typical Soil Types in West Java
Zone Location Soil Type Zone 2 Cilegon alluvial,latosol, and regosol Balaraja podzolic yellow red Scrang podzolic yellow red. regosol and latosol Ariyer regosol Zone 3 Kirawang alluvial, podzolic yellow red Cikampek latosol,regosol, and podzolic yellow red Ptirwakarta podzolic yellow red complex, latosol and litosol. latosol and podzolic yellow red SLbang latosol, regosol, podzolic yellow red and podzolic yellow red complex, latosol and litosol
Many of the soil types enicountered along the planned pipeline route have the potential for erosion and are typically low in pH (acidic).
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5.5 Land Use
Land use along the planned gas distribution pipeline route falls into the following general categories: 1. Urban,consisting of housingand businessesand high populationdensity. 2. Industrial,consisting of chemical,petrochemnical, refining, textile, power generationand steel industriesand industrialestates. 3. Agricultural,consisting of paddyfields, cassava,soya bean and coconutplantations. 4. Rural, consisting of roadside housing, businesses (including markets) and interspersed agriculturaluse. Rural areas have low associatedpopulation densities. 5. Forestry,consisting of developmentareas for public use. 6. Tourism, consistingof chalets, apartmentsand recreationalfacilities associatedwith coastal areas. Land type maps are providedin Figures 5.1 (zone 2) and 5.2 (zone 3). Figure 5.3 presents a summary of the land type distribution along the pipeline route (zones 2 and 3). Zone I is exclusivelyindustrial. Figure 5.1: Zone 2 Land TypeUsage
s t -~~7,Wea.MdWM Mmnai~u>Wi~M LAND A Tcungn T ESA
-*19 0 10 Kilonrtels
gilan~~
Page 38 AdrI't U1JL£ELlA C tNllWL z.rrIjI~
Figure 5.2: Zone 3 Land Type Usage
> _/ / / * 01 - 0> tLANDN '\ ~~~TYPESA~
0 10 Kilosnters
,0
Figure 5.3: Land Type Distribution (Zones 2 and 3)
Tourism Forestry 2% 5% Agricultural 9% _
_ - _ ~~~~~~~~Rural _ _ 3 4 %~~~~~~34
Industrial 22%
Urban 28%
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The land use data was collected during site visits along the pipeline route. Detailed notes from the site visits are presented in Appendix E. Some of the photographs taken are included in Appendix F. Around 50% of the land usage can be described as urban and industrial with the remaining land usage being non-urban (predominantly rural and agricultural).
5.6 Biology
Most of the vegetation in land associated with the pipeline development is domestic or cultivated. Cultivated land in West Java can be further categorised as irrigated land (paddy field), plantation/gardens, forest, and bush vegetation. Land along the pipeline route can be categorised as being predominantly bush or scrub vegetation. Domestic animals in agriculture are mainly cow, buffalo, sheep, horse, chicken and duck. Wildlife includes boar, monkey, leopard cat and rabbit. Reptiles and amphibians include snakes of several kinds and serta monitor lizard (Varanus salvador). Types of fish in the area include eel and fresh water catfish. Conclusion Whilst several protected species of flora exist in West Java none are likely to be found along the planned pipeline route.
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C.AMICiAS%VWM%.d*w DRAFr FLNAL TECHNICAL REPORT
6 SAFETY BASE]LINE DESCRIPTION
6.1 Introduction
This chapter provides an assessment of PGN's current safety management system and is based on information obtained from discussions with PGN and documents furnished for review. This assessment is intended to form a baseline reference from which future changes to the system arising from the gas distr-ibutionproject can be measured.
6.2 Safety in Design
The gas distribution system is designed for compliance (as a minimum requirement) with the Indonesian Pipeline Standards which is the equivalent of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Cocle B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Systems (1989 edition). However, PGN will utilise the latest edition of the ASME code, supplemented by specifications and standards from the Institution of Gas Engineers and British Gas. In addition, PGN has existing procedures anc specifications covering construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance. Compliance with legislative requirements is also ensured. There are presently no statutory requirements in Indonesia for formal quantitative risk assessments (QRA) to be performed as part of design. For natural gas pipelines, consequence assessments are normally sufficient to determine impact distances arising from a number of different pipeline failure scenarios. These assessments are used as a guide for routing pipelines. Appendix G provides results of consequence assessments performed as part of this study for the main 16" distribution line. This appendix is included as a background document for the more extensive QRA to be performed in the future. For the offtake stations, HAZOPS (hazard and operability study) and related QRA will be performed during the detailed design process to establish the suitability of location and facility layout and design from safety considerations and impact to surrounding population. Such studies are also useful in assessing the most appropriate solutions for operational issues such as emergency shutdown and maintenance. Risk mitigating measures can then be identified during design where necessary to render risks as low as reasonably possible (ALARP).
6.3 Baseline Accident Statistics
Statistics for the period 1974-1997 are provided by PGN and shown in Table 6.1.
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Table 6.1: PGN Major Incidents 1974-1994
PGN Year Locatprn BrieiDescription Operation Construction RemedialAction - Branch Accident LoainBIfDsrpinl'ressure PeriodRedilAto I Jakarta 1981 MT Mechanicalexcavator whilst clearing rubbish 8 Bar 1978 Pipereplaced with new section. Haryono excavatedto anexcessive depth without due care and Street attentionand punctured an S" sieelpipeline. No ______personsinjured or property damaged. - ____ 2 Jakarta 1984 Cidcng A boltedgland joint onthe 8" pipelinesuffered from I Bar 1900 Theboll joint rubbersealing ring was replaced. This pipeline Timnur leakage.The escapinggas was ignited by a street hassince been abandoned and replaced with new mild sicel ______Street vendorpreparing food, pipeline. 3 Cirebon Jan- 97 Snmadik During heavyrains and flooding a largetree was 2 Bar 1992 Pipelinewas temporarily abandoned until repairsto britgewere un Street uprootedand crashed into a pipebridge destroying the completed. polyethylenetransmission system. No persons injured ___ __ or Dproery danmaRcd. ______4 Jakarta 1988 Jend A Thehigh pressure distribution pipeline was punctured 9 Bar 1983 A temporaryrepair using a leak clamp was iiia(le imimediately. YaniSt by apile driving machine constructinga highway A new12" pipeline was installed and commiissitned and the B flyover.No persons inured or propertydamaged. abandoned. S Jakarta 1989 Datn Gasleakage from a flanged8" valveon the high 9 Bar 1981 Flangedvalve was replaced. MogotSt pressurenetwork was ignited by apasser-by stnoking a Designsfor thehigh pressure networks now incorporate weld cigaretteand discharging the lit stub.There was a endvalves. resultantfire andclosure of amain thoroughfare. No ______- personsinjured or property damaged. _ 6 Jakana 1982 0 Mada VVgalvanised iron street lamp connection corroded. 8mnBar 1959 Servicedisconnected froom pipeline and plugged at main. St/Haya Fromthe resultant leakage, a pedestrian smoking close in Wuruk to theleak site ignited ihe escaping gas. None injured or propertdamaged. 7 Jakarta June- 95 Saleniba Anold cast iron under slung hridge crossing was 2ntBar 1960 Theopen pipe en(ls were gtnpped witl, pernlt3iantcn(l caps, The Tengah removedby unknownpersons. The escaping gas was oldcast iron and sitel lowpressure nctwoik supplic(l from the St ignitedby thrceyoung fishernmen oneof whomdied as PGNstalion in Anyerhave since been abandoned. aresult of theburns received in the fire. _ _
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h,N,.. n,hr 11 01i The reportable incidents are serious occurrences requiring immediate notification to PGN headquarters and cover the following scenarios: * any occurrence caused by gas supplied leading to loss of life or serious injurv; * accidental injury or ceath of employee whilst on duty; * any explosion or fire due to gas supplied resulting in serious structural damnageor major disruption to the public; * any interruption in supply or supply failure to more than 200 customers or to a single customer taking more than 1.0 mmscfd; * any other occurrence with publicity implications. The statistics show a bias of accidental gas leakage related incidents fiom the low pressure distribution system within the Jakarta area, probably reflecting the age of the low pressure gas distribution system in this area. Gas leakages from the high pressure system are mainly caused by external third party accidental damage. Comparison of incidents on a per km-year basis gives a better comparison of the relative frequency of pipeline accidents and also facilitates bench- marking with international statistics (see Section 12).
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6 Nowmhar1997. Mlmipsjd.toc DRAFr FINAL TECHNICALREPORT
7 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BASELINE
7.1 Introduction
This Section describes the social and economic (socio-economic) baseline conditions for the provinces in West Java that the planned gas distribution pipeline is routed through. Descriptions are provided for the following socio-economic baseline conditions: * infrastructure; * population and humai settlement; * employment; * economic situation.
7.2 Infrastructure
The existing level of infrastructure in West Java provides the potential for investment from national and international business. The existing level of infrastructure has already encouraged a wide diversity of industries to be attracted to the province. The overall level of infrastructure development in West Java is considered to be good and includes: * communication facilities;
3 roads and transportatiDn; * education; - health; * accommodation; * utilities (gas, electriciiy and water). Telecommunication and communication facilities are abundant with many public phones and post offices existing. The Indonesian govemments satellite development programme has led to a high quality internationaltelecommunications service. In 1995 most roads in West Java were asphalted,and were of a moderateto good quality.There are many buses and cars. Travel agenciesand rental car companiesare also prevalent.There is also an extensiveprovincial rail networkproviding passenger and freightservices. The availability and quality of higher education facilities in West Java is vcry good with renowned Universities(Bogor and Padjadjaran)located in-the province. In 1995 there were 22 Universities,3 Institutes,77 Colleges,43 Academniesand 2 Polyteclinics[CBS, 1996]. Health facilities are readily available through out West Java with around 3500 medical doctors practisingin West Java in 1995/96[CBS, 1996].
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The availability of hotels and accommodation is considered to be good in most West Javan cities. The number of electricity generation properties in West Java were 10.863 in 1991/1992 increasing to 15,965 in 1995/1996. The quantity of electricity sold amounted to 12.747 630,139 kWh in 1995/1996 [CBS, 1996].
7.3 Population and Human Settlement
The population level and breakdown of population in terms of sex and number of households the West Javan provinces affected by the pipeline development are described in Table 7. 1 [CBS, 1996]. Population number densities by village and area for 1995 are given in Table 7.2 [CBS, 1996]. Data collected in 1995 show that there were 772 villages (desa) and 42 special villages (kelurahaan)in zone 2, and 744 villages and 27 special villages in zones 2 and 3 [CBS, 19961. Table 7.3 gives an estimate of the projected population increase expected between 1996 to the year [CBS, 19961.Based on Table 7.3 the overall population level is estimated to grow by around 8.5% by 2000. West Java province is considered to have one of the highest population densities of all provinces in Indonesia. Population growth is rapid, for example, population dcnsity in West Java rose from 2 2 784 persons per km in 1991 to 820 people per km in 1995, an increase of 4.6% in 5 years. The population growth in Java as a whole has led to the Indonesian governments transmigration policy where people living in Java are encouraged, through economic incentives, to live in less populated regions (e.g. Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Irian Jaya, etc.) of Indonesia. Despite the transmigration programme, no specific regulations exist prohibiting the spontaneous migration of people from one part of Indonesia to another. Indonesian people are free to migrate to any other part of Indonesia,with Jakarta and West Java being amongst the most attractive places for people to move to. In addition to the transmigrationprogramme population control in Java is achievedthrough the implementationof the family planningprogramme.
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6 NwvcmttW7. Mf.tnj.bdc Table 7.1: Population Statistics. 1995.
Location No. of House-holds Population Zoi e 2: Serang 336.961 1.533.589 TaneerangM' 379.175 1.61.774 Tan gerang(2) 207,724 973.420 Subtotal 923,860 4,188,783 Zone 3 : Subang 331,387 1,209,471 Purwakarta 139,710 578,255 Karawang 345,179 1,503,773 Sub total 816,276 3,291,499 Total 1,740,136 7,480.282
"' RegeicyTangerang. 12) Municipality Tangerang
Table 7.2: Population Densities, 1995
Location Per Village Per Sq km Zone 2: Seiang 3,722.3 817.5 Taiigerang" 5,322.1 1,920.4 Tangerang'2t 12,321.8 5,784.9 Zoirie3: Subang 4,837.9 648.5 Purwakarta 3,011.7 595.1 Katawang 4,946.6 952.7
" ' RegencyTangerang. (21 Municipality Tangerang
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(i Nohetr l947. KvmsFit&%_d.*' DRAFr FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT
Table 7.3: Year 2000 Population Projections
Population (Thousands) 1997 20001 Zone 2: Serang 1,704.7 1,797.5 Tangerang"') 2,680.1 3,107.1 Tangerang(2) 1,321.5 1,524.2 Subtotal 5,706.3 6,428.8 Zone 3: Subang 1.249.1 1,256.4 Purwakarta 618.0 637.1 Karawang 1,615.6 1.656.1 Subtotal 3,482.7 3,549.6 Total 9189.0 9978.4
'"' Regency Tangermng.'2' MunicipalityTangmng
7.4 Employment
Table 7.4 shows the employment distribution of the working population over the main industrial sectors that are prevalent in the provinces through which the distribution pipeline will be routed [CBS, 19961. Distribution of the average employment distribution for zones 2 and 3 is shown in Table 7.5. Employment in the areas affected by the planned distribution pipeline is dominated by the agricultural sector that provides around 32% of the employed working population. The other main contributors to employment in the area include trade, hotels, restaurants, industry, services and construction. These sectors contribute on average around 58% of the areas employment opportunities. At present the utilities sector (gas, electricity and water) does not provide significant employment opportunities to the working population of the area (less than 1% of total).
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Table 7.4: Working Population Employment Distribution, 1995
Location Industrial Sector and Percentage Employment Contribution
Agri. Mining & Industry Electricity, Cons- Trade, Hotel Transport Bank & Services Ot1ers culture Quarrying Cas & itruction& Restaurant Financial Waler Intermediaries Zone 2:
Scrang 38.1 0.9 12.6 0.8 7.7 18.9 5.9 0.5 14.6 ()I Tangerang8) 18.7 1.4 18.0 1.3 8.1 22.2 7.6 2.5 20.1 0.3 Tangerang(2) 4.1 1.0 33.0 1.2 8.0 23.3 7.1 2.3 19.6 0.4 Zone 3: _ e . Subang 57.5 1.2 8.1 0.1 7.6 14.0 4.1 0.3 7.3 0.( Purwakaria 41.6 3.2 14.6 1.4 9.4 13.0 6.4 0.5 9.9 .I Karawang 33.2 2.7 14.1 0.8 7.3 22.9 7.1 0.3 11.7 0.0 Average (%) 32.2 1.7 16.7 0.9 8.0 19.1 6.4 1.1 13.9 n.2
") RegencyTangerang. '2' Municipality Tangerang
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1. N-vc.hr I-rJ7. Minor, L)RAFr JINAL I ECHNICAL KEPORT
Table 7.5: Average Employment Distribution in 1995
,Industry Average (%) Zone 2&3 Agriculture 32.2 Trade, Hotel and Restaurant 19.0 Industry 16.72 Services 13.9 Construction 8.0 Transpori 6.3 Mining & Quarrying 1.7 Bank & Financial Intermediaries 1.1 Electricity, Gas & Water 0.9 Other 0.2
7.5 EconomicSituation
Economic performance in West Java, expressed as Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) is illustrated in Table 7.6 for 1994 and 1995 [CBS, 1996]. Based on the information in Table 7.6 GDRP growth trends from 1994 to 1995 are described in Table 7.7. The economy in West Java grew at around 8.4% over the period 1994 to 1995. Manufacturing industry is particularly important to the economy of West Java and contributes around 30% of the GDRP and 32% of the GDRP growth. By comparison agriculture provides around 16% of the GDRP at a GDRP growth rate contribution of only 5%. Disproportionalities exist in the agricultural sector, which despite providing a significant level of employment has a relatively modest contribution to GDRP. The present trend in the West Java economy is one of increasing industrialisation at the expense of traditional industries such as agriculture. The contribution of the utilities (electricity, gas and water supply) sector to GDRP is around 2% with a small GDRP growth rate of 1%. Utilities presently only provide a relatively small contribution to GDRP and GDRP growth.
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A Nwbr W1.1hIIS.UO -~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Table 7.6: GDRP of West Java (1993 Prices)
Rank by Industrial Sector GDRP (Million Rupiah) Contribution GDRP 1994 1995 to GDRP
l Manufacturirg Industry 16.704,115 19,159.240 30.6% 2 Trade, Hotel and Restaurant 10,797.261 11.577.618 19.1% 3 Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishery 8,989.698 9,350.686 15.7% 4 Construction 5,342,375 5,461,635 9.2% 5 Mining and Quarrying 3,538.119 3.464,618 6.0%7c 6 Transport & Communication 3.314,599 3,569,072 5.9% 7 Finance, Dwellings, and Business Services 2,836.519 3,019,396 5.0% 8 Electricity. Gas & Water Supply 1.303,723 1.390,037 2.3% 9 Services 5.342,375 541.635 5.2% =TOTAL 56,385,039 60,840,114 100.0%
Tatble 7.7: GDRP Growth (1994/1995) in West Java
Rank by Industrial Sector Growth in Contribution to GDRP Sector GDRP Growth I______Manufactuiing Industry 14.7% 32.1% 2 Trade, Hotel and Restaurant 7.2% 10.2% 3 Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, and Fisheries 4.0% 4.7% 4 Construction 8.1% 3.8% 5 Transport and Communication 7.7% 3.3% 6 Finance, Dwellings and Business Services 6.4% 2.4% 7 Services 2.2% 1.6% 8 Electricity, Gas & Water Supply 6.6% 1.1% 9 Mining and Quarrying -2.1 t 1.0% TOTAL 8.4% 100.0%
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8 COMMUNITIES5 AND CULTURAL BASELINE
8.1 Introduction
This Section provides baseline information on the communities and culture of the provinces of West Java crossed by the planned gas pipeline distribution route. The following community and cultural baseline issues have been described: * organisation and management of local communities; * land ownership; * people; * cultural heritage and values.
8.2 Organisation anidManagement of Local Communities
Rural village (desa) or "special" village (in urban areas) organisation and management is considered to be the lowest level of formal government administrative organisation in West Java. Rural and special village communities consist of less formal govemmental organisations known as RW (Rukun Warga) and RT (Rukun Tetangga). Village organisation and management is broken down into a number of RW's (which are in tum also broken down into a number of RT's (neighbourhoods). An RI' is the lowest level of village government with all inhabitants in West Java being organised under formal and informnalvillage government structures. In addition to fornal and informal village govemment, it is also common to find other organisations that contribute to village organisation and management. These include co-operative organisations, religious o rganisations, youth organisations, women's organisations, sport clubs, foreman's organisation, fisherman's organisations etc. Thus, besides formal leaders such as the village head; informal leaders, especially religions leaders and adat leaders, may have a very strong influence in the community, especially in rural areas.
8.3 Land Ownership
The land ownership systemnin West Java is generally in the form of private property owned by families or individuals. That private property is a dominant type of land ownership in West Java is not a new phenomena. A survey conducted by the Dutch colonial government in 1869 found that in most villages in West Java, privately owned land was far more prevalent then commercial land ownership [Harsojo, 1983]. Land ownership is often proven by a legal letter such as certificate, but may also be owned traditionally without any brmal legal letter. Certain land such as land beside roads or mangrove forest, etc. is owned by the government and belongs to the state.
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In many villages in West Java, there is another type of land ownership. namelv communal property. Communal property can be differentiated into three categories: * titisana, land given to villagers who deserve to receipt it as a rewvardfor their services for the community (called sikep);
l bengkok, land where village government officials only have right of use; * awisan, land is a type of communal land specially assigned for cemetery keepers (kuniceni).
8.4 People
The original people of West Java are known as the Sundanese. The Sundanese remain the most dominant ethnic group in West Java. Although of a less significant representation it is also important to note that many other ethnic groups live in West Java. Important amongst these ethnic groups are Central and East Javan people who migrate to industrial areas and cities in West Java in order to find work. Many of these Javanese migrant workers live temporarily in West Java, but others have become pernanent inhabitants. There are also many people of Chinese origin living permanently in West Java. The Chinese are typically active in more "formal" sectors of the economy and are therefore mostly found in cities.
8.5 CulturalHeritage and Values
Since the most dominant ethnic group in West Java is Sundanese, the description provided focuses on this ethnic group. Sundanese speak the Sunda language (bahasa Sunda). The language is still widely used in daily life both in rural as well as urban areas. Sundanese culture is rich with many kind of arts. A well known traditional dancing called Jaiporlgait is still very popular. Puppet of Wayang is also very common. Sundanese culture is strongly associated with the Islamic religion. Due to the long association with Islam it is difficult to separate religion and culture. Both aspects are strongly rclated and have become Sundanese custom, and culture [Harsojo, 1983]. Consequently ceremonies related to life such as weddings, birth, dead, circumcision, etc. are strongly influenced by the Islaniic religion. It is important to note that majority of the population in West Java as a whole are Moslems. A description of the number and type of Moslems and Moslem worship living in the provinces of the planned pipeline route is given in Table 8.1. Other religions including Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism are also followed by smaller numbers of the population living in West Java. Table 8.2 provides a description of the number of religious places of worship in the pipeline provinces.
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Table 8.1: Moslem Worship Type and Number (1995)
Location Type of Worship Facilities Total Mosque Musholla Langgar Zone 2:
Serang 2,133 4,166 - 6.299 Tangerang1 1,146 4,706 - 5,852 Tangerang2 337 999 - 1,336
Subtotal 3,616 9,871 - 13,487 Zone 3: Subang 1,356 3,202 488 5,046
Purwakarta 905 2,388 - 3,293
Karawang 1,148 3,191 - 4,339 Subtotal 3,409 8,781 488 12,678 Total 7,025 18,652 488 26,165
Table 8.2: Non-Moslem Worship Facilities Type and Number (1995)
Location Type of Worship Facilities Total Protestant Catholic Hindu Buddhist Church Church Temples Temples Zone 2: Scrang 14 I 1 6 22 Tangerang I 15 3 2 34 54 Tangerang 2 12 2 1 20 35 Subtotal 41 6 4 60 111 Zone 3:
Subang 28 2 - 2 32 Purwakarta 18 3 1 2 24
Karawang 27 4 - II 42 Subtotal 73 9 1 15 98 Total 114 15 5 75 209
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6 Ntw,U.-t 1W7.hVj_d.dc LIRAFr NiNAL I ECHN1CAI. KbPUK I
9 POLLUTION BASELINE
9.1 Air
A summary of ambient air quality measurements for some of the regions in West Java where the gas distribution pipeline project is planned are provided in Table 9.1 [IPB, 19971. Table 9.1: Summary of Ambient Air Quality Measurements
3 Locations SOz (ppm) NO2 (ppm) 03 (ppm) Dust (mg/m ) Lowestmeasured 0.0001 0.0001 0.0008 0.114 Highestmeasured1 0.0016 0.00245 0.0096 0.332 Numberof 0 0 0 1 of 24 measurements exceedingair qualitystandards Quality Standard 0.1 0.05 0.1 0.260 24 h 24 h 1 h 24 h
Measurementsfrom: CiIanava L Cilamnava11 T?galGede I and Tegal Gede11 in KarasangDisutri: Painulagung.tVna Herangand Biung in TangerangDistrict: and Cilegnn in SerangDistricz.
The data indicate that am,bientair quality levels for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone are significantly lower than the Indonesian air quality standards for each of these air pollutants. The ambient dust levels recorded are consistently high (0.114 to 0.332 mg/m3) in all areas. Exceedance of the Indonesian air quality standard for dust (0.26 mg/m3 ) occurs in Cilamaya, but dust levels are also very high in Cilegon. It is likely that the high dust levels are indicative of the dry climate that exists in West Java. The dust particle size is unreported and it is therefore not possible to draw any conclusions from possible health effects resulting from exposure to fine dust (PM2 .5 and PM1O)particles. It is worth noting that all of these areas, excepting Cilegon, are rural. The location of the air monitoring locations for Cilegon are unknown but it is unlikely (on the basis of the low measurements recorded) to be in the centre of Cilegon or adjacent to a road or highway. It is likely that air quality levels in the urban centres of Merak, Serang, Karawang and Purwakarta are significantly worse (for all pollutants) than the measurements recorded for rural areas.
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9.2 Soil
Soil type and properties infornation has been reported in Section 6. No soil quality data lhasbeen found in the general literature. However, topsoil along the pipeline route is likely to contain significant levels of lead, consistent with its roadside location and emissions of lead from vehicular traffic using leaded fuel. PGN have not yet conducted a soil survey prior to pipeline construction for this project. PGN will measure soil pH and resistivity in order to assist the detailed design process for the distribution pipeline. A knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the soil to be excavated is important since it assists in the effective planning of the pipeline design and construction activities. In particular, the following are important: 1. The physical properties of the soil. Knowledge of soil rheology can assist in determining the possible extent of erosion after the pipeline has been constructed. This is a particular issue in hilly areas (such as exist in Merak) where ground slippage may be a potential problem. 2. The chemical properties of the soil. There is a possibility that the pipeline trench at some location passes through soil that is heavily polluted from previous activities. Chemical analysis of the soil can then assist in determining the most appropriate waste disposal strategy for excavated soil not used for backfilling. Visual observations made during visits along the planned distribution pipeline route showed that in many areas the existing pipeline route was frequently well covered with scrub vegetation and grasses. It is likely that in many areas along the pipeline route existing levels of soil contamination do not appear to have any observable effect on the growth of scrub vegetation. In some areas (notably some market areas associated with Zone 2 villages) it was observed that topsoil had become contaminated with oil as a result of human activities.
9.3 Water
No surface water quality or quantity data for the rivers that will be crossed has bcen obtained. No ground water quality or quantity data has been obtained. PGN plan to perform a coarse survey of ground water flows as part of the detailed design process. Water quality effects from the gas distribution project are limited and it is not envisaged that ambient water quality data collection will be required in the future.
9.4 Noise
A summary of noise survey data is provided in Table 9.2. No information on duration or timing (i.e. day or night) of the Table 9.2 measurements are available.
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Table 9.2!:Summary of Noise Survev Measurenmenits
Location dBA Location dBA Cilamaya 1 54 - 60 Cilamava II 56 - 64
Tegal Gede 1 62 - 70 Tegal Gede II 62 - 68 Pamulang 53 - 57 Wana Herang 42 - 51 Bitung 60 - 65 Cilegon 55 - 61
The noise data in Table 9.2 is taken from predominantly rural regions along the gas distribution pipeline route. The Indonesian noise standard for housing and residential areas (see Appendix D) is 55 dBA. All of the rural areas indicated in Table 9.2 exceed this standard already, although it is uncertain whether the measurement locations are associated with residential areas. On this basis it is likely that urban no .se levels in Merak, Serang, Karawang and Purwakarta will also exceed the Indonesian national noise standard. Noise from traffic is the most likely cause of the quite high noise levels measur.d.
9.5 Conclusions
The amount of pollution baseline data available is limited. But, as pollution caused by the gas distribution pipelines is not likely to constitute significant impacts, the lack of pollution baseline data is not important.
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10 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON LAND USE This Section discusses the impacts on land use from the planned gas distribution project for the following phases: * pre-construction; * construction: * operation.
10.1 Pre Construction
Land for offtake stations will be purchased from existing government owned land (at Serang/Cikande and Pasir Jadi). Some land acquisition from Krakatau Steel may be required in order to construct the Cilegon offtake station. No pre-construction lancl use impacts are expected since no additional land acquisition will be required, as the pipeline will be constructed along an existing govcrnment owned pipeline route that runs alongside an ex isting road network. PGN have performed a fast track land acquisition assessment (LAA) according to World Bank requirements, for the gas distribution project [PGN, 1997]. The LAA presents an estimate of the present land use, the quantity of land affected, the numbers of affected people, families and businesses; the number cofaffected structures (e.g. paved roads, properties, crops, trees, etc) and the level of land reinstatement, resettlement and compensation required. The results of the LAA (with respect to land use) are summarised as follows: I No land acquisition will be required for the installation of metering facilities on customer's premises. 2 In total 7500 m2 of land will be acquired for the offtake stations at Cikande (2500 m2 ), Cilegon (2500 mi2 ) and Pasir Jadi. (2500 mi2 ). 3 The land required for purchase has been costed at US$ 700,000 (Rp 1,750,000,000) by PGN. 4 No land will be acquired for pipeline construction. 5 No structures or propl.rties will be demolished during pipeline construction. PGN has already perfoimed some initial public consultation in Zones 2 and 3 in order to communicate project details to the general public and local govemment and to invite commnent. Further public consultation is planned by PGN. A more detailed description of the public consultation process that has and will be performed by PGN is given in Appendix I.
10.2 Construction
The pipeline construction activities have the potential to cause temporary impact on land associated with the pipeline route and nearby privately owned land and property. These types of land use impact are now discussed:
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1. Land use impacts to privately owned property and land The pipeline route runs adjacent to privately owned propertv and land. In mnany cases, particularly in urban centres, the working width is narrow (typically less than 10m) and encroachment on private property and land is likely. Potential impacts on privately owned property and land include: * storage of excavated soil which may spill over on to, or encompass adjacent property and land; * storage and placement of materials and equipment on property and land; * releases of potentially polluting trench water, hydrotesting water and waste solids onto adjacent property and agricultural land; * interference with existing infrastructure including: irrigation drains, utilities, roads and rail track. Agricultural land consists of around 9% of the total land types adjacent to the pipeline route. It is possible that some crops may be sensitive to the potentially polluting liquid effluents that may be discharged potentially resulting in crop damage or taint in the areas of discharge. As part of the paddy field water cycle fisheries may be established. The disposal of liquid effluent to these fisheries may lead to loss of fish or fish taint. The planned pipeline route will cross irrigation drains in agricultural areas. PGN plan to bury the pipeline under irrigation drains. There may be some temporary loss of irrigation to agricultural land as a result of these activities. The planned pipeline route will run alongside existing utilities (sewage, water and telecommunications) infrastructure. PGN plan to obtaining existing plans and maps of existing developments but there will still exist the potential to damiageutilitv infrastructure. Roads and rail crossings will be encountered along the planned pipeline route. The pipeline will be buried under major roads and rail track, leading to minimum disturbance. Roads in urban areas may potentially be crossed by cutting the road surface and laying the pipeline. This may result in significant disturbance and contribute to road traffic congestion. 2. Land use impacts to pipeline route The main land use impacts to the pipeline route are associated with: * potential solid waste disposal along the pipeline route; * insufficient land reinstatement along the pipeline route.
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Solid waste management will be the responsibility of the construction contractor. In order to reduce costs it is possibJe that the contractor may want to backfill the solid wastes generated into the trench. The practice of backfilling wastes generated from construction activities could lead to: * reduced soil integrity, potentially leading to soil collapse and erosion; * increased soil cornpaction, caused by the burial of excess soil and wastes and leading to reinstatement problems; * reduced pipeline integrity, potentially leading to pipeline damage caused by pipeline impingement with rubble and stones. The effects of burying solid wastes, such as vegetation and metallic components, that may decompose or degrade cver time could lead to reduced soil stability, soil collapse and erosion. Erosion risks may be significant in hilly regions, notably in Merak and around Purwakarta. Most of the land along the existing pipeline route can be classified as being either semi-natural or urban. Semi-natural land consists of land that has been worked before, and is likely to contain scrub vegetation with l:ttle or no special flora, floral diversity, or environmental features of interest. In addition to excess solid waste burial along the pipeline route, the over compaction of soil may be caused by heavy equipment running over reinstated land or reinstating soil whilst it is wet Overly compacted soil, in particular topsoil, could significantly increase the timescales for reinstatement and recovery of semi-natural vegetation. Carefully planned reinstatement will probably lead to rapid natural recovery probably in less than one year. PGN do not yet have any detailed plans (e.g. seeding, fertiliser use, etc.) for enhancing and promoting the recovery of the semi-natural environment along the pipeline route. Over compaction and mounding of soil in urban areas is likely to cause problenmswith the reinstatement of level concrete and paved surfaces. Reduced soil integrity may cause land subsidence problems in the future leading to damage of concrete and paved surfaces.
10.3 Operations
It is likely that in the future land use will undergo increasing urbanisation and industrialisation at the expense of more traditional rural and agricultural land uses. The land use change process may in itself be promoted or accelerated by the existence of the gas distribution pipeline (and existing road network).
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10.4 Conclusions
1. Land use impacts resulting from the pre-construction phase are likely to be insignificant. 2. Land use impacts during construction phase activities may temporarily affect privately owned land adjacent to the working width along the pipeline route. Potential impacts include the storage or spillage of construction wastes, materials and equipment on to private property and land. 3. Some short term impacts may occur to agricultural land as a result of irrigation water supply disruption where construction work is required under irrigation drains. Where boring techniques are not used road crossings in urban areas may lead to increased traffic congestion. 4. Inadequate land reinstatement along the pipeline route (through burial of solid wastes and excess soil) could cause loss of soil integrity leading to erosion; increased soil compaction leading to mounding; and potential future loss of pipeline integrity as a result of impaction with buried rubble and stones. 5. Soil collapse and erosion along the pipeline route is likely to be of most concern in the hilly areas that exist in Merak and outside Purwakarta. The rapid reinstatement of vegetation to erosion vulnerable regions is essential in order to reduce soil erosion during the operational phase. 6. Recovery times for natural vegetation could be effected by soil compaction as a result of burying excess soil or heavy compression of the top-soil. 7. Mounds caused by burying excess soil and solid wastes in urban areas could lead to problems reinstating level pavement and concrete surfaces. Loss of soil integrity could lead to the future collapse of reinstated pavement and concrete surfaces. 8. PGN have not yet prepared a reinstatement plan detailing their strategy for enhancing the recovery of the natural environment that exists along the pipeline route.
10.5 Recommendations
I. PGN will not allow polluted liquid effluents to be disposed onto agricultural land. This pollution related issue is discussed in more detail in Section 11 and will be implemented by PGN through clauses in the contract of the construction contractor (see Section 17). 2. PGN will not allow solid wastes generated as part of the construction activities (excepting excavated soil) to be intentionally buried in the pipeline trench. This pollution related issue is discussed in more detail in Section II and will be implemented by PGN through clauses in the contract of the construction contractor (see Section 17). 3. PGN will prepare a land reinstatement plan as part of the detailed design phase in order to ensure that land in urban and non-urban areas returns to its original condition as quickly as possible, and to reduce the levels of erosion and pipeline failure risk.
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11 ENVIRONME2N'TALIMPACTS FROM POLLUTION
11.1 Introduction
This Section evaluates ar.d assesses the potential pollution impacts to the environment resulting from planned (routine, fugitive and intermittent) releases to air, land and water. Pollution impacts to the environment resulting from unplanned or accidental releases to air, land and water are given in Section 12.
11.2 Activities of Potential Impact
Potentially polluting releases to air, land and water are summarised in Table 11.1 for the construction and operational phases. No potentially polluting releases are expected during the pre-construction phase.
Table 11.1: Summary of Potentiallv Polluting Releases
Phase Activity Release Air Land Water Construction Removalof vegetation V Removalof top-soilor concretesurfaces V V Trenchexcavation and soil stockpiling l Storageof excavatedsoils Disposalof trenchwater V Pipelinewelding V V Hydrotesting Trenchbackfill v Undergroundboring V Bridgeconstruction Operation Gas combustionby customers offtakestation Odorisingplant =
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11.3 Releases to Air
11.3.1 Construction
Potentiallypolluting substancesthat could be releasedto air from pipelineconstruction activities include: * dust: * welding rod flux gases; * combustionproducts including carbon dioxide,carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulphur dioxide.nitrogen oxides and water. The types of nuisancelikely to be associatedwith dust releasesare: * Health related,mainly through the direct inhalationof dust. * Propertyrelated, through the settlementof dust on property. It is highly unlikely that dust generated over the short timescales associated with pipeline constructionwill have any significanteffect on flora, and in particularcrop yield in agricultural areas. Releases to air expected from construction activities and their potential to pollute the environmentare describedas follows: 1. Removalof top-soilor concretesurfaces Top-soil is likely to be removedusing manuallabour. The removal of top-soil and its placement into storage stockpile areas for subsequent backfilling could generate some dust during dry conditions. Concrete surfaces, found predominantlyin urban centres, are likely to be removed using a combination of pneumatic drilling and manual labour (pick axes and concrete cutters). The resultingconcrete debris will be loadedinto skips or speciallycreated pits, this operationalso has the potential to generatedust in dry weather. Pneumatic drillingof concretesurfaces (if used) is likely to cause a more dust nuisancethan top- soil removal. 2. Trench excavationand soil stockpiling Trench excavationis likely to be performedusing manual labour.Excavated soil will be worked into piles ready for stockpiling.Excavation and stockpiling of dry soil could result in some release of dust to air. 3. Storage of excavatedsoils Excavatedsoil will be stored adjacentto the pipeline trench and maintained for backfilling.Dust could be generatedfrom wind blowing over dry exposed soil stockpilesurfaces.
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4. Pipeline welding Releases to air resulting from pipeline welding will be limited to metal fumes and gases released from welding. These gases are an occupational health concem to the welders but the overall emission level is likely to be relatively small. Environmental impacts from this source are likely to be insignificant. 5. Pipeline drying Following hydrotesting the pipeline will be dried by blowing nitrogen through it. Nitrogen is not a toxic hazard and no en-vironmental impacts are expected. 6. Trench backfill Trench backfilling is likely to be done using manual labour. This activity will not cause significant dust release to air. 7. Ancillary equipment Power generation equiprrent and vehicles used during the pipeline construction phase will, as a result of the combustion of fuel oil and gasoline, release to air: carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, particulate matter and water. Release of these combustion products to air is likely to lead to an insignificant environmental impact. Dust settled on roads can be re-suspended by vehicular agitation causing a secondary nuisance problem. Dust re-suspension may be through vehicles used by the construction contractor, but will more likely result fromnother sources of traffic.
11.3.2 Operations
Substances that could be released to air as a result of operational activities associated with the distribution pipeline, offtake stations and gas usage include: - gas combustion products: nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. * natural gas (predominantly methane); * tetrahydrothiophene (THT); Detailed safety and environmental hazard data sheets are provided in Appendix H for natural gas and THT. A description of the releases to air and their potential to pollute the environment is now given: 1. Gas combustion by cus;tomers Releases to air of the combustion products resulting from gas usage by customers is the most significant environmental impact (and benefit) associated with the operational phase and perhaps the entire project.
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In comparison with the combustion of other fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc.) gas combustion offers the following advantages: * lower level of carbon dioxide released per unit of energy supplied; * no particulate matter released; * no sulphur dioxide released; * no solid wastes generated; * no damage to ground or surface water from spills.
Natural gas emits less carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit of energy than any other fossil fuel (see Table 11.2) and is widely seen as a greenhouse solution, e.g. switching to gas from other fossil fuels [Australian Gas Industry, 1997].
Table 11.2: CO2 Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type FuelType EnissionFactor Kt CO2/PJ
Browncoal 95 Blackcoal 91 Fuel oil 74 Automotivediesel fuel 70 LPG 59
Naturalgas 51
I Pi= ixiol' J
2. Cold ventingof naturalgas fromofftake stations Waste natural gas is likely to be infrequently released to air from pressure relief vents at the offtake stations. The dominant component of natural gas is methane, which is a greenhouse gas with around 200 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Due to relatively small and infrequent releases cold venting contributions to the global warming effect will be negligible. Cold venting has safety implications due to the flammable and explosive nature of natural gas. Alternatively, failure to vent is likely to have a greater safety impact due to the increased potential of pipeline rupture and release possibly in urban centres. Natural gas does not pose a toxic safety hazard, its effects are through asphyxiation only. Asphyxiation effects are highly unlikely due to the atmospheric dispersion of releases.
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3. Emissions from generators at offtake stations Diesel powered generators will be used at the offtake stations in order to provide uninterrupted power supply for the SCADA systems. The generators are likely to operate at a low power rating and the diesel engine will emit relatively small quantities of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and water. Environmental impacts from power generation emissions are expected to be insignificant. 4. Odorising plant THT is added to natural gas in order to aid detection of natural gas leaks by people. THT odors are detectable by people down to I ppb [US EPA, 1982]. Small leaks or fugitive releases of THT from the odorising plant leading to the olefactory detection of THT are unavoidable because of its very low odor threshcld. It is likely that THT odors will be continuously detectable by onsite workers entering the odorising plant building. Due to the likely distance of the proposed odorising plants from population centres, THT odor is highly unlikely to be an odor nuisance to off-site populations. Small fugitive releases oF-THT to air are expected to be rapidly oxidised by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere [US EPA, 1982]. Environmental impacts from fugitive THT releases to air are likely to be insignificant. Accidental spillages of THITliquid and their impacts on the environment are discussed in Section 12.
11.4 Releases to Waiter
11.4.1 Construction
The following substances could be released to water (either directly or more likely in association with water) as a result of construction phase activities: * soil and metal oxide scales;
D fuel oil; * spent welding rods and plastic tape; * soil contaminants that could include oil, pesticides and heavy metals (particularly lead). A description of the releases to water and their potential to pollute the environment is now given: 1. Disposal of trench water to drains and rivers Rain water or groundwater accumulating in trenches during and following trench construction may be disposed of by pumping directly to storm water drainage systems in urban areas. The disposal of trench water on land in non-urban areas is discussed in Section 11.5.1. The trench water is likely to contain suspended solids from soil in the trench. The trench water may also become contaminated with fuel and lubricating oils from the vehicles and equipment used by the construction contractor. Trench water may also contain contaminants already present in the soil; these contaminants could include oil, pesticides and heavy metals.
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Contaminated trench water entering storm water drains will most likely be routed directly to river without any form of treatment. Suspended soil solids associated with the trench water are unlikely to have a significant impact on river or sediment quality. River water and sediments may become contaminated with oil and possibly pesticides and heavy metals. No contaminated soil survey information exists. Consequently, the significance of any resulting environmental impacts is uncertain but probably not large except in the case of incidental oil spills. Commercial fish farrns may be established in paddy fields during the appropriate stage of the rice growing water cycle. Disposal of trench water to paddy field fish farms may lead to fish loss or taint. Water quality criteria exist in Indonesia for water that may be used for fisheries and livestock (Appendix D). Water quality criteria are suggested amongst others, for oil and grease (lmg/l), and lead (0.03 mg/I) the most likely heavy metal to be found in roadside soil. The recommended water quality levels are for maximum concentrations. 2. Hydrotesting It is planned that mains water will be used for hydrostatic testing. PGN will not add anti- corrosion additives or methanol to hydrotesting water. After hydrotesting the pipeline will be pigged, and the hydrotesting water screened to remove solid debris (including mill cuttings, spent welding rods, plastic taping, stones and rubble). As a result of pigging and solids removal, the hydrotesting water could become contaminated with: * lighter solids, including soils and metal oxide scales; * soil contaminants including oil, pesticides, and heavy metals. The still contaminated hydrotesting water will be released to storm water drain in urban areas. In non-urban areas hydrotesting water will be disposed of t6 land, this is discussed in detail in Section 1 1.5.1. Contaminated hydrotesting water entering storm water drains will most likely be routed directly to river without any form of additional treatment. In addition to the impacts discussed previously for trench water disposal to river, receiving river sediments may become contaminated with metal oxide scales downstream of the outfall. This is unlikely to produce a significant environmental impact. 4. Bridge construction Bridge construction activities may result in wastes such as materials used for scaffolding, spent welding rods and plastic tape being disposed of to river. This could lead to contamination of sediments and banksides. 11.4.2 Operations
No releases to water are expectedduring the operationalphase.
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11.5.1 Construction
Solid wastes will be gerneratedduring the constructionphase. Waste managementwill be the responsibilityof the cons:ructioncontractors. Based on historical experience it is likely that the contractors will try (unless otherwise controlled) to dispose of wastes by the cheapest route available.This is likely to involve the burial of wastes in the pipeline trenchand dumpingat the closestconvenient land or river site as opposed to disposal at public governmentapproved waste disposal sites. This waste disposal practiceand its effectson land-usehas been discussedin detail in Section 10. A descriptionof the likely solid wastesgenerated and all potentialreleases to land is now given for the constructionphase. 1. Removalof vegetation Includes scrub vegetation, trees and tree routes removed from the initial clearing and site preparationactivities will generatedomestic type waste. It is likely that the vegetationwaste will either be burnt when dry, buried in the trench or left at the roadside.Some waste woodwill probablybe used as fuel. 2. Removalof concretesurfaces Rubble and debris resultingfrom the removal of concretesurfaces in urban and industrialareas will generatewaste. 3. Disposal of trench water on land Rain water or groundwater accumulatingin trenchesduring and followingtrench constructionis likely (in the absence of a suitablenearby river) to be disposed in non-urbanareas by pumping the water directlyto adjacl.ntland. The trenchwater is likely to contain: * suspendedsolids from soil in the trench(extremely likely constituent); * fuel and lubricatingoil~s leaked fromancillary vehicles and equipment(likely constituent); * contaminatedsoil possiblycontaining oil, pesticidesand heavymetals (possibleconstituent). As long as there is no additionalcontamination of the trench water througlhcontaminated soil componentsand only light oil sheensexist then environmentalimpacts to land are expectedto be insignificant. The disposal of excessively oily water to land may lead to soil damage and contamination. Disposalof trench water containingcontaminated soil and/or oily water to agriculturalland may cause crop damage to the: areas where water has been applied. Water quality criteria exist in Indonesia for agricultural land usage (AppendixD). No oil or grease levels are suggested,but levels for lead (the most likely roadside heavy metal contaminant)of 1mg/lare suggestedas a guideline.The recommendedwater qualitylevels are for maximumconcentrations.
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4. Hydrotesting The filtering of hydrotesting water is likely to produce the following wastes: * spent welding rods; * mill cuttings; * stones and rubble. Unless otherwise controlled these wastes are is likely to be buried with the pipeline in the pipeline trench. 5. Trench backfilll Waste soil will be left over following backfilling. In non-urban areas it is likely that the waste soil will still be buried through increased compaction and mounding. The effects on land-use and reinstatement have been discussed in Section 10. 6. Underground boring Underground boring will produce soil as a waste product. It is likely that the soil will be buried along the nearby pipeline route. This is unlikely to result in a significant environmental impact. 7. Bridge construction Wastes from bridge construction activities could include spent welding rods and plastic tape. These wastes may be released directly to water (see earlier discussion).
11.6 Operation
No releases to land are expected for the operational phase.
1 1.7 Noise
11.7.1 Construction
Noise generation during the construction phase could cause nuisance to people living or working near to the planned pipeline route. The noise nuisance issue may effect urban and industrial areas (accounting for around 50% of the total pipeline route) where relatively high human population levels exist, or within rural areas where the existing ambient levels are lower than urban environments. The main noise issue associated with pipeline construction is likely to be from power generation equipment used for pipeline welding. British Standard 5228 suggests that the sound power source of the power generation equipment is around 102 dB (unshielded), this corresponds to a noise level of 68 dB at 50m from the noise source [BS 5228, 1992]. Pipeline welding power generation equipment will probably be kept in a lorry or truck allowing ease of mobility. Pipeline stringing is also a significant noise source.
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Ambient noise levels in rural areas (see Section 9) already exceed the Indonesian national noise standard of 55 dBA for housing and residential areas. It is probable that urban noise levels may also be in excess of the same noise standard. For short term activities a 10 dB relaxation of ambient noise levels is normally considered acceptable. It is considered that the construction activities identified will generate significant levels of noise in excess of the ambient and national noise standard. It is therefore important that PGN take all reasonable measures to ensure that noise nuisance is reduced to within 10 dBA of existing ambient noise levels. The mobile pipeline welding generators should be housed in high performance acoustic enclosures. If the enclosures can not provide sufficient attenuation then a barrier should surround them. Barriers may be rovided by constructing a wall of straw bales or sand bags positioned close to the generator. In order to be effective the wall should be greater than the height of the generator and about 5 limes the height in length. Attenuation of about 10 to 15 dBA can be achieved with this type of screening [BS 5228, 1992]. All construction activities with the potential to generate noise should be shielded from nearby property. Natural barriers (e.g. trees and bushes) may provide a benefit whilst man-made barriers such as soil stockpiles make effective acoustic screens. For small plant such as pumps, soil stockpiles of around 2mrhigh and 6m wide can provide attenuation of about 10 dBA [BS 5228, 1992]. PGN plan to work in urban centres from 8:00 to 17:00 hrs each day of the week, including weekends. As a consequence, people will not be disturbed by noise during normal sleeping hours. No explosives are planned to be used in order to blast excavate trenches. 11.7.2 Operations
PGN do not propose tc, develop compression plant associated with the proposed offtake and metering stations. Some noise may be generated from flow through pipes during metering but this will be insignificant. Noise nuisance is not likely to be an issue during operations.
11.8 Conclusions
Air 1. Dust generated by the construction activities during dry conditions is a potential source of short term air pollution and nuisance to people, properties and business close to construction activities. 2. The most significant environmental impacts (and benefits) during the operational phase arise from the combustion of the distributed gas by the predominantly industrial customer. The environmental impacts of using gas as an alternative-source of energy are significantly less than the environmental impacts associated with using other fossil fuels. 3. Releases to air during operations at the offtake stations, include: fugitive releases of THT from odorising plant, natural gas pressure relief venting, and power generation combustion gases. Environmental impacts from these releases are not expected to be significant.
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Water 1. The main liquid effluent releases to water are hydrotesting wvaterand trench water from construction. Liquid effluent releases to river may occur in urban areas (via storm water drains) or non-urban areas (directly to river). In non-urban areas liquid effluent releases to land is an option where no river exists. Liquid effluent releases to river are not expected to produce a significant environmental impact, unless significant levels of oil are associated with the released water. 2. Liquid effluents from trench water are likely to be harmful to water in paddy fields that may have a value as a fishery. Trench water disposal could potentially lead to fish taint or loss. Indonesian water quality criteria for fisheries and livestock suggest maximum concentration levels for oil and grease (I mg/1)and lead (0.03 mg/I). 3. It is undesirable to dispose of solid wastes from bridge construction and other activities to water. Land I. A variety of soil and liquid wastes are generated that could be disposed of to land. These wastes include domestic type wastes (vegetation), construction wastes (spent welding rods, mill cuttings, metal oxide scales, concrete debris, soil, stones and rubble), used hydrotesting water and trench water. No toxic wastes are likely to be generated, except spent lubricants and oily wastes. 2. The construction contractors will be responsible for disposal of the wastes generated. Unless otherwise controlled the contractors are likely to choose the cheapest waste disposal option available and dispose of liquid effluent wastes to drain, water and land. 3. Liquid effluents containing contaminated soil and/or oily water have the potential to contaminate land. Release of these liquid effluents to agricultural land may cause crop taint or damage to the areas where the effluent has been disposed. Indonesian water quality criteria for agricultural water give a maximum concentration of I mg/l for lead. Noise I. The generation of noise is an unavoidable by-product of the construction activities. Short term non-compliance with ambient noise standards during construction is accepted in many countries. Noise generation has the potential to cause nuisance to local property owners and businesses. 2. There will be no night-time noise since construction work will be limited to normal working hours. 3. Noise generated during the day is particularly likely to effect urban and industrial areas due to their relatively high population densities. Urban and industrial areas account for around 50% of the total planned pipeline route. The most significant noise source is likely to be from generating equipment associated with pipeline welding. Other activities including pipeline stringing are also significant sources of noise.
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11.9 Recommendations
Construction Contracto rs Clauses 1. Pollution controls during pipeline construction activities will be the responsibility of the construction contractcr. PGN will ensure that pollution controls for releases to air, water and land (see recommendations that follow) will be implemented through clauses in the contract of the construction contractor (see Section 17). Air 1. PGN will suppress dust generation during dry conditions using appropriate controls such as: * water sprays; * secured sheets; * good housekeeping. 2. PGN will develop operating procedures for suppressing dust releases during pipeline construction activities. Water 1. PGN will ensure that solid waste materials associated with bridge construction activities will not be disposed of to river water. 2. PGN will ensure that liquid effluents (trench and hydrotesting waters) will not be disposed of to paddy field fisheries that may operate during the rice growing water cycles. Land 1. PGN will ensure thai. liquid effluent from trenches and hydrotesting water will not be discharged to agricultural land. 2. PGN will formulate a waste management plan and procedures for the construction contractors in order to ensure that: * re-cyclable and re-usable wastes are not disposed; * unusable wastes aie segregated and disposed of at public government approved facilities; * waste disposal when appropriate occurs at registered facilities approved by local government. Noise 1. PGN will ensure that normal working hours in villages and urban areas will be. limited in order to avoid disturbaniceat night and for too much of the weekend. 2. PGN will ensure that all items of plant (including power generators) will be in good condition and operated with all fitted enclosure fastened. Machinery in internittent operation will be turned off when not in use. 3. PGN will develop operating procedures for suppressing noise emissions during pipeline construction activities.
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12 ACCIDENTAL EVENTS - ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS
12.1.1 Introduction
This Section discusses the risks of unplannedor accidental release events to safetv and the environment. Safetyrisks associatedwith accidental natural gas releasesare of major concernbecause: * natural gas (consistingmainly of methane)is a hazardoussubstance which is flammableand explosive; * Around 50% of the distribution pipeline will be through heavily populated urban and industrialareas in West Java. The main discussionsin this Sectionwill focus on a descriptionof the safety residualrisks and how these are addressed.
12.2 Safety Risk Assessment
12.2.1 Introduction
The safety risk assessment examines the hazards related to natural gas distribution and the various scenariosrelated to accidentalrelease of naturalgas into the environment.This considers the effects of residualrisks i.e. the risks remainingafter all relevant acts, regulations,codes and standardsfor the safe operationof the pipelinesystem have been met in the design. The scope of this safety risk assessmentis thereforeto present a descriptionof the residualrisks that are associated with the operationalphase of the gas distribution pipeline.A consequence analysis of gas leaks is performedfor the 16" main line and based on this assessment,a building proximitydistance is delerminedwhich provides a guide for establishingthe detailed routing of this pipeline. .paLof,Lgntinuing effort to improveits Safety ManagementSystem, PGN also intends to establish guidelines for routing of pipelines based on risk assessments as a parallel activity to this project. This work aims to establish in-house criteria for building proximity distancesand the appropriaterisk mitigationmeasures that can be taken. In the case of the three offtake stations, QRA and HAZOPswill be carried out as part of the detaileddesign process to verify the location of these stations in relationto risk exposure to the surroundingpopulation.
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12.2.2 Hazard Identification
Types of Hazardous Materials Hazardous materials can be classified according to the type of hazard which they create. The main types are: * flammable materials, which can be ignited to give various types of fires and explosions, * toxic materials, which may form clouds of vapour which could cause harm through inhalation or absorption through the skin; * reactive materials which may form flammable or toxic products when reacted with other materials released or already present, such as water or air. The most hazardous material associated with the gas pipelines is natural gas, which consists mainly of methane. At the offtake stations, the liquid odorant THT is also a hazardous material. Safety and environmental hazard data sheets for methane and THT are given in Appendix H. Hydrogen sulphide, a toxic gas sometimes present in natural gas, is not known to be present in the gas supplied by Pertamina. This safety risk assessment will focus on the hazards associated with accidental releases of natural gas by the pipelines. Accidental release of natural gas can result in the following scenarios: * ignition upon release resulting in a jet fire; * if un-ignited upon release, a flammable gas cloud is formed if not adequately dispersed by prevailing wind conditions. Being lighter than air, releases are easily dispersed into the atmosphere. Ignition may be delayed with a resultant flash fire. IUnder normal atmosphericconditions, natural gas clouds are generallynot explosive in nature. However, if released into confined spaces, an explosive situation can be created. The main hazards to safety associated with natural gas releases are flammability and potentially explosive consequences which may lead to loss of life, property or injury. Historical Failure Data For Buried Pipelines Experience with failures of buried pipelines used for transmission of natural gas is illustrated by data in Table 12.1. Based on a UK Health and Safety Executive (H&SE) contract research report (No. 82/1994), the average failure rates for onshore gas pipelines from various sources are given in Table 12.1 [H&SE, 1995].
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The European Gas Pipeline data are based on pipelines with design pressure greater than 15 barg. In the U.S., under federal regulations, reporting is required onlv for major incidents resulting in death, serious injury or substantial third party damage in transmission pipelines operating above a design factor of 0.2. T'he British Gas data are based on onshore gas transmission pipeline experience with a design pressure greater than 7 barg. The European Gas Pipeline lncident Data Group (EGIG) data also shows a marked increase in failure frequency of pipelines with wall thickness of less than 5 mm. Given that external interference is typically responsible for most failures (see Table 12.3), aithinner pipeline will be more susceptible to external impacts. Table 12.1: Failure Frequencies According to Different Sources
Data Source Failurefrequency Database (per 1000 km year) (1000 km year) EGIG 0.575 1470 US Gas Transmission 0.74 n.a.* British Gas 0.11 250 * not availab,c
PGN Experience Table 12.2 gives an inventory summary of high pressure (in excess of 1 barg working pressure) steel gas pipelines in the Jakarta region [PGN, 1994]. PGN's historical incident records are presented in Section 6. The records suggest that for high pressure steel distribution pipelines (those with operating pressures in excess of I barg) in the Jakarta area, there were 3 incidents of leakages for the period 1974 to 1994. Two incidents were due to external interferenze and one from material defect. Using the operational data in Table 12.2, this gives a failure frequency of about 0.98 per 1000 km-year. Using the U.S. criteria for reporting of incidents, there was one incident in the case of the PGN distribution system that involved injury or property,damage. This gives a failure rate of 0.33 per 1000 km-year. In comparing with the intmrnationalfailure rates shown in Table 12.1, it is noted that the PGN data is based on a relatively small distribution pipeline database of about 3000 km-year and therefore very sensitive to the number of failure cases. The PGN database also includes distribution pipelines operating at relatively lower pressures down to 1 barg compared to the British Gas and EGIG data for transmission systems at pressures higher than 7 barg. The PGN failure rate of 0.33 to 0.98 per 1000 km-year is comparable to the U.S. gas transmission and EGIG pipeline failure rate data.
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Table 12.2: Existing PGN Gas Pipelines in the Jakarta region* Year of Length of pipelines Length x Age Construction constructed (km) (km-year)
1979 40.000 720 1980 1981 1982 _ 1983 5.500 77 1984 1985 71.603 860 1986 18.258 201 1987 0.925 _ 1988 21.073 190 1989 22.740 182 1990 30.044 210 1991 27.472 165
1992 60.557 303 1993 28.241 113 1994 6.213 19 TOTAL 332.626 3.050
12.2.3 Pipeline Failure Scenarios and Impacts
Gas leakages in the distribution system may arise due to one or a combination of the following possibilities: * pipeline damage with resulting release; * leakage through valves and flanges; * leakage through fittings, regulators. An analysis of data from the U.S. Office of Pipeline Safety on typical causes of damage to gas distribution pipelines is given in Table 12.3 [Office of Pipeline Safety, 1995]. Table 12.3 shows typical statistics from one year of operation.
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Table 12.3: Distribution Pipeline Incident Summarv
(U.S. Office of Pipeline Safety, 1995)
CAUSE No. of Incidents % of Total Internal corrosion 0 0 External,:orrosion 3 3 Damage lrom outside forces 66 68 Construciionoperating error 5 5 Accidentaillycaused by Operator 6 6 Accidentallycaused by others 17 18 TOTAL 97 100.M0
Based on historical experience, the largest cause of leaks in buried gas pipelines is external impact, mainly arising r'rom third party influence. As far as gas distribution pipelines are concerned, external impacts due to third party damage represent the greatest risk to safe operation of gas pipelines. One call systems have proven useful for avoiding third party interference. The two basic types of one-call systems in current use are: v pipeline/operator one call - such a system is set up by utilities or operators, to channel all excavation and development inquiries through a central point; * private based one cal] - such a system is run by private organisations, possibly through a consortium of utilities, where the organisation has the task of supplying infomnation and/or assistance from relevant utilities to persons carrying out work. The frequent and clear sign posting of the pipeline route is also a good measure for reducing third party impacts. This risk rmitigatingmeasure will have a significant effect on reducing the failure frequency. Other failure modes, particularly intemal and external corrosion effects will be fully mitigated during the detailed design phase. Resulting scenarios from natural gas releases that could impact on human safety include: * jet fires due to ignited ileleases; * fireballs from full bore rupture of pipeline and immediate ignition; * releases ignited late on open ground resulting in a flash fire; * gas migration into nearby buildings with delayed ignition resulting in explosion and/or flash fire.
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Each of the above scenarios will have a different conditional probability of occurrence depending upon the release characteristics and the availability and distribution of ignition sources in the release area. The consequences and impact on human safety from each of the release scenarios is dependent upon prevailing wind direction and the distribution of human populations adjacent to the release location. Based on the consequence assessment performed, as presented in Appendix G, a building proximity distance (BPD) of 10m from the main 16" pipeline was established. For smaller diameter pipelines, the BPD will be smaller. This defines the minimum distance to occupied buildings which the pipeline should approach and provides a guide to route the main line in populated areas. This measure will appreciably reduce the overall safety risk. In addition, sectionalisation of the pipeline will enable critical sections of the pipeline to be isolated following an accidental release of natural gas thereby reducing the total release inventory and reducing risks to safety. Other mitigating measures will include provision of adequate and sufficiently sensitive leak detection facilities that will be used in order to identify leaks and their location and to rapidly isolate the section of pipeline where the leak has occurred. PGN plan to use metering of flows, pressure and temperature at offtake stations and SCADA which can give early warning of leaks. In the case of offtake stations, gas releases may arise due to: * failure of valves, flanges and fittings; * failure of regulators; * over-pressure; D failure of piping within station; - human error. Given the concentration of valves, fittings and flanges at an offtake station, the layout of such stations should be designed to minimise escalation of any fires resulting from the above causes. In addition, there is also the risk of release of the chemical odorant, THT which is a flammable substance. HAZOPs and Quantified Risk Assessments (QRAs) will be performed during detailed design of these facilities to evaluate the safety impacts to the surrounding population and if necessary implement risk mitigating measures.
12.3 Environmental Risk Assessment
12.3.1 Construction
No environmental risks from accidental releases are expected during the construction phase. 12.3.2 Operations
Hazardous substances that could be accidentally released to the environment during operations include: * natural gas (predominantly methane); * tetrahydrothiophene (THT).
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The environmental risks associated with the hazardous substances detailed above are discussed for accidental events that may occur during the operational phase: (i) Natural gas releases from pipeline and offtake, metering and regulation stations The safety risks associaled with accidental natural gas releases from the pipeline and offtake stations have been discussed in detail earlier in this Section. An environmental hazard sheet for natural gas is given in Appendix H. Natural gas is non-toxic but could lead to asphyxiation in sufficient quantities (to people, livestock and wildlife). Fowever, the most significant contributor to the environmental risk from accidental releases of nalural gas will be due to its flammable and explosive hazards. The main environmental risk associated with accidental natural gas releases is to the man-made environment (property, business, structures, etc.). (ii) THT releases fro'm odorising plant An environmental hazard sheet for THT is given in Appendix H. Odorising plant include THT storage in drums of around 200 kg capacity. Based on a consumption rate of 448 g/mmscfd required to maintain a THT concentration of 16mg/m3 Table 12.4 summarises the THT' usage by zone of operation. Table 12.4: THT Consumption by Zone of Operation-
Zone Capacity THT Consumption (mmscfd) (kg/day) (2010kg drums/week) I 189 85 3 2 94 42 1.5 3 215 96 3.5
TOTAL| 498 223 8.0
The main accidental release events (and their failure modes) that could lead to the release of liquid THT to the enviror ment include: * complete failure of storage drums (caused by, for example, dropping impact as a result of careless unloading practices during delivery leading to the breakage of drum seals) leading to complete loss of inventory; * spillage of THT (caused by careless handling leading to the drum being tipped over); * leakage of storage druins (caused by corrosion of seals or puncture of drum); * full bore rupture or leakage of piping connecting the THT drum to the THT injection plant (caused by flange or valve failure).
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Leaks and spillage have a greater likelihood of occurring than complete failures. Releases of liquid THT to the environment will produce a spreading surface pool of THT. Pathways to the environment from THT pool spreading include: * evaporation to air; * run-off to drain and sewer. * drainage and uptake to soil and groundwater; * run-off to surface water; Each of the above pathways will also reduce the rate and extent of pool spread through their action as sinks for THT. Due to its high boiling point it is likely that the majority of THT spillage will remain in the liquid phase, with small quantities vaporising to air. Impacts to the atmospheric environment will be reduced since the THT will be dispersed and rapidly degraded by hydroxyl radicals in the air [US EPA, 1993]. However, THT odor thresholds are very low (lppb) and odors may be detected by downwind populations following a release. THT is highly flammable and ignition of THT pools would lead to pool fires, which may cause damage to the man-made environment (i.e. PGN property), and escalation (or knock-on) damage risk to the offtake station. Impacts to sewer following the accidental release of THT to drains could lead to the generation and build up of THT vapours leading to a potential explosion risk resulting in damage to the sewer network. Impacts to soil and land are primarily associated with drainage and contamination, although THT does not adsorb onto soil. Drainage through soil is greater for sand than it is for coarse clays. Groundwater contamination is a potential problem if the site lies above an aquifer. The damage to groundwater could be particularly severe if the aquifer is abstracted for drinking water, agricultural or industrial uses. Little information is available to infer impacts to water. However, due to its low boiling point and low octanol water partition coefficient, THT is unlikely to bio-concentrate. THT will also be metabolised by microbes (biodegraded). The factors suggest that environmental recovery times are likely to be relatively short leading to short termnimpacts to water only.
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12.4 Conclusions
12.4.1 Safety
1. Safety risks during construction will be limited to those encountered during manual constructionwork. 2. The major safety hazard associatedwith gas distributionpipeline project is from accidental releases of natural gas. The flammable hazard associated with natural gas releases is of primaryconcern for human safety. 3. An assessment of PGN's historical accident statistics has determined a gas distribution pipeline failure rate of 0.33 to 0.98 per 1000 km year with the major contributorycause from external third party influence.This is comparableto the averagefailure rate based on U.S. Gas transmissiondata. Based on recent US experiencethe main cause of gas distributionpipeline failure is due to third party impact.This failure mode contributesto around 68% of all gas pipeline failures.PGN's major incidentrecords also indicatethat external third party impactis the major contributor to pipeline failure. Appropriate risk mitigating measures will be consideredduring detaileddesign to reducethe influenceof third parties such as sign posting and implementationof one-call systemsto control third party constructionactivity within the pipeline vicinity.Such measureswill reducethe failure frequencysignificantly. 4. Following the accidental release and ignition of natural gas released to the environment a number of ignited gas release scenarios of concem to safety can occur. These scenarios include fireballs,jet fires and flash fires,the occurrenceof which are dependentupon whether late or early ignition of the gas release occurs and the extent of gas accumulation.The consequenceand impact to human safety of the release scenaiios discussed are dependent upon a number of ervironmental variables. These variables include the availability and distribution of ignition sources, the direction and speed of prevailing wind, and most importantlythe densityand distributionof people adjacentto the releaseevent. 5. The most important risk mitigation factor is pipeline routing. Based on consequence assessments of various pipeline failures,an impact distance in terms of building proximity distance (BPD) of lOm is established.This building exclusion zone is used to assist in detailedrouting of the pipeline.Pipeline sectionalisation is also an importantdesign parameter for reducing and controllingsafety risks. PGN plan to use meteringfacilities and SCADAin order to detect and provridewarning of gas leaks. 6. An SMS is an effective genericway of managingsafety risks. Further discussionof SMS as a means of risk mitigationis given in Section 17.
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12.4.2 Environmental
1. No construction related activities are likely to give rise to significant environmental risks resulting from accidental releases. 2. Accidental releases of natural gas during operations could lead to damage to the man-made environment through flammable and explosive hazards. By comparison, asphyxiation risks to people, livestock and fauna are of lower concern. 3. Accidental THT releases from drummed storage and operational failures will lead to environmental risk exposure to air, land, sewer and water. Ignited THT releases could lead to fire risks to PGN property and further escalation affecting the offtake and metering facilities. 4. THT storage should be minimised and THT storage areas should be sufficiently removed from the main offtake stations. Based on THT consumption rates (Table 12.4) it is reasonable that each odorising plant should be able to operate with THT site inventories of around I tonne (i.e. 5x200 kg drums).
12,5 Recommendations
12.5.1 Safety
1. The detailed routing of the pipeline will take into account the impact distances of pipeline failures. These impact distances in terms of Building Proximity Distances (BPD) will be defined for each pipeline size under normal working pressure. 2. PGN will mitigate the potential for third party impacts by using a one call system and frequent sign posting marking along the pipeline route. 3. HAZOP and QRA studies of the offtake stations (including gas and THT safety hazards) will be performed during detailed design in order to assess the suitability of layout, design and safety systems such as gas detection, fire-fighting capabilities, emergency shut-down. The safety risks determined will be compared with a range of risk criteria consistent with internationally accepted requirements. 12.5.2 Environment
1. THT storage drums will be maintained in concrete bunded areas capable of receiving a volume 150% of the volume of the largest storage drum contained. This will significantly reduce the environmental risks to land, Water and sewer. 2. The number of THT drums stored at each site at any one time will be limited to a maximum quantity of one (1) tonne, equivalent to 5x200kg drums. This limitation will also reduce the safety risk. 3. Loading procedures will be established in order to reduce the potential of drums containing THT being carelessly handled resulting in spills. Drums of THT being delivered to PGN will be inspected for levels of corrosion (particularly at the drum seals) and mechanical defect. Drums exhibiting undue levels of corrosion or mechanical defect will be returned immediately to the supplier.
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6 NaW^vt 19W7.Muigs.jdjoc 4. Emergency response procedures to prevent and mitigate releases to the environment will be developed in conjunction with safety procedures. This will ensure that safety and environmental concerr[s are correctly balanced in order to prevent undue risk to the safety of on-site workers or emergency response personnel. 5. Environmental procedures for emergency response will include the clean-up and disposal of THT spills.
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13 IMPACTS ON SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
13.1 Introduction
This Section evaluates and assesses the potential impacts and benefits to social and economic conditions. The assessment is divided into three phases: * pre-construction; * construction; * operations.
13.2 Pre-Construction
Experiences elsewhere have shown that land acquisition is one of the main impacts on socio- economic conditions as a result of pipeline projects. The gas distribution pipeline will be constructed alongside existing government owned roads. Consequently, no land will be acquired along the pipeline route. Some land acquisition niay be required for the three planned offtake stations at Cilegon, Serang/Cikande and Pasir Jadi. PGN estimate that each offtake station is expected to require approximately 2500m2 of land. PGN will purchase the land from existing government owned land (Serang/Cikande and Pasir Jadi) and from Krakatau steelworks (Cilegon). No land acquisition will be required for the installation of metering facilities, as these will be on customers premises. Overall, the socio-economic impacts resulting from land acquisition are expected to be relatively small for the gas distribution project. PGN have already performed some initial consultation with local authorities and will continue to consult the public, local aLathoritiesand non-govemmental organisations before constructing the gas distribution pipeline. PGN plans to use a two tiered public consultation process. This will enable all potentially affected people and authorities to present their concerns about the project and for PGN to assess and respond to these concerns. Further details of the consultation process are given in Appendix I. Public consultation is arn effective process for ensuring that socio-economic impacts are identified at an early stage and mitigated.
13.3 Construction
Noise and dust nuisances (discussed in detail in Section 11) may temporarily effect business and economic activities by causing a disruption to trade. This is likely to be of particular concern where pipeline routing is close to homes, properties and small businesses.
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Construction workings may temporarily impede economic activity, through causing physical obstruction or access to small businesses (shops, offices, restaurants, etc.). Impacts on economic activities are most likely when pipeline routes run close to the entrances to small businesses in urban centres. Construction activities are likely to impede pedestrian passage, perhaps forcing pedestrians on to roads where they will experience a greater risk of injury from road accidents. As part of the construction phase, pipes and materials will be transported to working locations along the pipeline route. These mobilisation activities may impact on communities in urban centres through contributing to traffic congestion and possibly causing road accidents. In order to reduce these impacts PGN will ensure that all material movements are done in accordance with police and transportation authority requirements and that all necessary permits will be obtained in advance. Material movements will be done outside periods of heavy traffic congestion in -urban areas. PGN estimate [PGN, 1996] total investment costs for the project of US$120.0 million, this sum. Assuming the investment will be over a two year period (i.e. the duration of the construction phase) and all manufactured items and other inputs are provided or produced in West Java; it is estimated that the project could provide the following short term benefits to the economy of West Java over the two year construction phase: * contribute around 0.2% annually to GDRP (basis 1995); * contribute around 0.5% annually to manufacturing and construction industry GDRP (basis 1995); PGN are likely to utilise two construction contractors for the main pipelines, one independent contractor to procure and construct the offtake metering stations and SCADA network and various local individual contractors to install service lines. PGN's estimate of the numbers of personnel/operators required to complete the work withifn the proposed time is given in Table 13.1. Table 13.1: Estimated Personnel Requirements during Construction Phase WorkPhase Year 198 1999 2000 2001 DesignConsultant 40 MainlineConstruction Zone 2 150 250 MainlineConstruction Zone 3 150 250 ConstructionQA/QC 25 25 offtakeMetering and SCADA 50 50 Service lines and MRS installation 75 75 75 Total 40 400 650 125
Personnel requirements for Zone I are not available.
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Following on from Table 13.1, construction activities are likely to provide job creation benefits for the local community. Construction activities involve mostly manual labour, potentially resulting in the provision of temporary short term work for local low skilled workers. Construction activities are also likely to provide economic benefits to local communities. The informal sector that includes small shops (warung) which sell food, cigarettes, etc. is likely to experience increased purchase of small low cost goods as a consequence of the daily consumption of construci ion workers. Proprietors of temporary accommodation facilities are also likely to experience an upturn in business through providing hotel accommodation primarily to the skilled workforce.
13.4 Operations
The most important socio-economic benefits of the project are associated with the operational phase of gas distribution. PGN's projection estimates [PGN, 1996] for the potential Zone 2 and 3 customer and potential gas demands are given in Table 13.2. The potential projected gas demand by customer sector is illustrated in Figure 13.1. Figure 13.1: Potential Gas Demand
Others
Textile
Met:al
Cerarmic
Fertiliser
Chernical
Industrial Estate
0 200 400 600 800 PotentialGas Demand(mmscfd)
At present PGN are still developing the gas market in West Java, and there exist uncertainties in the data presented in Table 13.2 and Figure 13.1. PGN are confident that the existing market can readily absorb the increased gas supply proposed. According to the market survey results the main projected consumer is expected to be industrial estates who are likely to purchase around 70% of the proposed gas supply. However, PGN expect that not all of the potential demand from the industrial estate sector will be realised. PGN expect the main customers for the gas to be medium sized industrial consumers.
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Table 13.2: Projected Zone 2 and 3 Customer and Potential Gas Demand
Industry Zone 2 Demand Zone 3 Demand Total Demand Customers Mmscfd Customers mmscfd Customers mrnsef( Industrial Estate 16 207.270 24 570.150 40 777.420 Chemical 27 63.427 I 1 31.905 38 95.332 Feriiliser - - 2 68.000 2 68.0(0) Ceramic 6 17.788 7 31.132 13 48.920 Metal 12 5.209 3 26.764 15 31.973 Textile 10 5.324 22 23.676 32 29.000 Paper 1 0.634 2 15.851 3 16.485 Wood - - 2 16.130 2. 16.130 Sleel 2 1.200 I 0.580 3 1.780 1Others 2 0.145 5 1.054 7 1.199
Food j - 0.250 I 0.250 Total 76 300.997 80 785.492 156 1,086.489
Page
V _N The gas supplied will be used to replace other forms of energy (e.g. fuel oil, coal, wood, etc.), or used for new developments such as power generation, steam raising, or even combined heat and power (CHP) projects. The gas distribution network may encourage expansion of the existing industrial infrastructure. as for example road developments have already done in West Java. However, it is noted that the proposed PGN gas tariffs (including the recent gas price rise in 1996) mean that gas is now priced only slightly cheaper than fuel oil. The price of fuel oil has been subsidised by the Indonesian government with no price rises during the nineties. PGN estimate that the price of fuel oil is set to rise before gas supply from the distribution network commences. Assuming that fuel oil prices rise, the lower price of gas will encourage industrial cor sumers to use gas as an alternative source of energy supply. PGN plan to create a n.w regional division to manage the gas distribution in West Java in an efficient and effective rnanner. The West Java operational region will be set up to control and operate 7 separate districts in West Java creating around 84 new job positions. It is expected that the gas distribution network will provide an upturn in growth for the utilities (electricity, water and gas supply) sector in West Java and will create employment in order to service the new business created. The wealth created by gas sales and use will contribute to regional economic growth.
13.5 Conclusions
1. The pipeline route will be constructed alongside existing roads and no land acquisition will be required. 2. PGN have begun ancl will continue to perform a full public consultation process according to the tiered requirements of the World Bank. This will help provide an effective measure towards mitigating socio-economic impacts. 3. Physical obstruction to property and business caused by construction activities could lead to temporary loss of business. 4. Physical obstruction luring construction could lead to increased risk of pedestrian injury from road traffic accidents, 5. There are likely to be both short and long term benefits to the regional economy as a result of the gas distribution project. Construction phase activities are likely to contribute significantly over a two year period to regional economic growth in the construction industry. 6. Short term low skilled employment prospects will be created during the pipeline construction phase. 7. There is likely to be some increase in cash flow to local economies as a result of expenditure from construction workers. Sectors of the economy likely to benefit are the informal sector (shops, restaurants, etc.) and the temporary accommodation sector (hotels).
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13.6 Recommendations
1. PGN will ensure that all constructionactivities are conductedin a manner designedto reduce impact on local communitiesand businessesas far as is reasonablypracticable. This will be implemented by PGN through clauses in the contract of the constructioncontractor (see Section 17). 2. PGN will ensure that the construction contractors will perform construction work at reasonabletimes of the day in order to ensure that noise and dust nuisancesare minimisedto all people and businesses that may be affected along the pipeline route. This will be implemented by PGN through clauses in the contract of the construction contractor (see Section 17).
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14 IMPACTS ON 'COMMUNITIES AND CULTURE
14.1 Introduction
The pipeline project has limited potentialto impact or provide benefit to the communitiesand cultureof West Java. This Section will evaluateand assess the potential impacts and benefits to communitiesand cultureover the followingproject phases: * pre-construction; * construction; * operations.
14.2 Pre Construction
There will be no land acquisitionalong the pipeline route. As a result no impacts to local communitiesand cultureare expected. Some impacts on commlinitiesand culture may be experiencedat the locations of the planned offtake stationswhere limited(7500 m 2) land acquisitionmay be required. In order to improve the effectivenessof the public consultationprocess thc managementand organisational structures of villages and special villages (discussed in Section 8) have been observed.Further details of the publicconsultation process are providedin AppendixI. Publicconsultation is an effectiveprocess for identifyingand mitigatingimpacts on communities and local culture.
14.3 Construction
Noise and dust nuisances (discussedin Section 11) are likely to impact on communitiesand culturalevents, potentiallycausing a short tern disruptionparticularly in urban areas. In general, the constructionactivities are likely to cause some obstructionto communityand cultural activities. These may include temporaryobstruction to places of worship, community meeting places and cultural ceremonies,parades and processions.The impact on communities and cultureis likelyto be greatestin urban areas. In accordancewith the Indonesiangovernments job creation policy it is expected that many of the temporaryjobs created for pipeline construction activities will be for local people. It is however possible that a limited number of jobs may be filled by people from other parts of Indonesia, particularlyCentral and West Java. There exist only subtle differences between the cultures and communitystructures of Central, East and West Java. Overall, it is unlikely that there will be any resultingimpact from migrantworkers on West Java communitiesand culture.
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14.4 Operations
Permanent employment is likely to be generated in the industrial and utilities (gas supply) sectors as a result of the planned gas distribution network This additional employment may contribute marginally to migration of workers from Central and East Java. Migrant workers typically live near their place of work, send money back to their families and return home for special occasions and holidays. Some migrant workers may settle in West Java permanently, but the majority are likely to be classified as temporary residents. The effects of migrant workers on local communities and culture is likely to be small.
14.5 Conclusions
1. The construction activities may temporarily prevent access and disturb places of worship or community meeting places as well as obstructing religious and cultural processions, parades and ceremonies. 2. Public consultation is an effective process for identifying and mitigating community and cultural impacts. 3. Limited numbers of migrant workers from Central and East Java may find temporary employment during the construction phase, and more permanent employment in the industrial and gas supply sectors during the operational phase. Overall, the impacts on West Java communities and culture are not likely to be significant.
14.6 Recommendations
Recommendations are the same as those made in Section 13 but will include due consideration of factors associated with communities and culture.
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15 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS
15.1 Introduction
According to the World Bank OD 4.00 Annex A, the environmental assessment will include "a systematic environmental comparison of altemative investments, sites technologies and designs" [World Bank, 1989]. If the transmission and distributions systems are not built, energy must be supplied from other sources. One important el'fect of making natural gas available will be that existing industries can convert to natural gas from present fuels which otherwise will be more polluting.
15.2 Alternative Investment Plans
The "zero option" woulcl be not to expand the existing gas distribution system at all. In this scenario, the energy demnand must be met by other sources, such as coal, fuel oil, LPG, combustible wastes and wood. Compared to use of natural gas, these fuels would cause a significant increase in emission of air pollutants and thus have a significant negative impact on local and regional air quality. In addition, the emission of greenhouse gases (mainly carbon dioxide) is lower when using natural gas. Natural gas combustion does not generate particulate matter releases or solid wastes for disposal. PGN have considered a number of alternative technical and gas supply investment options, including: - Option 1, ASME #30) gas pipeline, ASME Class 4 design, delivering 250 mmscfd natural gas; - Option 2, ASME #151) gas pipeline, ASME Class 4 design, delivering 25Q mmscfd natural gas; * Option 3, ASME #30) gas pipeline, ASME Class 4 design, delivering 500 mmscfd natural gas; * Option 4, ASME #150 gas pipeline, ASME Class 4 design , delivering 500 mmscfd natural gas. PGN have performed a preliminary costing of each of the above options and have selected option 4 which is to deliver larger quantities of natural gas at lower working pressure, but also at a higher investment cost ('US$ 89.4 million). This option has been chosen by PGN in order to minimise operating pressujres in urban regions, which promotes safety.
15.3 Alternative Routing
According to PGN's plans, the gas distribution pipelines will be routed along existing roads. An alternative would be to avoid the roads, at least for some sections. Table 15.1 provides a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of not constructing the pipeline along existing roads.
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Table 15.1: Environmental and Safety Comparison of Alternative Pipeline Routings
Routing Advantages Disadvantages Along roads Closeto customers Many pcopleexposed to inconveniences and accidents. Government landl Future urbanisationcould increase numberof people exposedto safety Accessfor constructionand risks. maintenance Is likelyto go throughdensely No impacton agricultureor natural populatedurban centres increasing resources safetyrisks. Away from roads Few peopleexposed to Remotefrom customers. inconveniencesand accidents. Land acquisitionand resettlemcnt. Possibleto selectrouting where Accessroads must be built. futurechange in area classification and encroachmentby new buildings Impacton agricultureor natural are unlikely. resources. Highercosts.
Of primary concern with pipeline routing is the safety of the general public arising from residual risk, e.g. risk from accidental failures which are not normally designed for, such as third party influence. This can be improved through routing of the main high pressure lines around urban centres and if unavoidable, to implement risk mitigating measures such as maintaining a minimum separation distance from occupied buildings, adequate sign posting and implementation of one-call system to co-ordinate third party construction activities along the pipeline route. The final route selection will be a balance between safety concerns, investment costs and delivery to customers.
15.4 Design
PGN presentlyplan to use the latestedition of ASMEB31.8 code as a minimumdesign standard, together with PGN specific codes of practicesand guidelinesas part of the detailed design.The adoption of ASME B31.8, which is an internationallyaccepted design practice, will ensure that the main design parameterssatisfy intemationalrequirements. PGN has also adopted the highest Class 4 design level (as defined in ASMEB31.8) for the new pipelines assuming urban environmentalconditions throughout the project life-cycle.This will ensure that future urbanisationand changing demographicconditions along the pipeline route will not, in future, have an impact on the design of the pipelinesand their safetyzones.
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15.5 Conclusions
1. Use of natural gas will give lower emissions of air pollutants than alternative fuels and will produce no solid wastes. 2. In general, routing the pipelines along existing roads seems better than routing through agricultural land and forests provided the appropriate safety impact distances are maintained. 3. In terms of residual risk, pipeline routing through heavily populated urban centres poses a greater risk to safety than in less urban areas. It is necessary therefore to maintain a minimum separation distance to occupied buildings in order to address the consequences of pipeline failures in urban areas.
15.6 Recommendations
1. PGN will use the latest ASME B3 1.8 standard as a minimum standard for ensuring that key design parameters satisfy international standards. PGN will design the entire pipeline expansion system tc ASME Class 4 level which will ensure that future urbanisation and changing demographic conditions will not compromise safety considerations throughout the entire pipeline life-cycle. However, these standards do not take into account conditions and variables specific to local conditions in terms of the residual risk, and this will be individually assessed. 2. Separation distances or building proximity distances will be established by PGN for individual pipe sizes based on consequence assessments (see Appendix G) and used as a guide in routing of the different pipelines. PGN will also compare alternative routings on this basis. 3. Alternative process layouts, designs and locations of the offtake stations will be assessed on the basis of safety risks. PGN will use safety focused HAZOP and.QRA studies as design evaluation tools.
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16 ENVIRONMEN;!TAL AND SAFETY MITIGATION PLAN
16.1 Introduction
This Section presents the:priorities for the environmental and safety and mitigation plans. The plans include the hardware and management controls required in order to mitigate significant safety and environmental impacts and risks from planned and un-planned events for all project phases The environmental and safety mitigation plans are based on the recommendations from the preceding sections and represent commitments that PGN will carry out. Some synergies exist between the safety and environmental mitigation plans developed. All synergies are cross-referenced between the two plans. The mitigation plans will not be treated as separate entities.
16.2 Environment MvitigationPlan
Environmental mitigation plans are given for:
3 pre-construction (Table 16.1); - construction (Table 16.2); * operation (Table 16.3).
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Table 16.1:Pre-construction Phase Environmental Mitigation Plan
Aspect Impact HardwareControls ManagementControls Land use(Section 10) Legalcompliance Governmentand local permits. Registerof Indonesianenvironmental legislation,regulations and codes of practice. Registerof World Bankloan conditions affectingthe environment. Registerof permitsrequired (see Appendix C), permitsreceived, and permits applied for. Proceduresfor maintainingregistcrs. Pollution(Section I I) Legalcompliance Seeland use. Seeland use. Socio-economic(Section Public concern about Publicconsultation: Publicconsultation plan and procedures (see 13) plannedpipeline Localpaper advertisements, flyers to affected Appendix1). householdsand public meetings. Proceduresfor collectingand handling public Consultationsand agreementwith local feedback(further questions and complaints). populationand leaders.
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Table 16.2: Construction Phase Environmental Mitigation Plan (Continued)
Aspect Impact Hardware Controls ManagementControls Landuse (Section 10) Wastedisposal No dischargeof hydrotestingwater to Waste management plan andprocedurcs for agriculturalland. constructioncontractors. No unauthoriseddisposal of excesssoil excavatedfrom trenches. No burial of solid wastesin pipelinetrench. Land reinstalement Turf removaland storage,seeding, use of Land reinstatementplan and procedurcsfor acceptablefertilisers (if needed),soil grading, constructioncontractors. minimisesoil compactionand looseningof top- soil. Reinstateroad and soil surfaces.
Pollution (Section I I) Dust nuisance Water sprayingof working surfacesand Constructionplan andoperational procedures uncoveredstockpiles during dry conditions. (dust mitigation) for contractors. Goodhousekeeping.
Noise nuisance Use soundattenuated machinery including Constructionplan andoperational procedures welding powergeneration equipment. (noisemitigation) for contractors. Restrict working hoursduring nightsand Operationaland maintenanceprocedures for holidays. noisegenerating equipment and activitics.
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Table 16.2:Construction Phase Environmental Mitigation Plan (Continued)
Aspect Impact Hardware Controls Management Controls Pollution(Section I I) Efiluentwater disposal No release to agriculturalland, or paddyfield Hydrotestingprocedures for construction water. contractors. No releaseof excessivelyoily waterto drains or Trenchwater disposal procedures for river. constructioncontractors. Solid wastedisposal. Preventspills of diesel fueland lubricatingoils Waste managementplan and procedurcsfor Solid wastes(e.g. from bridgeconstruction) constructioncontractors. will not be disposedof to rivers. Segregationand gradingof spoil and wastes. Re-useand recyclewastes (e.g. excess masses from trenches,welding rods, concrete rubble). Disposeof unusablesolid wastesto local governmentapproved land fill. Socio-economic(Section Publiccomplaint. Formal(written) and informal(verbal) Proceduresfor collecting,processing and 13) responsesto complaint. respondingto publiccomplaints. Pedestrianroad accidents Barriersseparating walkways from road. Workingprocedures and practicesfor Warningsigns to road trafric. constructioncontractors. See safetymitigation plan. Businessloss Financialcompensation. See also next below. Compensationprocedures. Businessinterruption and Reducetrench open time by workingin shorter Workingprocedures for construction accessto premises sections. contractors. Walkwaysover opentrenches to facilitate access. Communitiesand culture Disruptionto religiousand Constructionschedule. (Section 14) culturalevents
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Table 16.3:Operation Phase Environmental Mitigation Plan
Aspect Impact Hardware Controls :-NlanagementControls A I_ rA1e%e1Uen;a:C1 r ei gus luivabe Scc aisto saietiy miitigationpian. See aiso saiety mitigation pian. (Section 12) TTHT release Concretehunding for THT storagedrums Inspectionand maintenanceprocedurcs for (bunding volumewill be 150%of the volume THT storagebund. of the largestdrum). THT delivery (inspectionand unloading) Storageof THT drumswill be limited to I procedures. tonneper site. Emergencypreparedness and responseplan Emergencyresponse equipment (adsorbents, and procedures. protectiveclothing, temporary storage). THT spill reportingprocedures. Seealso safetymitigation plan. Seealso safetymitigation plan.
Socio-economic Publicconcern regarding Seeenvironmental management plan PGN's operations
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16.3 Safety Mitigation Plan
Safety mitigation plans are given for: * pre-construction (Table 16.4); * construction (Table 16.5); * operation (Table 16.6).
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Table 16.4: Pre-construction Phase Safety Mitigation Plan
Aspect HardwareControls ManagementControls DetailedDesign Materialand technical specifications. Standards(ASME B31.8), codes of practice Pipelinerouting (avoidanceof denselv and guidelines. populatedareas if possible). HAZOP,HAZID, HAZAN and QRA studies Depthof cover. as specific input to detaileddesign process whererequired (see Section 12). Sectionalisationand block valving. Safetyprocedures and requirementsfor Corrosioncontrol (cathodicprotection and constructioncontractors. sacriricialanodes). Soil surveysfor pH and resistivitywill be usedas an input to corrosion protectiondesign. Leakdetection systems. Prcssurecontrol equipment. Legal Requirements Registerof Indonesiansafety legislation and regulations. Log of safetypermits required (see Appendix C), obtainedand applied for. ProjectManagement Quality planningand control. Developproject safety managementsystem accordingto Section 17requirements.
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Table 16.5: Construction Phase Safety Mitigation Plan
Aspect Hardware Controls Management Controls Contractor Workingprocedures and practices for constructioncontractors contractor to ensure safetyfor workersand future reliability of pipeline. Incidentand accident Incident/accidentreporting procedures. reporling. Performancetesting Non-destructivetesting of pipelinewelds. Functiontest of safetyequipment.
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Table 16.6: Operation Phase Safety Mitigation Plan
Aspect Hardware Controls ManagementControls Third party impact Frequent andclear signposling. Onecall system. Inspectionand Walking surveysand air surveillancealong Operationsand maintenancemanual. Maintenance route. Systematicinspections and maintenance. Corrosion(cathodic protection) testing. Pipelinecondition testing. Inspection of safety equipment. Incidentand accident Incident/accidentreporting procedures. reporting. Emergencyresponse Testingof emergencyresponse plan. Emergencyresponse plan and procedures (seealso environmentalmitigation plan).
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17 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
17.1 Introduction
The aims of this Section of the report are to: I. Describe the existing general organisational and management structure in PGN. 2. Describe the existing Environmental Management System (EMS) in PGN using the international standard for EMS (ISO 14001) as a standard for reference [ISO 14001, 1996]. 3. Describe the existing safety management system (SMS) in PGN using some of the key elements in DNV's International Safety Rating System (ISRS) as a standard for reference. 4. Develop an environmental management plan and a safety management plan for the gas distribution project. Detailed auditing of PGN's EMS and SMS has not been performed as part of this study. The coarse management information gathered has been through discussions with PGN staff. As a result only general features of PGN's EMS and SMS have been determined and developed upon in the environmental and safety management plans.
17.2 General Organisational and Management Structure in PGN
PGN's organisational arid management structure for the Head Office in Jakarta as of October 1996 is given in Figure 17.1. PGN is under the control of the President Director with company directors responsible for the directorates of Developnient, Operations, Finance and General Affairs. Each directorate is further split into divisions. Divisional details are given in Figure 17.1. Project teams (i.e. gas distribution and gas transmission projects) and regional PGN offices (Branches) report directly to the President Director who will transfer infornation back down the line through the directorates to the divisions. There exists a Training Centre and an Audit group which provide facilities and resources to be used by the directorates, divisions, projects and regions. The Audit group provides a predominantly financial accounting/auditing function although in theory it may also provide technical audit support. The Business Information and Assessment Centre (BIAC) is responsible for preparing and gathering environmental information for submission to the authorities (AMDAL and MIGAS) or the PGN board. In general, the Branches have a similar, but reduced organisational structure to Head Office. The Branch structure includes a Branch Manager responsible for technical, marketing and finance divisions.
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Figure 17.1: PGN Head OfM1ceOrganisational and Management Structure (October 1996)
- [~~~~~RUIf1R3V-FEE0WBF11IWI 7F7] F~J7 Fuuio~- ~~~n J flNtE
Mi) qI IMN|N IMN IFN (1IIY |) *) | MON §IN'N IN I1N ILKN || IIQ| N mNN|
: jIRAMtg | L j L_1 (M1lN IMN | cAII>NWM W | | LPe
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The gas distribution project organisational structure and management has been discussed previously in Section 2.
17.3 Environmental Management in PGN
17.3.1 Comparison with ISO 14001
The principles of Environmental Management according to ISO 14001 are detailed in Figure 17.2. Figure 17.2: ISO 14001EMS Model: Standards and Clauses
/tContinual / mprovement
b /E~~~~~~nvironmental Policy Management Review
/ v { f/ * ~~~~~~~~~~Environmentalaspect 9 / r 7 * ~~~~~~~~~~~~Legaland other requirements r / At / * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Objectivesand targets ; / + / * ~~~~~~~~~~~Environmentalmanagement r j^-- >.era! la^vv:sXs t / programmes
Checkingand Implementation Corrective Action and Operation
* Monitoring and measurement * Non-confoimnanceand * Structureand responsibility corrective nndpreventive Training, awarenessand / action 3 / competence * Records * Communication •*/ EMS audits jF / * EMS documentation / / * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Operatiotialcontrol / / A i / *~~~~~~~~~~Emergencypreparedness/ / . < ~ ~~~and response
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The existing PGN environmental management system is described, compared and evaluated through coarse comparison with the standards and clauses of ISO 14001 (see Table 17.1 for results). Table 17.1: Coarse Comparison of PGN EMS With ISO 14001 Requirements
ISO 14001 Clause Comments Standard 4.0 General No formal EMS in PGN managementstructure (includinggas distribution project).. l4.l Environmental No environmental policy. Policy Legislative compliance only.
|4.2 Environmental 4.2.1 Environmental No corporate identification of environmental aspects. Planning aspects Project specific identification of environmental aspects through AMDAL EA where required. Gas distribution project aspects contained in this report. 4.2.2 Legal and other Full compliance with AMDAL requirements. requirements No register of legislation demonstrated, knowledge implied. Register of legislation (Section 3) and permits (Appendix C) for distribution project contained in this report. 4.2.3 Objectives and To comply with all Indonesian environmental legislation. targets regulations and standards that affects PGN and the distribution project. 4.2.2 Environmental None yet. management programme 4.3 Implementation 4.3.1 Structure and No formal Environment Manager or position in PGN. and Operation responsibility Environmental investigation. monitoring and reporting the responsibility of BIAC. No environmental responsibility, role or job descriptions recorded in BIAC. Implied environment manager head of BIAC. Distribution project manger implied environmental manager for the project, but no formal role and responsibilities. 4.3.2 Training, awareness No environmental training programme. and competence Government environmental training courses (basic. intermediary and advanced) have been attended by limited numbers of PGN staff. PGN staff interviewed appear to be aware of the importance of environmental issues with respect to AMDAL EA requirements only. No environmental awareness training for PGN distribution project staff or construction contractors.
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Table 17.1: Coarse Comparison of PGN EMS With ISO 14001 Requirements
ISO 14001 Clause Comments Standard 4.3 Implementation 4.3.3 Communications By letter internally and to AMDALIMIGAS. No and Operation communication to the general public by end of September 1997. Consultations with local government started in August 1997. 4.3.4 ] nvironmental No EMS manual. documentation 4.3.5 lDocumentcontrol No document control procedures. 4.3.6 Operational control No formal operational control. Legal requirements and AMDAL monitoring requirements appear to be drivers for operational control. No inclusion of environmental aspects in operational and maintenance manual. 4.3.7 Emergency No emergency response procedures for accidents to the preparedness and environment. resporse 4.4 Checking and 4.4.1 Mv1onitoringand As provided by AMDAL requirements on a projcct by project Corrective Action measurement basis. 4.4.2 Non conformance Non-conformance to AMDAL requirements rcported in and corrective and quarterly environmental report that is distributed to AMDAL prevertive action and MIGAS. 4.4.3 Rlecords AMDAL reporting records.. No procedures for the identification, maintenance and disposition of environmental records. 4.4.4 EMS Audit No EMS audits. PGN (BIAC) and MIGAS (spot checks) perform technical audits and reviews. 4.5 Management No top level management review of EMS. l Review Only management concern is compliance with Indonesian environmental legislation, regulations and standards.
17.3.2 Conclusions
1. PGN do not yet have a formal EMS, a demonstrable corporate environmental policy, or a demonstrable environniental policy for the distribution project. 2. PGN require full compliance with all Indonesian environmental legislation, regulations and' standards, and where appropriate international standards and guidelines.
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3. PGN do not yet have an Environmental Manager in their organisational structure or for the gas distribution project. It is reasonably common practice for organisations to integrate health, safety and environmental management responsibilities through a common S&E (Safety and Environment) Manager. 4. PGN undertake environmental reviews and audits (BIAC) in order to satisfy the AMDAL requirements. However these reviews and audits may not be sufficient to provide PGN with the assurance that its performance not only meets, but will continue to meet its legal (and policy) requirements. To be effective reviews and audits need to be conducted within a structured management system and integrated within overall management activity. 5. The development and implementation of an organisational EMS for PGN will require a significant amount of work and would require the full commitment from senior management of PGN in order to be successful. 17.3.3 Recommendations
1. PGN recognise the need to strengthen their organisational environmental management and will review and investigate the possibility of developing an EMS according to the ISO 14001 management model. 2. PGN will establish an environmental department for managing institutional environmental issues and affairs. Two or three competent environmental specialists will man the department. Each specialist will receive training, be given a well defined role and be provided with opportunities for career development.
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17.4 Safety Management in PGN
17.4.1 Comparison with ISRS
An SMS should includlo the part of the general management system which includes the organisational structure, responsibilities, practices, procedures and resources for determining and implementing safety policy (including accident prevention) [EC, 19971. The following issues should be assessed by a SMS: * organisational and personnel: the roles and responsibilities of personnel invoived in the management of hazards at all levels in the organisation. The identification of training needs of such personnel and the provisions of the training identified. Involvementshould include employees,and where appropriatesubcontractors. * identification and evaluation of major hazards: adoption and implementation of procedures for systematically identifying major hazards arising from normal and abnormal operation and the assessment of their likelihood and severity. * operational control: adoption and implementationof proceduresand instructionsfor safe operation,including maintenance of plant, processesand equipment. * management of change: adoption and implementation of procedures and instructions for planningmodifications to, or the design of new installations,processes or storagefacilities. * planning for emergencies: adoption and implementation of procedures to identify foreseeable emergencies by systematic analysis and to prepare, test and review emergency plans to respondto suclhemergencies. * monitoring performance: adoptionand implementationof procedures for the ongoing assessmentof compliancewith the objectivesset by the operator's safetypolicy and SMS, and the mechanismfor investigationand taking correctiveaction in case of non-compliance.The proceduresshould cover PGN's system for reportingaccidents or near misses, particularly those involving failure of protective rneasures,and their investigationand follow-upon the basis of lessons learnt. * audit and review: adoption and implementationof procedures for periodic systematic assessmentof the safety policy and the effectivenessand suifabilityof the safetymanagement system; the documentedreview of performanceof the policy and the SMSand its updatingby senior management. A qualitative review of PON's SMS was made in order to establisha baseline understandingof the existing SMS. The SNMSassessment is purely qualitative and is based on discussionswith PGN staff or from informaJionprovided by PGN. No formal auditswere performedto attempt to quantifyor rate the system.
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The number of SMS elements are assessed based on DNV's International Safety Rating System (ISRS) which provides a generic outline of the requirements of an effective SMS. ISRS is a safety management auditing tool used routinely by DNV consultants and a large number of process industry operators around the world to audit, review and develop effective SMS. The existing PGN SMS is evaluated against seven key elements of ISRS in Table 17.2. Table 17.2: Comparison of PGN's Safety Management System With ISRS
Element Conmments Leadership and A general safety policy statement is not available. However, management instructions Administration pertaining to compliance of legislation are laid down and made known to all levels in the organisation. The Company safety function is held by the Maintenance and Safety Work Division (MSWD) under the Directorate of Operations. A separate and dedicated Safety department with reporting line to the President Director is recommended. This separates the functional responsibilities for Safety from the Operational and Maintenance responsibilities. Tile responsibility for compiling and analysing accident and incident statistics should also be under this new function instead of presently the responsibility of the BIAC. Safety Management procedures and routines are contained in a number of different documents. It is recommended that a central Safety manual ouilining all the main elements of the company's safety management system and cross referencing to specific procedures that are in place. Planned Inspections Inspection Plans and maintenance schedules are available and an Operations and and maintenance Maintenance manual has been developed for other PGN distribution and transmission pipelines. PGN plan to develop an Operations and Maintenance Manual for the planned gas distribution project. Accident/ Incident Procedures for accident and incident reporting are available. Accident and incident investigation statistics are compiled on a monthly, quarterly and annual basis and submitted to company management and to the authorities (MIGAS). Emergency Procedures for various emergency situations are available in a draft PGN document. This Preparedness outlines a broad response plan for various emergency classes, with individual responsibilities of emergency control teamstated. Public relations, customer welfare, post- incident reporting and training are also addressed in the plan. Rules and work permit A Permit-to-Work system will need to be developed by PGN to maintain safe working conditions during maintenance and operation. It is nol clear if such a system is available presently. This system needs to be established before commencement of operation, implemented and personnel madefamiliar with the systcm. Personal Protective It is not clear if PPE needs have been systematically identified and laid down in work rules Equipment (PPE) and enforced.
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17.4.2 Conclusions
1. PGN already have in place some of the elements and procedures required for an SMS, but do not yet have a formal structure and review process for effective safety management. PGN do not yet have a demonstrable safety (or accident prevention policy), or a demonstrable safety policy for the gas distribution project. 2. PGN require full compliance with all Indonesian safety legislation, regulations and standards, and where appropriate (i.e. through the securement of foreign loans) international standards and guidelines. 3. PGN have a Safety Manager in their organisational structure, and a group with a responsibility for safety during operations (MSWD). 4. The development of an organisational SMS within PGN will continue to be a significant and long term commitment. 17.4.3 Recommendaitions
1. PGN recognise the need to strengthen their safety management and will continue to improve and develop their organisational SMS in the future.
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17.5 Environmental Management Plan
The main elements of the Environmental Management Plan are as follows: 17.5.1 Gas Distribution Project (i) PGN will develop an EMS based on ISO 14001 for the gas distribution project. (ii) PGN will develop an environmental policy for the gas distribution project that can be communicated to employees, regulators, contractors, suppliers, customers and the general public. (iii) PGN will create an S&E management function as part of the gas distribution project organisation (see Figure 17.4). The S&E manager will report directly to the Project Manager and will manage a small team of safety and environmental specialists. (iv) PGN will adopt the environmental mitigation plan detailed in Section 16 for mitigating environmental impacts at the pre-construction, construction and operational phases. (v) PGN will adopt the environmental monitoring programme to be detailed in Section 18. (vi) PGN will create and make known to the public a mechanism for receiving and taking care of complaints. Figure 17.4: Gas Distribution Project Organisational Structure
Project Manager
Administration Finance Construction S&E Manager Manager Manager Manager
qAdministration l 1 AccounungManager l 1 SiteManager l 1 S&ESpeshlists l AssistantManager AconigMngrSt aae & pcait
Transportationand AssistantTreasmy SiteManager Logistic Manager AssistantManager
ss'sta~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Asitn Administration ||Engineering ManagJer l AssistantManager
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17.5.2 Contractors A list of clauses that PGN will place with the pipeline construction contractors are given in Appendix J. 17.5.3 Emergency Response Whilst accidents resulting in impact to the environment are of possible concern (see Section 12 for details), emergency response is primarily a safety related issue associated with the operational phase of the gas distributimnnetwork. Emergency response plans are given as part of the safety management plan detailed overleaf.
17.6 Safety Manageiment Plan
The main elements of the Safety Management Plan are as follows: 17.6.1 Gas Distributicn Project (i) PGN will develop an SMS based on ISO 14001 for the gas distribution project. At present no ISO standard exists for safety management but the overall structure of an SMS can be developed using ISO 14001 as a model. (ii) PGN will develop a safety policy (including accident prevention) policy for the gas distribution project that can be communicated to employees, regulators, contractors, suppliers, customers and the general public. (iii) PGN will create an S&E management function as part of the gas distribution project organisation (see Figure 17.4). The S&E manager will report directly to the Project Manager and will manage a small team of safety and environmental specialists. (iv) PGN will fully adopt the safety mitigation plan detailed in Section 16 for mitigating safety impacts at the pre-co,astruction,construction and operational phases. (v) PGN will fully adopt the safety monitoring programme to be detailed in Section 18. 17.6.2 Inspection and M%aintenance In accordance with past gas distribution projects, PGN will prepare an Inspection and Maintenance manual and conduct regular inspection and maintenance work including: * continual recording of the data relevant for plant safety and their evaluation; * walking surveys/aerial sulrveillanceof the route at regular intervals; * examination of all equipment serving the safe operation of the pipeline at regular intervals; * monitoring the effectiveness of cathodic corrosion protection; * regular inspection of pipeline condition (detection of any corrosion, minimum wall thickness, cracks, laminations, dents and folds).
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6N osew I997. Nt js_gd.n DRAFr FINAL TECHNICALREPORT
17.63 Emergency Response PGN will prepare emergency response plans and procedures dealing with accidental releases of natural gas and other chemicals (e.g. THT). The emergency response plans and procedures will include the followitig details and requirements: * organisational details, including the names and positions of persons authorised to set emergency procedures in motion and the person in charge of co-ordinating the onsite mitigatory action; * name or position of the person with responsibility for liasing with the authority responsible for the external emergency plan: * name or position of the person with responsibility for liasing with the press and general public during emergency conditions; * for foreseeable conditions or events which could be significant to bring about a major accident, a description of the action which will be taken to control the conditions or events and to limit their consequences; including a description of the safety equipment and resources available; - arrangement for limiting the risks to persons on site including how warnings are to be given and the actions persons are expected to take on receipt of warning; * arrangements for training staff in the duties they will be expected to perform, and where necessary co-ordinating this with the emergency services; * arrangements for providing assistance with mitigatory action.
The emergency response plan will be tested under simulated emergency conditions. The emergency services (fire brigade and hospital staff) will also be involved in testing.
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6 NwiMf f99. M*a_O.dOC DRAFr FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT
18 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MONITORING PROGRAMME
18.1 Introduction
This Section presents the environmental and safety monitoring programmes. Monitoring is required to provide PGN management, the Indonesian authorities and the World Bank with information in order to assess compliance with: * corporate safety and environmental policies, objectives and targets; * national and relevant international safety and environmental legislation, regulations, standards, and guidelines; * corporate standards, guidelines and codes of practice adopted by PGN for safety and the environment; * Environmental mitigation and management plans for the West Java gas distribution project. The monitoring programmes presented in this Section is based on inspections and observations. No measurements are included. The monitoring programmes for each phase of the project are specified according to the following requirements: 1. Aspect and impact of concern to be monitored. 2. Inspections and observations to be made. 3. Frequency. 4. Responsible authority in PGN.
18.2 Environmenftal Monitoring Programme
As part of the requirement of the Environmental Managemcnt Plan to incorporate the management philosophies of ISO 14001 into the gas distribution project management, PGN will develop monitoring and measurement procedures in order to ensure that: 1. All observations are recorded in pre-defined and standard formats and according to schedule. 2. All records are documented within the document control system in order to ensure that they may be readily accessed by PGN staff or the regulatory authorities for use and inspection. Environmental monitoring programmes are presented for the: * pre-construction phase (Table 18.1); * construction phase, including construction contractors-(Table 18.2); * operation phase (Table 18.3).
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6 Nowatr I997. Mumgas.Xd.dne DRAFr FINALTECHNICAL REPORT
In order for the environmental management plan and environmental monitoring programme to be effective PGN will also ensure that the following environmental management components and structure and are in place: 1. Non-conformance procedures in order to report deviations to the appropriate authority in PGN and/or the regulator where required. 2. Corrective and preventative actions and procedures in order to remedy identified non- conformance's from the environmental monitoring programme. 3. Compliance audits in order to ensure that monitoring programmes are being followed to the required conditions and standards. 4. Periodic management review of the monitoring programmes findings in order to assess compliance with legislation, regulations, standards, corporate policy, and gas distribution project policy.
Page 1 16
A N9VMI6v W7. MftnoW_p&*w GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA PERUSAHAANGAS NEGARA4
DRAFT FINAL TECIINICAL REPORT
Table 18.1: Pre-construction Phase Environmental Monitoring Programme
Aspect Impact Subject Frequency Responsible Land use(Section 10) Not relevant Baselinedocumentation of pipelineroute. Documented Once ProjectManager by photograpis,video recordingsand descriptions etc. Legalcompliance Numberand descriptionof environmentalpermits Continuous ProjectManager obtainedand outstanding.This will be basedon the permitsregister provided in AppendixC.
Pollution (Section I I) Legalcompliance. Numberand description of safetyand environmental Continuous ProjectManager permits obtainedand outstanding.
Socio-economic(Section Publicnuisance Numberand description of promotionalactivities Continuous ProjectManager 13) Numberand description of consultationswith local populationand leaders. Numberand descriptionof complaintsand further questionsreceived. Outstandingactions from public consultationplan.
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A N,nvnnIh 111N7 Kinll-ira5. GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA PERUSAIIAANGAS NEGARA
DRAFr FINAL TEC1HNICALREPORT
Table 18.2: Construction Phase Environmental Monitoring Programme
Aspect Impact Subject Frequency Responsible Land use (Section 10) Wastedisposal Locationand descriptionof any wastedumped outside Continuous S&E Manager designatedlocalities. Landreinstatement Locationand descriptionof non-conformanceto land Continuous S&E Manager reinstatementplan and procedures. Pollution(Section I I) Dust nuisance Locationand descriptionof non-conformancewith Continuous S&E Manager dust mitigationprocedures. Effectivenessof dust mitigationcontrols. Recorddust nuisancecomplaints. Noisenuisance Locationand descriptionof non-conformancewith Continuous S&E Manager noisemitigation procedures. Effectivenessof noisemitigation controls. Recordnoise nuisance complaints. Liquideffluent Locationand descriptionof liquideffluent releases to Prior to disposal S&E Manager disposal. agriculturalland. Recordobserved level of oil in liquideffluents in termsof no oil, surfaceoil sheen(rainbow coloured surface)or slicks(black/brown coloured surface). Locationand descriptionof excessivelyoily liquid effluentreleased to drain or river. Number,location and descriptionof landowner. complaintsand PCiNor contractorresponses.
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.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nwnw 141 Dn GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA PERUSAIIAANGAS NEGARA
DRAFr FINAL TECIINICAL REPORT
Table 18.2: Construction Phase Environmental Monitoring Programme
Aspect Impact Subject Frequency Responsible Pollution (Section I I) Solid wastedisposal. Number,location and description of solid wastes Conlinuous S&E Manager disposedlo water. Number,location and description of non-conformities with wastemanagement plan and procedures. Socio-economic(Section Public complaint Number,location anddescription of publiccomplaint Continuous S&E Manager 13) and solutions. Pedestrianroad Recordnon-conformities to pedestriansafety Continuous S&E Manager accidents mitigationplan in the environmentalmitigation plan (Section 16). Number,location anddescription of pedestrian accidentspotentially or actuallycaused by constructionactivities for accidentinvestigation. Businessinterruption Number,location and descriptionof businessloss Continuous S&E Manager and accessto premises. complaintsand solutions. Numberand description of non-conformitieswith working proceduresfor constructioncontractor that may result in impact. Communitiesand culture Disruptionto religious Number,location and description of interruptionsto Continuous S&E Manager (Section 14) and cultural events. religiousand culturalevents.
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t. Nll,emhr 667.llIVn"gas 4 GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA PERUSAHAANGAS NEGARA
DRAFTIFINAL TECHINICALREPORT
Table18.3: Operational Phase Environmental Monitoring Programme
Aspect Impact Subject Frequency Responsible Accidentalrcleases Naturalgas release. Secsafety monitoring programme (Section 12)
THT release. THT storagebund integrity. Annually Odorising plant Inspectionof THT drum delivered.Record condition On delivery. manager. and numberof defectivedrums returned to supplier andreason. Stockcount of THT per odorisingplant.
Numberof THT spills. On spillage. Availability andcondition of cmergencyresponse Annually. equipment. Seealso safety monitoringprogrammes
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- 6 NK,,wnfhr1)91. /mijta- DRAFT FINAL TECHNICALREPORT
18.3 Safety Monitoring Programme
Safety monitoring programmes are presented for: * pre-construction phase (Table 18.4); * construction phase, including construction contractors (Table 18.5); * operation phase (Table 18.6). Safety monitoring programmes will follow the same management and control philosophy as indicated earlier for the environmental monitoring programme.
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6 NoaleI, 1997. MImig&s_d.,k. I GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINEEA PERUSAIIAANGAs NEGARA
DRAFt FINAl.TECHNICAL REPORT
Table 18.4: Pre-construction Phase Safety Monitoring Programme
Aspect Subject Frequency Responsible DetailedDesign Soil surveydata including pH and resistivitydata Once ProjectManager collectedalong the pipeline route.
Audit and review of designagainst ASME, Indonesian Not specified ProjectManager standards,PGN standards,codes of practiceand requirements.
Legal Compliance Numberand descriptionof safetypermits obtained and Continuous ProjectManager outstanding.
ProjectManagement Audit andreview of designprocess in orderto ensure Not specified ProjectManager project is compliantwith legal andcorporate requirements.
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Nownitkh>.097. Vt1/ma%.j GAS DISTRIBUTIONPIPELINE EA PERUSAIJAANGAS NEGARA ,1 DRAFr FINALTECHNICAL REPORT
Table 18.5: Construction Phase Safety Monitoring Programme
Aspect Subject Frequency Responsible
Conractor - Monitoring of contractorsactivities against satety tLontinuous S&, Maanager requirementsand working proceduresand practices. Recordlocation and descriptionof non-conformances. Incidentand accident Recordlocation and descriptionof incident/accident Continuous S&E Manager reporting. accordingto proceduresfor reporting. Performancetesting Monitoring of contractorsactivities against safety Continuous S&E Manager requirementsand working procedurcsand practices. Recordlocation and descriptionof non-conformances.
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h N,ivnmhr 16)7. I Xmp I
GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA PERUSAHIAANGAS NEGARA
DRAIWYFINAL TECHNICAL REPORT
Table 18.6: Operations Phase Safety Monitoring Programme
Aspect Subject Frequency Responsible Thirdparty impact Locationand description of anyplans for construction Continuous Branchstaff achiviticsby thirdparlies. Report to BranchManager. Monitorsign posting for damage.Report location and Annual Branchstaff descriptionof damageto BranchManager. Occupationalhealth Recordnon-conformities to personal protective Continuous BranchManager equipment (PPE) usage. Compliancemonitoring against occupational health Annual BranchManager policy and plan. Inspectionand Reportsurvey results. Annual BranchManager Maintenance Incidentand accident Recordlocation and description of incidentl/accident Continuous Branchstaff reporting accordingto proceduresfor reporting. Reportany non-conformities to incident/accident reportingand investigation. Emergencyresponse Reportfindings of emergencyresponse plan tesis. Notspecified BranchManager
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6 Nowmtkl 1997. tmiPar.
i V. DRAFr FINAL TECHNICAI. REPORT
19 REFERENCES 1. ASME B31.8 1986, " Gas transmission and distribution systems-. 2. Australia Gas Industry, 1997; Internet Address: www.!as.asn.au/page3d.htwi 3. BS 5228, 1992; "Codes of Practice for Noise Control", Part 2 1-4, 1992. 4. CBS, 1996, "West Java in Figures, 1995", Central Bureau of Statistics. 5. EC, 1997, "Discussicn document on the possible content of an EC Instrument dealing with major accident hazards arising from pipelines". 6. Hansson and Moe, 1996, INSROP Sub-programme Il: Environmental Factors. Conceptual design and current s:atus. Pp. 205-211 in Kitagava, H. (ed.): "International Northem Sea Route Programme - INSROP - Symposium, Tokyo 1995 (IST'95)". IST'95 Conf. Proc. 7. H&SE, 1995, "Risks ior Hazardous Pipelines in the UK.", H&SE Report No. 82/1994, 1995. 8. IPB, 1997, Information and data provided by IPB during the project. 9. ISO 14001, 1996; "Environmental Management System - Specifications". 10.Java Exploration Soil Map, 1960; Research Agency for Soil and Fertiliser. I 1.US EPA, 1982, "ITC/US EPA Information Review #307 (Addendum A) Tetrahydrothiophene", page 3, 1982. 12.Harsojo, 1983, "Kebudayaan Sunda" dalam Koentjaraningrat, Manusia dan Kebudayaan di Indonesia. Penerbit Djambatan, Indonesia. 13.PGN, 1994, "PGN Table 17 "Rekapitulasi Panjang Pipa Berdasarkan Tekanan (Tahun 1994)". 14.PGN, 1996, "Plan of Development". 15.PGN, 1997, "Land Acquisition Assessment (LAA) Report for Development Project of West
Java Gas Distribution Network.", PGN Planning Division, Jakarta, 3 0 th July 1997. 16.World Bank, 1989; "Operational Directive on Environmental Assessment", OD 4.00, October 1989.
Page 125
6 Novcf*ntr1997. D1rW%as_d.doc APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1 APPENDIX A - GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.1 TERMS
Hazard: A property or situation that in particular circumstances could lead to harm of safety, property or the environment. Impact: The adverse effects or harm as the result of realising a hazard which causes the quality of human health or the environment to be impaired in the short or longer term. Probability: The mathematical expression of chance. Frequency: The number of times in which a given situation or event may occur in a given period of time. Risk: A combination through multiplication of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the impacts of the occurrence. Risk Estimation: Concemed with the determination of the impact of a hazardous event taking into account the probability, or frequency of occurrence. Risk Evaluation: Concerned with determining the significance and acceptability of the estimated risks. Risk Assessment: Consists of risk estimation and risk evaluation. Risk Management: The process of implementing decisions about accepting or mitigating (reducing)risks.
Page 1
6 Novwuw19W7. MlAppadac APPENDIXA: GLOSSARYOF TERMS
1.2 ABBREVIAT'IONS
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers BAIC Business Assessment and Information Centre CBS Centre of Business Statistics DNV Det Norske Veritas EA Environmental Assessment EMS Environmental Management System HAZAN Hazard Analysis HAZID Hazard Identification HAZOP Hazard and Operability IPB University of Bogor GIS Geographical Information System GDRP Gross Domestic Regional Product MIGAS Ministry of Mines and Energy, Directorate General Oil and Gas mmscfd million standard cubic feet per day (1Immscfd = 28,300 standard m3 /day) MRS Metering and Regulation Station MSWD Maintenance and Safety Works Division. NPS Nominal Pipe Size PGN Pt rum Gas Negara QRA QujantitativeRisk Assessment SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SMS Safety Management System THT Tetrahydrothiophene WB World Bank
Page 2
6 Nonwer I997. Mlappadom I APPENDIX B LIST OF EA PREPARERS Draft Final Report
APPENDIX B: LIST OF EA PREPARERS
1 APPENDIX B - LIST OF EA PREPARERS
Dr Ivar Nestaas, Project Manager, DNV Dr Mark Vine. EA Specialist, DNV Edwardus Ng, Safety and Pipeline Specialist, DNV Geir Skeie, EA Specialist, DNV Capt. Drs. Max Maloringan, Elnusa Heidir Husni, Project Support, Elnusa fr. Rilus A. Kinseng M.A., Socio-Economist, IPB Ir. Sutjahyo, Agronomist, IPB PGN staff British Gas plc
Page I
6 Nkwvdmtr 1997. NI4appdnc APPENDIX C INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY PERMIT SCHEDULE APPENDIX C: PERMIT SCHEDULE
I APPENDIX C - INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND SAFETY PERMIT SCHEDULE
The health, safety and environmental permits required by PGN for the gas distribution project are presented in Table 1. Table I also provides the schedule for obtaining the permits.
Page I
E.,r~n~ IW. Maqcd GAS DISTRIBUTION PIPELINE EA Draft FinalRep,
APPENDIX C: PERMIT SCHEDULE
Table 1: HSE Permit Requirements and Schedule
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Draft Final Repi APPENDIXC: PERMITSCHEDULE
Table 1: HSE Permit Requirements and Schedule
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Page
_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .t* - ,N 17M APPENDIX D RELEVANT INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
I APPENDIX D - RELEVANT INDONESIAN ENVIRONMENT QUALITY STANDARDS
1.1 Air Quality Standards
ATTACHMENT 1II DECREE OF THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA NUMBER KEP-02/MENKLHIIl/1988 DATE : 19JANUARY 1988
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARlDS
No Parameter Measurement Air QtualityStandard Period
I SuiphurDioxide (SO2) 24 hour U.I ppmp (260)pg/rn') 2 CarbonMonoxide (CO) 8 hour 2()ppm (2260pg/m')
3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 24 hour 0.05 ppm (92.5 p/rn') 4 Ozone(0)0 I hour 0.0I pprn(200 pl/m' 5. Dust 24 hour 260 pg/in' 6 Lead(Pb) 24 hour 60 pg/rn')
7 HydrogenSulphide (H 2S) 30 minutes 0.03 ppm (24 p l/m') 8 Ammonia(NH.) 24hours 2 pptn(1360 p g/mn)i 9 Hvdrocarbon 3 hour 0.24 ppm (060pg/rn')
REMIARKS MeasuremcntPcriod refcrs to thc averaging time. Hourly measuremenitsare measurelusing the gecomctric mcan method.
H,S standardis not applied for ccrtain place which containsnatural H 2S.
Page I
6 N,'smltBr IYfl. MiappJ.k'x APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
Water Quality Standards
PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA APPENDIXTO GOVERNMENTREGULATION OF THE REPUBLICOF INDONESIA NUMBER 20 of 1990 DATED JUNE5, 1990
Notice: Category C: Water that may be used for fisheries and for livestock.
3. CIRITERIAOF WATER QUALITY CATEGORY C
No. Parameter Unit Max. Conc. Notes PHYSICAL I. Temperature OC Normal water temperature + 3 °C 2. Dissolved Solid Substances mg/I 1000
CHEMICAL b. INORGANIC CHEMICALS 1. Mercury mg/I 0.002 2. Free Ammonia mg/i 0.02 3. Arsenic mg/l 1 4. Fluoride mg/l 1.5 5. Cadmium mg/l 0.01 6. Free Chlorine mg/l 0.003 7. Chromium (Hexavalent) mg/A 0.05 8. Nitrite, as N mg/l 0.06
9. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/l * *Higher than 3 is required 10. pH 6 - 9 _I. Selenium mg/l 0.05 12. Zinc mg/l 0.02 13. Cyanide mg/I 0.02
14. Sulphide. as H2S mg/i 0.002 15. Copper mg/i 0.02
Paoe 2
6 N0vmnCEr1997. Navd.dtn APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
3. CRITERIA OF WATER QUALITY CATEGORY C
No. Parameter Unit | Max. Conc. Notes 16. Lead mgA | 0.03 b. ORGANIC CHEMICALS I. BHC mg/i 0.21 2. DDT mg/I 0.002 3. Endrin mg/I 0.004 4. Phenol mg/i 0.001 5. Oil and Grease mg/l I 6. Organophosphate and Carbamate mg/A 0.1 7. Methylene Blue Active Substance me/I 0.2 (surfactant) RADIOACTIVITY I. Gross Alpha Activity Bq/l 0.1 2. Gross Beta Activity Bq/A 1.0
Particulars = not required jg = microgram mg = milligram ml = milliliter I = liter gmho = micromhos Bq = Bequerel
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6 Novebe 1997. Mtappddoc APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
Notice: Category D : Water that may be used for agricultural purposes and may also be utilised for small business in cities, industries, and hvdro- electric generation
4. CRITERIA OF WATER QUALITY CATEGORY D
No Parameter Unit Max. Conc. Notes PHYSICAL 1. ElectricalConductivitvf pInho/cm 2250 Dependingon speciesof 2CC vegetation.Max-imum (25 ) capacityis for tolerant species 2. Temperature °C Normalwater Accordingto local temperature conditions
3. DissolvedSolid Substances mg/l 2000 Dependingon specics of vegetation. Maximumcapacity is for tolerantspecies CHEMICAL b. INORGANICCHEMICALS I. Mercury mg/Q 0.005 2. Arsenic mg/I l 3. Boron mg/l I 4. Cadmium mgA 0.01 5. Cobalt mgyA 0.2 6. Chromium(Hexavalent) mg/I 1 7. Manganese mgA 2 8. Na (alkalisalt) mgAI 60 9. Nickel mgAI 0.5 10. pH 5 - 9 11. Selenium mg/I 0.05 12. Zinc mg/I 2 13. SodiumAbsorption Ratio (SAR) mg/I 18 Dependingon species of vegetation. Maximumcapacity is for tolerantspecies 14. Copper mg/I 0.2 15. Lead mgA I
Page 4
6 NovLmhkr1997. IWaprJ.doc APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
4. CRITERIA OF WATER QUALITY CATEGORY D
No Parameter Unit Max. Conc. Notes l 16. Residual Sodium Carbonate mg/l 1.25 - 2.50 Maximum 1.25 for sensitive (RSC) species. Maximum 2.50 for less sensitive species RADIOACTIVITY 1. Gross Alpha Activity BqAi 0.1 2. Gross Beta Activity Bql 1.0
Particulars - = not required ,ug = microgram mg = milligram ml = milliliter I = liter J±mho = micromhos Bq = Bequerel
1.3 Soil Quality Standards
No soil quality standards are available in Indonesia.
Page 5
h No,et IW7. Mfap&dm APPENDIX D: INDONESIAN STANDARDS
Noise Standards
APPENDIX - I: DE]CREE OF THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF LNDONESIA NUMBER K1P-48/MENLH/l/1996
DATE NOVEMBER, 25 Ih 1996
NOISE LEVEL STANDARDS |egional Allocation/ NoiseLevel ActivityArea dB (A) a. REGIONAI, ALLOCATION: 1. Houses aid residential 55 2. Services and trade 70 3. Officesand business 65 4. Green and open space 50 5. Industry 70 6. Governmentand publicfacilities 60 7. Recreation 70 8. Specific - Airport ) - Railway *) - Harbour 70 -Cultureclpledge 60 b. ACTIVITY AREA 1. Hospital or similar 55 2. Schoolor similar 55 3. Religiousplaces or similar 55 Notice Ac^ordingthrough Minister of State for Transportationof The Republicof InconesiaDecree
Page 6
6 NoWmh 19.9t7. JdaPid.d4w APPENDIX E SITE VISIT DETAILS APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
1 APPENDIX E - SITE VISIT DETAILS
1.1 Introduction
The entire planned pipeline distribution route was visited over a two day period in April by members of the project team. The site visits were: * day 1: Zone 2 network; * day 2: Zone 3 network; In addition the following PGN facilities were visited: 1. Bitung Offtake and MRS (day 1) 2. Tegal Gede Offtake and MRS (day 2) 3. Walahar Offtake (day 2) Photographs, slides and video footage was taken at various locations along the pipeline route (see Appendix G). Detailed site visit notes are provided as a reference to the observations made. These details have been used as the basis of information presented in the main report.
1.2 Zone 2 Site Visit Notes
Date of Survey: 15th April 1997 Participants : Max Maloringan (ELNUSA) Agus (PGN) :M Vine (DNV) E Ng (DNV) Duration of Survey: 0530 - 2000 hrs Area Surveyed: Zone 2 Pipeline Route, West Java Balaraja - Serang - Anyer Serang - Merak
Page
A Navg*.wvr 1997. WaW.doc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT ]DETAILS Notes Collected:
1. BITUNG OFFITAKE, METERING & REGULATING STATION This is one of 6 Stations in Zone 2. The others are at G Macan, Serpang, Taman Kudus, Kemayoran, Ketapong. Of the 6, only 2 are Offtake Stations i.e. Bitung and Serpang. The rest are MRS. Region 1&2 Control Centre is at PGN Main Office at Jakarta. The process schematic ol the Bitung Offtake Station is Inlet Isolating Valve -- Filter-- Metering -- Shut-Off Valve -- Active Regulating -- Monitor Regulating -- Relief Valve -- Outlet Isolating Valve. Cold venting from the relief valve is to a vent stack. Odorant THT is injected. Normal storage of THT at site is normally about 1.5 m3 but 6 drums of THT were observed at BITUNG. Dosage is 16 micro-gm per m3 . (THT - Tetrahydrothiophene). Strong smell of THT at thieinjection area. No THT bunding - accidental spillages could potentally run-off to land Existing Pertamina Pipeline is 24" and PGN offtake pipeline is 8". Inlet Pressure - 17 bars; Outlet Pressure - 9 bars; Flow rate in PGN pipeline - 20 mmscfd Inlet Temp - 27deg C Outlet Temp - 24 deg C. PGN Gas is supplied to Industrial users e.g. SRKI, Toyo Asahi, Intai Elektrik, Indo Keramiks The BITUNG Station services about 220 customers There is a SCADA link with PGN Control Centre via UHF link. Pictures and video taken of Site (Location 1), Piping area, THT dosing facilities, SCADA system.
2. FUTURE OFFITAKE STATIONS Three Offtake Stations art' planned for the Zone 2 gas distribution expansion project i.e. at Cilegon, Serang and Cikande. (Meeting with Neil Errington on 12Mar - he indicated there will be 4 offtakes; 2 in Zone 2 and 2 in Zone 3).
3. PIPELINE ROU1'E SURVEY DETAILS 0.0 km Balaraja - start of Pipeline (Marker at end of existing Pipeline). Location is ir industrial area interspersed with local dwellings. Traffic is heavy on the 2 lane motorway. Pictures and video. Location 2. 2.0 km Shoe Factory (Tai Wah) 3.0 km Cangkudu town
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6 NONVm7 1"97. NJapPf.doc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
4.5 km Ceramics Factorv (Doulton Fortuna) 5.2 km 30m River Crossing (Jembatan Gembong). Pictures and video. Location 3. 5.5 km Small river crossing 6.4 km Drain 7.2 km Padi Fields. Area generally less populated. 9.1 km 1OmRiver Crossing (Jembatan Cimanggisan) Village Jayanti. Pictures and video. Location 4. 10.5 km 30m River Crossing over Ci Durian. Pictures. Crossed Serang-Tangerang district boundary. 11.2 km Cikande town. Major Road Junction. Tumed left heading to Kopo. Road is metalled, 2 lane motorway. 12.5 km Large Chemical Plant (P.T. Aneka Chloroindo Chemicals) Textile Factory (P.T. Frans Puratek) 13.4 km Industrial site clearing Textile Factory (Fibertech Intemusa) 13.6 km Cikande Farm 14.2 km Chemicals Factory (Putra Sakti Chemicals) Largely industrial Area 14.6 km Plastics Factory (P.T. Dystar Polkirk) 15.1 km Chemicals Factory (P.T. Oskasa) Textile Factory (P.Y. Budi Texindo Prakarsa) School Wood Products Factory Area interspersed with padi fields and villages 18.1 km Cable Manufacturer ( P.T. Citra Mahasurya) 19.1 km School 19.5 km Cassava Processing Plant (P.T. Citra Indo Kasava) 25.1 km Clearing 26.5 km Probable end of pipeline. Pictures and video. Location 5. Headed back to Junction.
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6 Nnsveth.r IW7. Ml pp.duc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
0.0 km At Road/ Pipeline JLunction 4.6 km Large Industrial Site (Modern Cikande Industrial Estate) 4.8 km Kampong 9.1 km Large Factory 9.4 km 1OmRiver Crossing 9.8 km Major Toll Highway Crossing. PGN will probably use directional drilling method. Pictures. Location 6. Kg Kragilon 12.1 km lOOmRiver Crossing (Ci Ujung) - bad smell from water. Rubbish disposal across stream. 13.7 km Ujung Toll Road Junction on the left. 14.3 km 20m River Crossing 16.6 km Electronics FEactory(Phillips TV) P.T. Kolon hLda 19.9 km Minor Town - Ciruas 21.3 km Padi Fields. Pictures. Location 7. 23.4 km 20m River Crossing 24.0 km Sm Small river Crossing 24.1 km Major Town - Serang Road Junction. Road Crossing. Bus Station. 25.0 km Major Road Crossing. Flyover toll road highway. 25.8 km Serang Towr,. Road running beside rail tracks. Mainly low-rise urban area with 2-3 storey buildings. 4-lane 2 way motorway. 26.2 km Rail Crossing, 27.0 km Major Road I]ntersectionand crossing 27.7 km Road Crossing 29.1 km Roundabout 29.3 km Road change; to 2 lane. 29.9 km 1Sm River C:rossing 30.7 km Road Crossir g 31.0 km I Om Small river Crossing (outskirts Serang). 32.2 km Drain crossing Page 4
6 No,wmhr 1997. MJapr.dmc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
33.0 km Road Crossing 34.8 km lOm Small river Crossing. Town - Keramatwatu 36.1 km Irrigation Drain Padi fields 36.7 km Minor Road Crossing 37.3 km Irrigation channel crossings 37.5 km Irrigation channel crossings 38.4 km Irrigation channel crossings Foliation becomes denser 40.1 km Pictures. Location 8. 40.8 km Irrigation Drain 41.1 km Drain Power Transmission line crossing. From Suralya Power Station. 41.7 km 5m Small river Crossing 42.2 km Road Crossing Major Town - Cilegon 4 lane, 2-way motorway 42.7 km Drain Padi fields 42.9 km Padi fields 43.3 km Padi fields 43.5 km Major Road Crossing. Flyover crossing padi fields and rail tracks. 4 lane motorway 45.6 km Major Road Crossing. Road Junction. 47.1 km Branching off to Anyer. Pipeline goes on to right side of road to Anyer. Major customers located on the right of road to Anyer. 47.4 km Drain 48.0 km Krakatao Steel Factory (viewed on right) 48.2 km Drain 48.5 km Drain 49.1 km Drain
Page 5
f Nowai,w,v 19Y7. WW.*K. APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT D)ETAILS
49.2 km Drain 49.8 km Rail Crossing ( 2 tracks) 50.6 km Drain 51.0 km Krakatao Industrial Estate entrance. 51.2 km Drain 51.7 km Padi fields 52.1 km Padi fields 52.9 km Small river Crossing 53.4 km Small river Crossing 54.0 km Small river Crossing 54.2 km Drain 54.4 km Irrigation Drain 55.0 km Pipeline construction activities (left side). Pictures and video. Location 10. 55.7 km Rail Crossing 55.9 km Irrigation Drain Rural area - some housing. 56.1 km Irrigation Drain 56.4 km Irrigation Drain 56.6 km Irrigation Drain 56.9 km River Crossing 57.1 km Drain 57.5 km General Cargo Harbour Pipeline Construction works in progress. Pictures and video. 58.7 km Drain 58.9 km Drain 59.3 km Factories: P.T. PolyprirmaKaryaneka P.T. Ploypet P.T. Sarakyu Indonesia
59.7 km Power Generation Facility.
Page 6
6 NMwvvmktr 1997. Wsappedt APPENDIXE: SITE VISITDETAILS OH Power Transmission Line Crossina Factorv - P.T. Asahumas Subenta Chemicals Area is grenerallyindustrial plants.
60.3 km Factories - P.T. Lautan Otsuka P.T. Donging Chemical P.T. Tripolyta Indonesia Generally chemical factories in the Anyer area 60.8 km Drain crossing - Cooling water from P.T. Tripolyta (P.T. Chandra Asri) 61.7 km Town - Anyer 62.2 km 20m River Crossing 62.5 km Anyer Kota (city centre) 63.3 krn Small river Crossing 63.5 km Small river Crossing 63.7 km Drain Resort - coconut plantations and villas. 66.1 km Small river Crossing 67.7 km 5m River Crossing 67.9 km Anyer Light-house. Probable end of pipeline. Area is generally resort area and sparsely populated. Pictures and video. Location 9.
0.0 km Junction on-route to Merak (outskirts of Cilegon). 4 lane motorway Residential area (holiday type villas) 2.0 km Entrance to Krakatao Steelworks. 2.7 km Road Intersection OH Power Transmission Line Crossing 4.3 km Drain 4.5 km OH Power Transmission Line Crossing 6.1 km Small river Crossing 6.5 km Road Crossing
Page 7
h Nrnwmhr 1997. aWp.c.dAm APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
6.8 km Pertamina Supply Depot and Transit Terminal 7.1 km Large petrochemical complex 7.8 km Rail Crossi ig Bunker Storage Terminal 8.0 km Drain Petrochemical complex (left side) Timber yard (right side) 8.1 km Drain 9.6 km Hotel 10.1 km Town - Merak By sea. Vessel Anchorage area. 10.3 km Drain 11.1 km Small river Crossing 11.3 km Pertamina Oil and Refined Products Depot 11.6 km Ferry Terminal 11.7 km Rail Crossirig 13.7 km Small river C.rossing 15.0 km Small river Crossing 16.0 km Polorida Resort entrance 16.9 km River Cross; ng 17.7 km Housing area 19.1 km Power station 20.3 km Hill top. Pictures and video. Location 11. 20.8 km Hill top. Rural area some housing 21.3 km Housing increasing 23.7 km Hill top. Indljstrial area (petrochemical complex on left side) 24.8 km Bridge 26.4 km Small river (Crossing Padi fields 29.2 km Probable pipeline end. Pictures and video. Location 12.
Page 8
f Now=NmrIW7. Iapp:.droc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
1.3 Zone 2 Site Vist Notes
Date of Survey: 16th April 1997 Participants Heidir Husni (ELNUSA) Sulistyo Elly (PGN) Mr Sucahyo (IPB) M Vine (DNV) E Ng (DNV) Duration of Survey: 0600 - 2000 hrs Area Surveyed: Zone 3 Pipeline Route, West Java Karawang - Talukjambe - Cikampek - Purwakata - End Purwakata - Wk. Jatiluhur (end) Purwakata/Campaka junction - Campaka - Pertarnina UEP mI
Notes Collected: I. GENERAL ISSUES Tie in at Cilegon (Zone 2) to existing Pertamina metering station. No pipeline pigging planned by PGN. PGN plan to provide a pipeline marker every 500m. Zone 3 pipeline receives gas directly from Pertamina gas field (UEP HI) near Campaka. 2. TEGALGEDE OFFTAKE AND METERING, BEKASI Example of a PGN offtake station (capacity 60 mmscfd) . Offtake from Pertamina pipeline upstream of Pertamina compression facility. Initial filtering of offtake gas. No pressure regulation. Metering for pressure, temperature and flow rate). THT odorant injection. THT drum connected to injection facility. Accidental spillages-of THT from injector collected on drip pan. Strong smell of THT. Pictures and video taken of Site (Location 1), piping area and THT dosing facilities. 3. WALAHAR OFFTAKE STATION Visited at end of trip. Future metering station planned. Pictures and video taken. Location 6.
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6 Nnt4mcr I97. MWainvA APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
4. PIPELINE ROUTrE SURVEY DETAILS 0.0 km Karawang - start of pipeline (16" pipe). Pipeline on right hand side of road (Jalan Kosambi - 2-way; 2 lane). Existing pipeline from W'alahar Station (16"). Valved tie in point. Pictures and video taken. Location 2. Texmaco (tex;tilefactory) Housing 0.1 km River crossing (At. Walahar) Housing Light industry (e.g. corrugated paper production) 4.5 km Padi fields (limited) Housing 5.6 km Timber yard 5.9 km 50m river crcssing (Ci. Lalawi) Housing and light industry 7.1 km Small river crossing Housing 8.0 km Small river crossing 9.0 km Small river crossing 9.4 km Small river crossing 9.7 km Rail crossing and Pertamina pipeline crossing 10.2 km River crossing Housing I 1.0 km Small river cro)ssing 12.0 km Small river crossing Housing and shops 12.7 km Road crossing. Right to Cikampek town centre. 13.1 km Turned right. Rail crossing. 14.4 km Housing 15.7 km Housing 16.6 km Purwakarta border
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6 Novnicr 1997. M/a1pm.d APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
17.7 km Toll road junction Forest Some markets on right 22.2 km Housing (not dense) 24.2 km Forest/housing Housing, warehouse and restaurants 26.1 km Left turn to Campaka. Continued heading towards Purwakarta. 26.7 km Rail crossing (flyover) Housing getting denser as Purwakarta is approached 28.6 km Cable and water/sewer pipe laying in Purwakarta suburb. Pictures and video taken. Location 3. 29.7 km Turned right - detour around Purwakarta town centre 30.6 km Road junction Urban 31.6 km Road junction 33.4 km T junction. Tumed right. 33.8 km 50 m river crossing (Ci. Lalawi) 34.0 km Tumed right Pipeline becomes 8" 34.4 km Road junction. Turned right. Houses 36.2 km Fewer Houses, some new industry (e.g. textile) 36.7 km 15 m river crossing (Ci. Kao) 36.9 km Road fork 37.1 km Houses Textile industry 38.5 km Large textile company (on right) 39.4 km Probable end of pipeline. Indorama textile company. Pictures taken. Location 4. Clarify PGN routing - PGN GIS map indicates a longer pipeline route than travelled. Route to dam (following remaining pipeline arm) mostly rural with some housing initially. Reset odometer to zero. Turned right to Campaka
Page 1
6 Nnwei,e 1997. Wta."A APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DE:TAILS 0.0 km Pipeline on lIft hand side of road Housing 2.0 km Major river crossing (K. Jati). "K." Kali, abbreviation for small river. 3.7 km Industry (left side) Housing 4.7 km Padi fields Town - Campaka 4.9 km Housing 5.4 km Factory Housing 6.1 km Factory Housing 6.5 km Paint chemicals site 6.9 km Factory 7.3 km Factory Housing decreasing, increasingly more rural (jungle) 8.2 km River crossing 8.4 km Padi fields 8.5 km Grazing sheep 9.3 km Small river crossing 9.5 km Small river crossing 10.7 km Padi fields 11.0 km Housing 12.3 km River crossing (Ci. Lamaya) 12.8 km Factory Housing 13.5 km Factory Increasing dev'elopment - shops, etc. Housing 14.0 km Padi fields 14.1 km Housing and fields 14.8 km Forest Page 12
h Nosw:rnfer 1997. ?,Vape.Gnc APPENDIX E: SITE VISIT DETAILS
14.9 km Housing (sheep grazing on left) 15.3 km Housing 16.1 km Padi fields Turn left Ceramics Association (last supply point) Pertamina offtake station and gas well (UEP IIN)with gas flaring Probable pipeline end. Pictures taken. Location 5. Future distribution plans may extend further to Subang using Pertamina offtake.
Page 13
6 No.wntm 197. M alppc.k APPENDIX F SITE VISIT PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
1 APPENDIX F - SITE VISIT PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES
1.1 Zone 2
The geographical locations of the photographs taken during the zone 2 site visit are given in Figure 1. Figure 1: Location of Photographs (Zone 2)
C1 10 0 10 Kilometers N
f njer- // s ' -
Zone 2 photographic plates are now provided.
Page I
6 No.shrn, 1997. i*IIld~oc APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 1: THT Storage Bitung MRS (Location 1)
Plate 2: Bitung Offtake and Regulation (Location 1)
Page 2
6No~wm~r 1997. ?.ItappZ.dv~ APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 3: Odorising Plant at Bitung (Location 1)
~~~~~~4 . # i.- .
I - - .'
Tw.
.,',*..*''.- ,*i:
Page 3
6 Nnv-mhr 1997. WaM Ld APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPSIS
Plate 4: Start of Pipeline at Balaraja (Location 2)
CPagye4
6 Nove.her 1997. M.a,_dcc APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 5: Start of Pipeline at Balaraja
.'', '\ \ \''''' .
i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _
.~~~~~~~~ Nmu~~19. : Spdu APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHIS
Plate 6: Serang - Tangerang Boundarv and River Crossing (Locatioli 3)
Plate 7: End of Pipeline Branch -to Kopo (Location 5)
Page 6
6 Nim br 1W7. Wiam.p.d APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 8: Road to Anyer (Location 9)
1_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- i .-
Plate 9: Typical Pipeline Construction Activities
-v,* 4,- v E- ,_r1 ¢ ' i _-
FC:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -,'-M- '14-
Page 7
N.wsrmr 1W7. wapr.do1c APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAP HS
Plate 10: Pipeline End at Anyer L.H.
Page 8
6 N,ow..h 1997. Wappfdoc APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 11: Hill-top in Merak (Location 11)
- {~~~~~~~~-i
't < ,_ {_ i- **vB~Oct
_-* Eu 1<' *
- >l (;*n-*-;f_ ; r1-... ';r';.--- --
- Ht_sf \ --.XV<13 * ).,
Plate 12: Import Facility Merak (Location 11)
_ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~. -,em~ _97 ,M, ppL. APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate :13: End of Pipeline at Bojonegara (Location 11)
1.2
Page 10
6 NnOVmhcr19Y7. %VappldX. APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Zone 3
The geographical locations of the photographs taken during the zone 3 site visit are given in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Location of Photographs (Zone 2)
0 10 Kilotneters < ]
_: Z3- 5K V-- J- \ < 3 {J~~~~~~~IPEUUJ /0 IN
Zone 3 photographicplates are now provided.
Page 11
ANarnOw IW7. WWWdo APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 14: Tegal Gede Odorising Plant (Location 1)
Page 12
1,No,m%h. P697. WappLAIOk. APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 15: Tegal Gede Offtake and Metering Station (Location 1)
"-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -;
LOW,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ nj"~~~~~~~~~~~-
F'i
q.
Plate 16: Karawang Existing PGN Bridge Crossing (Location 2)
_, >t * _
Page 13
.. Nown.*&v I.7 .WaLdo APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 17: Pipeline Start Karawang (Location 2)
Plate 18: Cable Laying (Location 3)
Page 14
6 No,vmi 1"?. ;amfdm APPENDIX F: PHOTOGRAPHS
Plate 19: End of Pipeline at Jatiluhur (Location 4)
- ~ Z. . f-. , ,. is- - _9L
-I, - . , -
'~~~~~~~~~~~'~~ ~ ~ '
Plate 20: Bridge Crossing Walahar
Page 15
A NovuW.r1. MILd APPENDIX G SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Table of Contents
I APPENDIX G - SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT...... 1
2 INTRODUCTION ...... I
3 PIPELINE DESCRIPTION...... 2
4 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION...... 3 4.1 Hazardous Properties of Methane 3 4.2 Leak Causes 3 4.3 Failure Case Selection 4
5 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS...... 5
6 CONSEQUENCE MODELLING...... 6 6.1 Releases of Flammable Material 6 6.2 Human Impact Criteria 6 6.3 Dispersion Criteria 7
7 RESULTS...... 8 7.1 Vapour Cloud Dispersion 8 7.2 Consequence Zones 18
8 CONCLUSIONS ...... 19
9 REFERENCES .. 21
Page I
6 NowluIr IW7. KVMa.ow APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCEASSESSMENT
1 APPENDIX G - SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
2 INTRODUCTION
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN) has commissioned DNV to undertake an Environmental Assessment for their proposed gas distribution system expansion in West Java, Indonesia. As part of the study, a preliminary safety review of the pipeline is required to address the risks related to operation of the proposed gas distribution system comprising mainly of a 16" distribution main line totalling about 150 km in length and several branch lines of smaller diameters. This Appendix presents DNV's assessment of risk zones pertaining to the 16" main distribution line and their potential impact to population in the immediate vicinity of the pipeline. The scope of this study is limited to the buried parts of the pipeline and does not include areas with equipment above ground level at Metering/ Regulating or Offtake Stations. This will be the subject of a separate study during the detailed design phase. The purpose of this Appendix is to serve as a background document for PGN to perform the risk assessments of their Offtalcestations during the detailed design phase.
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6 Nntrr I9t7. /appgidc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
3 PIPELINE DESCRIPTION
Material: Natural gas (model as methane) Pipeline diameter: 16" OD Pipeline length: 150 km Design pressure: 16 barg (ANSI 150#) Working pressure: 10 barg Working temperature: 300C Flow capacity: 500 mmscfd
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6 Nowgict IW7. &MfVpr.d APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
4 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
4.1 Hazardous Properties of Methane
Pure methane is a colourless, odouriess gas which has the pertinent properties shown in Table 4.1 (Sax & Lewis 1989, Lees 1980). Table 4.1 : Key Properties Of Gaseous Methane
- PROPERTY MATERIAL Molecular Weight 16.05 (g/mol) Boiling point -161.5 °C |Density at 15 °C and I atm. 0.68 kg/mrl Lower Flammability Limit (mole %) 5.3 % Upper Fiammability Limit (mole %) 14 % Auto-IgniitionTemperature 650 °C Minimum Ignition Energy 0.29 miJ
4.2 Leak Causes
In general, the main potential causes of leaks can be categorised as: o Defects introduced during design or construction. These may be a result of: - Design errors missed by the design certification or HAZOP type exercises. - Material defects in the steel missed by quality control during manufacture. - Construction defects introduced by faulty welding or impact damage during construction on site - Wear-out defects introduced by prolonged, possibly, faulty use. Significant defects of this type should be detected in the quality control process, in the hydro-test of the fixed facilities, or in the preventative maintenance. However, historical experience indicates that some defects are overlooked, and may be revealed during operation. They can be minimised by careful inspection, testing and construction procedures. * Corrosion through th- containment. This may be: - External, as a result of failure or absence of anti-corrosion coating or cathodic protection. - Internal corrosiDn, e.g. due to moisture trapped inside intermittently used equipment. These causes tend to occur late in life. They are minimised by careful inspection and maintenance, and the appr-opriatemitigative actions. * Impacts, affecting niainly above-ground equipment, and may be due to: - Nearby maintenance or construction work. - Excavating work (which may affect buried equipment, especially pipelines) - Aircraft or hel:icopter crashes, although these are relatively unlikely except close to airports.
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6 Nnm -r 199F7.M/g.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
These can be minimised by physical protection measures such as encasement and prominent marking of the location of buried equipment; also segregation of the installation from other activities in the planning process, and careful operating procedures for nearby work. * Natural Hazards, including: - Subsidence - Landslide (typically in heavy rain) - Earthquake (in general) - Flooding (which may promote corrosion) * Operational Overload, typically due to a combination of factors such as: - Pressure surges due to sudden valve closure, e.g. in emergency shutdown. - Thernal expansion. - Failure of pressure relief or blowdown valves. * Fatigue due to cyclicalloads producedby: - Diurnal temperature variations. - Vibration produced by nearby machinery or road vehicles. * Sabotage by terrorists,vandals or disaffectedworkers or membersof the public. This appears relatively unlikely as the pipeline is buried, but as in any country the political climate may change rapidly.
4.3 Failure Case Selection
The following failure cases are considered:
D 3 hole size leaks (5mm, 25mm and 100mm) v Full bore rupture All releases are modelled as in the open air and only momentum releases are modelled.
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6 N"01*1M 1"7. MIA.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
5 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
DNV Technica's generic data on the frequencies of failures of different items of equipment is presented in DNV Techn.ca's frequency database. Appropriate frequencies have been selected for this pipeline. Failures are defined in ge]ieral as events where an equipment item ceases to perform its intended function correctly. In this study, the only failures covered are leaks and fires. Failure to operate is not included if this does not result in leaks or fires. Frequencies are defined in general as the expected number of events per calendar year. Leak sizes are defined as diameters of holes whose area is equal to that of the leak. For example, a crack 1 mm wide x 20 mm long would be expressed as a 5 mm diameter hole.
Table 4.1: Leak Frequencies By Hole Size For 16" Pipeline LEAKFREQUENCY BY HOLESIZE (per m year) 5 Smmu | 25mmn 100 nun | Full bore Total
Frequency 4.3 x 10.8 1.1 x 107 1.1 x lo-, 7.8 x 109 1.7 x I0o- Percentage{ 1 25 64 6.4 4.6 100
The failure rate for buried piping is based on available historical data for cross-country pipelines. The source of data used in the U.S. Department of Transportation information on the U.S. Gas Transmission Lines 1970-80. Information regarding these lines is collected by the U.S. DoT Hazardous Information System from their incident report forms. The data is stored in a computerised form and covers around 400,000 km of gas pipelines. The pipeline failure rates used have been taken from a previous in-depth analysis of these data by DNV Technica. This gives a leak frequencyr of 1.7xl0- 7 per m year. For a pipeline length of 150 km, the total leak frequency is 0.026 (=1.7 x 10 7 x150 000) per year or once in 39 years.
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6 Noem,nr 1997. M/appg.w APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
6 CONSEQUENCE MODELLING
6.1 Releases of Flammable Material
If a gas release is ignited, various fire and explosion events may occur. The resulting events depend on the material type, the rate and nature of release, time at which it is ignited and the nature of the surrounding structure. A small range of characteristic outcomes is considered here: * Jet Fires result from a pressurised leakage of a flammable gas. Because of the high fluid exit velocities, jet fires are often termed as 'momentum controlled' fires due to the fact that the momentum force prevails over the buoyancy force in large parts of the flame plume. However, at some distance from the exit, the gas velocity is reduced at which point the buoyancy force is dominant. The fire from this point behaves more like a buoyancy controlledjet fire. * Flash Fires (or Cloud Fires) result from a delayed ignition of a release of gas or vapour forming a cloud, which disperses downwind. The flash fire may burn back through the premixed gas cloud towards the fuel source and stabilise there, provided it does not cause an explosion. Flash fires are thus very transient in nature and have a short duration, usually less than a minute. The main hazard from a flash fire is thermal radiation to human beings, although some superficial property damage may also occur. * Fireball. The atmosphere edge burning of a fuel-air cloud in which a significant fraction of the energy is emitted in the form of radiant heat. The inner core of the fuel release consists of almost pure fuel whereas the outer layer in which ignition first occurs is a flammable fuel-air mixture. As buoyancy forces of the hot gases begin to dominate, the burning cloud rises and becomes more spherical in shape.
D Explosions. These are characterized by the sudden uncontrolled and rapid release of energy in a small volume leading to the generation of a pressure- wave of finite amplitude, which propagates away from the source. Associated with an explosion is a flame front, which typically propagates at high speed. The explosion severity changes with changing levels of confinement and obstacles in the path of the propagating flame front.
6.2 Human Impact Criteria
Single value impact criteria have been used to indicate the impact of thermal radiation in this study. This criteria normally applied to people offsite and have been used such that within the criterion envelope there is a fixed percentage of fatalities, and outside it there are zero. For different type of fires, a criterion based on thermal radiation flux (kW/m ) is used.
* Radiation Effect of 37.5 kW/m2 Taken as the criterion for inunediate fatality. At this level, the pain threshold is virtually instantaneous, and second degree burns on exposed skin occur in about 8 seconds. The Eisenberg probit predict 50% lethality in about 20 seconds.
Page 6
6 Nowmhkr 1W7. WaMI.d APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
* Radiation Effect o1'12.5 kW/m2 Taken as radiation intensity for escape actions lasting a few seconds. At this level, the pain threshold is reached in about 4 seconds. and second degree burns on exposed skin in about 40 seconds. The Eisenberg probit predicts 50% lethality in about 80 seconds.
* Radiation Effect of 4 kW/m2 Taken as radiation intensity for escape actions lasting more than a few mninutesin normal clothing. At this level the pain threshold for exposed skin is reached in about 15 seconds. Second degree burns on exposed skin would be expected after about 2 minutes.
6.3 Dispersion Criteria
For vapor cloud, concentrations of vapor in air, LFL (Lower Flammable Limit) and 0.5 LFL are used. The 0.5 LFL is used to allow for fluctuation in the vapor concentration during dispersion.
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6 Novbtmr 1997. MWappg.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
7 RESULTS
7.1 Vapour Cloud Dispersion
The consequence and dispersion calculations have been carried out using the DNV Technica software PHAST. PHAST is a commercially available programn satisfying the quality requirements as stated in ISO 9001. The dispersion of the vapour cloud is modelled for 4 different wind categories. These are defined as D/l, D/5, D/1O and F/l, where for example D/l refers to stability class D at a surface wind speed of I m/s;
Table 7.1 shows the case identifiers, leak sizes and the weather conditions for different scenarios: Table 7.1: Release Cases and Scenarios CaseIdentifier HoleSize Stability WindSpeed L ______. ______I Category (1/s) Cl-5 D 1.0 S mmleak D 1 Cl-5 D 5.0 5 mm leak D 5 Cl-5 D 10.0 5 mm leak D 10 C1-5 F 1.0 5 mmleak F I CI-25 Dl.0 25mmleak D I CI-25 D 5.0 25 mm leak D 5 CI-25 D 10.0 25 mmleak D 10 CI-25 F 1.0 25 mmleak F Cl-100 D 1.0 100mmleak D CI-l00 D 5.0 100mm leak D 5 CI-100 D 10.0 100mm leak D 10 Cl-100 FI.0 r 100mmleak F I Cl-FB D 1.0 FullboreRupture D Cl-FB D 5.0 FullboreRupture D 5 Cl-FB D 10.0 FullboreRupture D 10 Cl-FB F 1.0 FullboreRupture F I
The results of the PHAST modelling analysis are presented in Figures 7.1 to 7.18.
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6 Novvem*1997. MWip.doc APPENDIXG: SAFETY CONJSEQUENCEASSESSMENT
Figure 7.1: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study: MIGAS 2: . iMaterial: METHANE Case:C1-5 VWeather:D 1.0 mis
H 1.5 Concentrations(Mol%) _ 2.65 g 5.30 h 1 14.0
ns 0.5 m
0 0 1 2
Distancein m
Figure 7.2: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours Vertical Profilealong Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS Material:METHANE , _ . Case:Cl-S H 1 ^t Weather:D 5.0m1s H e Concentraions(Molt%,)
g 5.30 h 14.0
n
m
0.- 01
Distancein m
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6 Novemhr 19Y7. M/appd.k1c APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.3: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS 0.8 Material:METHANE Case:C1-5 0.7 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Weather:.DlO.0 i H 0.6 e _ Concentrations(Mol%) I 0.5 / 2.65 D 5430 h 0.4 : 14.0 t 0.3f n 0.2 / m 0.1 1 0* 6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Distancein m
Figure 7A: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
VerticalProfile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS 2 Material:METHANE Case:C1-5 Weather:F 1.0mIs H 1.5 e Concentrations(Mol%) 2.65 5.30 h 1 ~~~~~~14.0 i~~~~~~~~~~~i n 0.6 .
m
0 ' 0 1 2
Distancein m
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6 Nowmhff 197. MtpM.dwc APPENDIXG: SAFETY CON!SEQUENCEASSESSMENT
F igure 7.5: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours Vertcal Profilealong Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS 10 Material:METHANE Case:01-25 Weather:D 1.0mis H e Concentrations(Mol%) Figure 7.6: NaturalGasDispersionContous2.65 V 5.30 h 14.0 t~~~~
n
6.______Study: MIGAS ' ~~~~~~~~~~~~Material:METHANE * Case:C1-25 H : Weather:D 5.0 mJs 0 Distancein m 2.65 g/ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.30 Ii 3 i~14.0 t7
2: n 6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Study MIpp.AS No- m1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distancein m
Page II
6 NOwmtr 1997. MIa~pp.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.7: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional 4 Study: MIGAS Material: METHANE 3.5 - , Case: C1-25 Weather: DI 0.0 mIs H e Concentrations (Mol%) 2.6 2.65 g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.30 h 2 14.0 t 1.5 n1
m 0.5
0 0 1 2 3 4
Distancein m
Figure 7.8: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHAST Professional Study: MIGAS Material: METHANE Case: C1-25 10 Weather:F 1.0MIS H e Concentrations (Mol%) i n 2.65 g 5.30 014.0
n
m
0- 0 10
Distance in m
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6 N,OWIW7. W&tlApOC APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.9: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours Verti:al Profilealong Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS MaterialMETHANE Case:Cl-1 00 35s - ^ Weather:D 1.0mJs H e Concentrations(Mol%) i = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.65 9025 5l30 h 14.0
n
m
0- 0 '10 20 30 40
Distancein m
Figure 7.10: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
VerticalProfile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study.MIGAS Material:METHANE 3 _Case: Cl-100 20 - ^ Weather:D 5.0mIs H e Concentratons(Mol%) 15 ~2.65 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.30 h ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~14.0 07 10
n 5- m
0- 0 10 20
Distancein m
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6 NnwuIikr 1997. Mdapp{.dn' APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.11: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study: MIGAS Material:METHANE 1 -- , Case:Cl-1 00 Weather:Di 0.0mIs H e / Concentrations(Mol%) 10 10 r 5.30 h 1 .
S n m.7
0 -
Distancein m
Figure 7.12: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours VerticalProfile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study:MIGAS Material:METHANE 40- . j Case:C1-100 40~ -^Weather: F 1.0mIs H e 330 Concentrations(Mol%) i = 2.65 q 5.30 20 _ I 14.0
n 10 m
0 10 20 30 40 -
Distancein m
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h NovahLr 1997. Mbap.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.13: Natural Gas Release Rates From Full Bore Rupture
FULLBORE RUPTURE DEPRESSIJRISATION 200.00
180.00 - _
160.00
140.00
., 120.00
C 100.00
Q 80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00 _ - _
0.00 0 50 100 150 200 Elapsed Time (seconds)
Figure 7.14: Radiation Levels From Fireball Scenario
Radiationvs Distance PHASTProfessional R so lMateriat:METHANE a Case: Cl-FPB-FIREBALL dKE i 40 - a -Radiation
o 30 - . \ Height: 0.000(m) n \ Maximumdistance: 200.000(m) Anglefrom wind: 0.000(deg) i 20 - . \ Observerinclin: Variable n Observerorient: Variable
k w 10
q 0 0 100 200 m
Distance in m
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6 Novcwh.r1997. Wapp.doc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.15: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHAST Professional Study: MIGAS Material: METHANE 50 - . '^ Case: Cl -Fe H0 . ^Weather: D 1.0 mis
H e 40 Concentrations (Mol%) 2.65 g ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5.30 h 30 14.0 t
20- n
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance in m
Figure 7.16: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Vertical Profile along Centreline PHAST Professional
30 Study: MIGAS Material: METHANE Case: Cl-FB 25 - Weather: D 5.0 mIs H -e 20 - - _ Concentrations (Mol%) i = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.65 g 5.30
15 14.0
10 n
m
0 10 20
Distance in m
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6 Nm" 1W.W Wam.tgv APPENDIX G: SAFETY CO1SEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
Figure 7.17: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Ver:ical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional Study: MIGAS Material:METHANE Case: Cl-FB Weather:Dl 0.0 mis
H e Concentrations(Mol%) i = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.65 B 5.30 h 10 =14.0 t
n
m
0 - 0 10
Distance in m
figure 7.18: Natural Gas Dispersion Contours
Verl:ical Profile along Centreline PHASTProfessional 60 Study:MIGAS Material'.METHANE Case: Cl-FB so Weather:F 1.0 mIs H e 40 - Concentrations(Mol%) i = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2.65 9 5.30 II 30 - 14.0
20-
rn
0 10 20 30 40 50
Distance in m
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A Nowemht. 1997. M/iap.dx- APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
As a summary, maximum distances from center of release to the 0.5 LFL envelope are presented in Table 7.2. These values are used to estimate the gas ingress toward nearby buildings. Table 7.2: Maximum Distances To 0.5 LFL Envelope SCENARIOS TYPE OF RELEASE MAXIMUMDISTANCES FROM CENTER TO 0.5 LFL ENVELOPE(m) |______Height (Horizontal) Radius (Vertical) 5 mm leak Continuous 2.1 0.4 25 mm leak Continuous 10 2 100mm leak Continuous 40 8 Fullbore rupture Continuous 55 10
7.2 Consequence Zones
The distances (for downwind center-line at ground level) to the radiation effects of 37.5 kWlm2 , 12.5 kW/m2 and 4 kW/M2 are presented in Table 7.3 for the fire scenarios. Table 7.3: Distances To Heat Radiation Effects SCENARIOS TYPEOF RELEASE DISTANCESTO RADIATIONEFFECTS FIRE 2 (m) l RATE(kg/s) 37.5kW/mI 12.5kW/m 2 4 kW/m2 5 mm leak JetFire 0.03 1.0 1.3 2.7 25 mm leak Jet Fire 0.8 2.5 6.3 13.2 300 mm leak Jet Fire 13 10.1 25.3 52.9 Fullbore rupture Jet Fire 20 16.3 31.6 66.1 Fullbore rupture Fireball - 76 136 200
Note that for the case of fullbore rupture, the pressure of the pipeline will depressurize rapidly. The release rate reduces from 200 kg/s to 40 kg/s within first S seconds and down to 20 kg/s at 50 second. A fireball can occur only if the release ignites immediately and continues with a jet fire. Thus, two fire scenarios may occur in the case of a full bore release.
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6 N0m_ 1497. WMPPIWC APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
8 CONCLUSIONS I The results of the gas vapor dispersion calculations show that the 0.5 LFL cover a zone with a height of 55 m and a radius of 10 m for the worst case scenario i.e. a full bore rupture of the pipeline. A delayed ignition, will cause a fire flash back to the source. Or it may ingress into the nearby building and cause a confined explosion when ignited. But the probability of this type of explosion is very low, because natural gas is very buoyant (i.e. lighter than air). In addition, the probabilit:yof a full-bore rupture is very low (4.6% of the total leak frequency).
2 For full bore releases, if the gas vapor ignites immediately, a fireball will be formed. The fatal radiation effect distarce (37.5 kW/m2 ) and the injury effect distance (12.5 kW/m2 ) of the fireball are 76 m and 136 m respectively. The fireball will only last for a short duration (less than 30 seconds). It may cause immediate fatality to people nearby but it is unlikely that the short duration of the fireball will cause escalation affecting other facilities from thermal radiation effects.
3 The consequences ancl impact of small, medium and large leaks are not as severe as full bore ruptures. These gas leaks will form jet fires when ignited. The results of the impact modeling show that the fatal raciation effect distances (37.5 kW/m2 ) and the injury effect distance (12.5 kW/m2 ) of jet fires will be very short. These scenarios will only cause fatality to the personnel within a radius of 25 m (based on radiation of 12.5 kW/m2) and cause buildings to catch fire within 10 m (based on radiation of 37.5 kW/m2).
4 The analysis is conservative because the releases are assumed to be to the open environment. In reality, an underground gas release will be affected by the burial depth and the porosity of the surrounding soil medium. When this gas reaches the ground level, the momentum of the jet release is lost. Gas dispersion through the soil medium is a very complicated process and for the purpose of this study, release into the open environment provides an upper bound estimate of impact distances. Nevertheless, if the release is caused by extemal impact in an open trench (e.g. excavation by rriechanical equipment) then a release model in the open environment is applicable. In this case, the impact distances from jet fires will be reduced by the shielding effect from the pipeline trench sides.
5 A review of vapour cloud incident statistics by British Gas (Harris et al. 1989) indicated there were no recorded vapour cloud explosions in open environment which have involved either pipeline natural gas or liquefied natural gas (LNG). The absence of such events is possibly due to the fact that, metlhane, the main constituent of both LNG and pipeline natural gas, is generally considered to be of low reactivity (characterised by various combustion properties such as burning veloc ty and minimum ignition energy) when comparing with other gases such as liquefied petroleum gas and ethylene which have been involved in vapour cloud explosion incidents.
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h Nnvefftr I9Y7. Mlappg!tjoc APPENDIX G: SAFETY CONSEQUENCE ASSESSMENT
6 In the UK, land use planning zones for pipelines are based on a standardised approach using multiples of the minimum distance from normally occupied buildings or building proximity distance (BPD) (Ref: The Institution of Gas Engineers, IGE/TD/l, Ed .3:1993). The BPD is based on a simple (steady state) fire model using a level of thermal radiation of 32 kW/mm, within which normally occupied buildings are not permitted. Based on this critieria, zones are then defined for proposed developments near natural gas pipelines. For BPDs of between 3 to 13.5m which is the case here, an inner zone of 1xBPD and an outer zone of between 1 to 2 BPD are defined. Developments within the inner zone are not recommended. Adopting this approach, the inner zone limit for the 16" distribution pipeline is defined as being a distance of lOm from the pipeline centre-line. This distance also compares well with the distance to the 0.5 LFL, based on worst case full bore rupture gas dispersion considerations, within which gas migration into buildings poses some risk of confined explosion.
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6 Nowv IW7. M/appMdac APPENDIXG: SAFETY CONSEQUENCEASSESSMENT
9 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of Transportation, Information on the U.S. Gas Transmission Pipeline, 1970- 80, U.S. DoT Hazardous Information System. 2. DNV Technica Repori C965 (Feb 1987)
3. Harris R. J., Wickens M. J. (1989), " Understanding Vapor Cloud Explosions - An Experimental Study", Midlands Research Station, Communication 1408, November 1989. 4. The Institution of Gas Engineers, Steel Pipelines for high pressure Gas transmission, Recommendations on transmission and Distribution Practice, IGEITD/1 Edition 3:1993.
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6 Now*a 19n.. I APPENDIX H SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD DATA SHEETS APPENDIX H: HAZARD DATA SHEETS
1 APPENDIX H - SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD DATA SHEETS
1.1 Natural Gas
METHANE SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTALHAZARD SHEET
Physical Properties MeltingPoint -I 830C BoilingPoint -161.50C Flash Point -175 0C Auto-ignitiontemperature 595°C Flammable Limits in Air 5 to 15% MolecularWeight 16 Solubilityin Water 0.0023gIlO0 ml Chemical Properties Unreactive towards other chemicals and water. No self reaction (highly stable). Safety Hazards Flammable. Explosivein confinedareas. Low toxicityto humanhealth. Asphyxiant. Safety Effects Inhalation in high concentrationscauses headache, laboured breathing, unconsciousness. Safety First Aid Treatmentfor burs and asphyxiation. Protective Equipment Compressedair/oxygen apparatus; fireproof suit, gloves. Environmental Fate Warm vapoursdisperse rapidly in air. Not seriouslyharmful to aquaticlife. Accident Prevention Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares. sparks or flames) in immediatearea. Emergency Actions Do not extinguishfire unlessrelease can be stopped. Use foam, dry chemical,carbon dioxide. halogenatedextinguishing agent, waterspray or fog. Cool fire exposedcontainers with waterspray.
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h, Nowiuthr IW7. Mlaphdoc APPENDIX H: HAZARD DA1'A SHEETS
1.2 Tetrahydrothiophene
TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE (THT) SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD SHEET
Physical Properties MeltingPoint -96°C BoilingPoint 119 0C Flash Point 120C Molecular Weight 88.17 OdourThreshold I ppb ChemicalProperties V/henheated to decompositionit emits toxic fumesof SOx. Safety Hazards Highly flammable. V'apourexplosive with air. Harmfulby inhalation,in contactwith skin and if swallowed. IlTitatingto eyes and skin. Hazardousproperties of natural gas with THT is more dangerouson account of naturalgas not THT. However,the hazardsassociated with handling and storage of THT shouldnot be underrated. Safety Effects Inihalation: Elizziness,nausea, irritating, headache, coughing, iieuro-toxic. Skin: Skin burns,irritating, absorbed, defats skin. E,yes: B urns, irritating. Coral:
_Irftating. headache,nausea, coughing. Safety First Aid Iiihalation: Fresh air, oxygen,doctor, keep at rest. Skin: Eloctor,wash withwater, isolate clothes, soap, take shower/bath. Eyes: DZoctor,wash with water. Oral: Fresh air, oxygen,doctor, do not vomit.
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6 Nowmher I 947. M/WppLdo APPENDIX H: HAZARD DATA SHEETS
TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE (THT) SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD SHEET Protective Equipment Compressed air/oxygen apparatus; fireproof suit, gloves, avoid contact with substance. Environmental Fate Atmosphere: Expectedto rapidlyoxidise by hydroxylradicals in the atmosphere(US EPA/ITC. 1982). Terrestrial: Littletendency to sorb to soil. Breakthroughoccurs in sand and decreases in coarse clays (Royal Society of Chemistry,UK). Biological: SalmonellaAmes Assay test: No mutagenicityto strains TA98. TAIOO,TA1535 and TA 1537at a concentrationof 1 ml/plate. Also non-inutagenicto strain WP-2 uvrA-of E. Coli (US EPA/ITC,1982). Other: Microbialmetabolism probably involves oxidation of the sulphurand the aliphatic carbons(US EPA/ITC,1982). Because of its low boiling point and low octanol water partition coefficientit shouldnot bioconcentrate. Accident Prevention Eliminateall ignitionsources (no smoking,flares, sparks or flames)in immediate area. Emergency Actions Block/markroads and danger; keep upwind; warn cattlement/watermanagers; keep out of lowerareas. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: dry chemical,C0 2, waterspray or alcoholresistant foam. Movecontainers away from fire area if it can be done withoutrisk. Prevententry into waterways,sewers, basements or confinedareas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustiblematerial and transferto containers. Use clean non-sparkingtools to collectadsorbed material. Burn in a chemicalincinerator equipped with an afterburnerand scrubberbut exert care in ignitingas this chemicalis highlyflammable.
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6Nrmnh 1997. M/ap1d(ic APPENDIX I PUBLIC CONSULTATIONDETAILS APPENDIX 1: PUBLIC CONSULTATION DETAILS
APPENDIX I - PUBLIC CONSULTATION DETAILS
1 IMPLEMENTATION METHODOLOGY
Public consultation concerning the West Java gas pipeline distribution project will be as follows: * Stage 1: General Consultation * Stage 2: Special Consultation Each consultation stage is now described in greater detail.
2.1 Stage 1: General Consultation
General consultation has been started by PGN at the local government level as part of the routine co-ordination meeting activities, which are usually organised by the Regent. These local government meetings are used to discuss local development issues. The first meeting was held in Karawang on the 1st September 1997. The minutes from these meeting are attached to the end of this Appendix.
2.2 Stage 2: Specific Consultation
The stage 2 Specific Consultation process is planned as follows: 1. PGN publishes the meetings via advertisements in local Indonesian newspapers. The advertisements allow sufficient time for all interested parties to attend. PGN also informs the local government offices (BAPPEDA, Pertanahan, Bina Marga, Perkeraan Umum) and other local utility enterprises (PDAM, PLN, etc.) of the place, intended time and agenda of the proposed meetings. The letter shall be copied to the next two levels of local govemment i.e. the Camat (subdistrict head) and Lurah (village chief) for their information and action if required. 2. PGN provides attendees of the public consultation meetings with reasonable travelling and subsistence expenses. A per diem allowance will be set, dependent on the distances travelled. 3. The meeting agenda will be as follows: * Introduction by Senior PGN employee. * Description of Consultation Process and Stage 2 Procedures. * PGN's Safety Record. * Description of Project and PGN/GOI's Objectives. * Description of Environmental Benefits of Project. 1
ANflmtr 1997. MIW.O APPENDIX 1: PUBLIC CONSULTATION DETAILS
* Description of Er vironmental Impacts of Project. * Outline of Construction Methods and Proposed Timetable. * Description of Project Impact. * Questions and Answers (questions were answered during the meeting if possible, or answered in the meeting's official minutes). * Closing Address. t
4. PGN will ensure thai capable staff minutes all meetings. Video recordings of thle meetings will be produced. This ensures that an accurate record of the proceedings is available for reference in case of any dispute. Photographic records of the meetings will also be made and archived by PGN.
PGN will form a small committee to deal with the issues arising from the public consultation process. The committee will consist of a Chairman, Secretary and a small number of helpers/assistants. This committee will formally log all incoming correspondence and be responsible for communicating the necessary replies. PGN will set down standards for the time in which they will reply to queries, issues and problems identified by the public. To facilitate the contact information, PGN will publicise contact telephone numbers and addresses.
2.3 Public ConsullationSchedule
In accordance with the natural gas distribution pipe construction plan in West Java, the realisation of the public information will be around the third quarter of 1997. This will be executed on the Regency areas which will be passed by the distribution pipe network, i.e. in Purwakarta, Serang, Karawang and Cilegon. There will be two presentations per Regency. Specific consultation will be given closer to the time when the pipe construction is started, which is estimated to be in the year 2001. Table I gives PGN's intended schedule for stage I and 2 public consultation.
2
6 Nrnwemtr1997. MIappi.dac GAS DISTRIBUTIONPIPELINE EA Draft Final Rep APPENDIX1: PUBLIC CONSULTATION DETAILS
Table 1: PGN's Public Consultation Schedulefor the Gas Distribution Project
'rypeof Alendanfce Information Location Duration DATE Coinsultation AE~I8IL oain (days) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Jul Aug | Sp ct Nov Dc _n | n
StageI Local government *Market and Cilegon I - - General Potentialcustomer infrasiructure _
Consultation in (he area development Serang I - - * Distribution
systemoperation Karawang I - and maintenance __ _ __.- *Environment Purwakarta I 1. Specific Peoplerepresentative - Construction Alongthe 18 Consultation in thearea activilies pipeline ____ Local Government - Distribution route systemoperation -
Page
NowmW 1'r". Ms LOGO'PT PERUSAHAAN GAS NEGARA (PERSERO) HEAD OFFICE
Dear Sir: The Director of Development Jakarta: 3 September 1997
From: The Headlof Planning Division
Subject: Public Consultation Report Annex:
Official Memo No.: 099/065/7323/1997-09-11 Herewith we would like to report the execution of "Public Consultation" perfornance of PT.
Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero/Co Ltd) in Karawang City on 1 " September, 1997 as follows:
Place: Data Room Pamda (Regional Government) Karawang JI. Jenderal A Yani (By Pass)
Participants: 39 local govemment representatives including BAPEDAL, as per list of attendance
1. The materials wh ich was presented consisted of:
' Introduction to PT. PGN Persero w The history of Company Development
' Field of Business r Organisation w Mission and Vision
1. Company Programs:
E Transmissior Distribution
3. Natural Gas Utili sation Development Plan in West Java
4. Discussion/Question-Answer (enclosed)
From the discussion (question/Answer) carried out, it is concluded as the following:
It is necessary to do similar activity periodically in other regions in order for PT. Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) to be more widely known, and its program could be enclosed in the regional RUTR concemed. Discussion/ Question-Answer No. Questioner Question Answer I Drs. H. N. Aris 1.Is the installationof gas distributionpipes in West Java I. The executionof gas distributionpipe extcnsionis meantlo slart Sunarna(Head of the extensionof theavailable pipelines with pipe lines available,by payingattention to theircapacity. Bappeda/Regional DevelopmentBureau) When the time comesall gas pipe lines in WestJava will he integrated(connected to each other) 2. Is it necessaryto releasethe land for the pipe lines The naturalgas distributioninstalled by PGNis locatedin DMK, development? thereforeit does not need land release. 2. E.E. SupandiW (Head of I. Howare the tolal resourcesof the availablegas affectedif it is If no new reservesare found, the continuoususe of gas will Environmental) usedcontinuously? decreasethe total availableresources. 2. How is the QualityAssurance of the usageof new gas If we distributethe gas from the ncw gas field,the gas musthe resources? prior processed,hence the specificationis in accordancewith availablegas specifications. 3. Priyatun(Head of Bank If the IndustrialEstate needsgas, will there be a newpipeline The gas supplied by PONto its customerswill he done by the Jabar/WestJava Branch) installationor will they use mobiletanks? distributionpipe lines. 4. Anggar B Whydid PGNnot installthe pipe previouslyin the industrial At the momentalmost all industrialestate data (estateobjectives) (Head of Industryand Trade estateso that could be promoted? have alreadybeen collectedby PGNand monitoredconstantly for Office) its development. The decisionto installthe gas pipes to an estatewill he determiined by the followingfactors: * Estate development * The gaso usagepotential * The availabilityof sufficientgas supply.
Shouldthere be some estatewhich willhe developed.priority ol pipe installationis preparedin this casc.The fast developmentand closenessof existing lines willbe madea priorily.
0 w- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,'p Discussion / Question-Answer No. Questioner Question A nswer 5. Harun Firdaus(H-cad of I. tIow does PGN installiplacethe pipe at locationswhere there The standardprocedure of gaspipe installationis generallyas PDAM/Disiribution of are other utilities suchas PDAM; electricalcable, telephone follows: Drinking WaterCo) cables,etc. * Locationsurvey * Pipetracing mapping * Co-ordinationwith relatedRegional Government and orFice. . Permitsprocession ! e~ ! .. . a ! v ' l...... This is so that the gaspipe is installedin the permittedlocation. 2. How is the regulationfor the pipe installationclose to or 2. The gaspipes installationmust be in accordanceto the company crossingover the other facilities suchas PDAM? Is it the same regulation(PT. PGN.Persero) enclosed in Drr. Whertethe with the Pertaminapipes where the other facilities mustbe 4 working procedureis one wheredigging is alreadyorganised, metresover or below the Pertaminapipes. connecting,testing etc. In a certaincondition, where in a hole there is other facilities/utilities,therefore a technicalregulation is made(as percondition), hence either the PGNpipe or olher utilities are safe,(not disturbingeach other). 3. The Pertarninapipe in its ROW hasspecial regulations, thereforethe other utility crossingthe ROW mitst fulfil the requirements.
That is all that could be informed, thank you very much for your attention.
Head of Planning Division Bambang Banyadoyo NIPG. 086581037
CC: 1. General Director 2. Head of PT. PGN (Persero) Jakarta Branch j
APPENDIX J LIST OF PGN'S PROJECT COMMITMENTS
t
I APPENDIX J: PGN COMMITMENTS
I APPENDIX J - LIST OF PGN'S PROJECT COMMITMENTS
In the environmental assessment, the Consultant has made a number of suggestions. The Consultant recommends the most important ones to be adopted as commitments by PGN. These are listed below. The contractors obligations are listed in detail, to ensure that all specific recommendations from the assessment report are included, and also to serve as a checklist for contractors in their development of S&E management systems. I. Base pipeline design on the Indonesian Standard SPM 50.54.02 and the latest edition of ASME B31.8. 2. Undertake Quantitative Risk Analysis of the pipelines including offtake stations during the engineering phase as required by Indonesians standards. This in order to assess the level of safety risk from the operations and how the detailed design process can make safety risks as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), or negligible, e.g. through different route options. If the QRA shows unacceptable risks, alternative routing or pipeline design will be selected. Minimum separation distances to occupied buildings will be established from the analyses. 3. Take precautions to prevent and limit spills of the odorant compound THT, including a maximum limit of 1 tonne THT stored at each site. 4. Mark the pipelines with frequent sign posting. 5. Install and operate a one call system to mitigate third party impacts. 6. Adopt the environmental management plan outlined in section 16 of the report. 7. Adopt the safety management plan outlined in section 16 of the report. 8. Strengthen the organisational environmental management and review developing an EMS according ISO 14001. 9. Evaluate establishing a small environmental department for managing institutional environmental issues and affairs. Provide each environmental specialist with training, a well defined role and opportunities for career development. 10. Instigate a review of the present safety management system. I1. Develop an environmental policy and an environmental management system based on elements of ISO 14001 for the gas distribution project. 12. Create an environmental management function as part of the gas distribution project. The environmental manager will report directly to the project manager. 13. Create and make known to the public a mechanism for receiving and take care of public reactions. 14. Develop a safety policy for the gas distribution project. Review further development of the safety management system for the gas distribution project, based on ISO 14001. 15. Create a safety management function as part of the gas distribution project organisation. The safety manager will report directly to the project manager. 16. Conduct scheduled inspection and maintenance manual according to the inspection and maintenance manual.
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13 Noem 1997. MiapWAoc APPENDIX J: PGN COMM rTMENTS
17. Prepare emergency response plans and procedures dealing with accidental releases of gas and chemicals (e.g. THT). Carry out regular exercises in emergency response 18. Report environmental and safety non-conformance to the authorities 19. Adopt the environmental and safety monitoring programme detailed in the report (Section 18) 20. Implement audits of environmental and safety performance and management 21. Carry out periodic top management reviews of environmental and safety perfonrance and management 22. Implement public consultation on safety and environment according to the plan given in Appendix I. 23. Prepare a waste management plan to be followed by the contractors. 24. Prepare a land reinstatement plan to be followed by the contractors. 25. Audit the safety and environmental performance of the contractors. 26. Take on the respons.ibilitythat construction activities are conducted in a manner designed to reduce impact on local communities and businesses as far as reasonably practicable. 27. Establish a mechanism for encouraging good environmental and safety perforTnanceby the Contractors. A bonus system could be considered. 28. Include contractual clauses in PGN's contracts with contractors, placing obligatioiis on the contractor to: i. Establish all appropriate safety and environmental management systenmfor this job. ii. Comply with Indonesian safety and environmental regulations, as listed by PGN. iii. Not discharge hydrotest water or contaminated trench water to agricultural land, including padi field fisheries. iv. Not bury solid waste in the pipeline trench (excavated soil excluded). v. Use appropriate measures such as water sprays to reduce dust emissions during dry conditions. vi. Ensure good housekeeping vii. Not discharge solid waste associated with bridge construction activities to river waters. viii. Keep plani. and machinery in good condition and equipped with appropriate silencers, sound absorbers and shields. ix. Switch off niachinerywhen not in use. x. Provide safe and unrestricted access to properties and businesses affected by construction activities. xi. Provide roadside warnings and pedestrian walkways alongside pipeline construction activities. xii. Reinstate land after the job is completed, according to plans prepared by PGN.
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13 Nowmt*r IW7. WaM*ixc APPENDIXJ: PGN COMMITMENTS
xiii. Collect and dispose of hazardous wastes including oils according to regulations. xiv. Place waste which has to be landfilled at appropriate sites. xv. Recycle and reuse waste where possible. xvi. Limit normal working hours in villages and urban areas in order to keep disturbance at night and during holidays at a minimum. xvii. Keep a log documenting how the contractual obligations are taken care of. xviii. Accept inspection and audits of their operations by PGN.
I.
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I' nm._ 1Y97. WMappj. 1-"aA_ I- I .o
and dispose of hazardous wastes including oils according to regulations. vaste which has to be landfilled at appropriate sites. :e and reuse waste where possible.
- iorznal working hours in villages and urban areas in order to keep disturb nt and during holidays at a minimum. -_a log documenting how the contractual obligations are taken care of. .nt inspection and audits of their operations by PGN.
,iWna~
p