Interactions Between Medicine and the Arts
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wiener klinische wochenschrift The Central European Journal of Medicine 132. Jahrgang 2020, Supplement 1 Wien Klin Wochenschr (2020) 132:S1–S65 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-020-01706-w © The Author(s) Interactions between Medicine and the Arts International Conference of the Medical University and Vienna and the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Commission for History and Philosophy of Sciences), held in Vienna on 11th and 12th October 2019. Journal Editors: Wolfgang Schütz, Katrin Pilz With contributions from: Wolfgang Schütz, Dietrich von Engelhardt, Jane Macnaughton, Barbara Putz-Plecko, Barbara Graf, Georg Vasold, Stella Bolaki, Leslie Schrage-Leitner, Thomas Stegemann, Klaus-Felix Laczika, Jacomien Prins, James Kennaway, Christiane Vogel, Anna Magdalena Elsner, Patrizia Giampieri-Deutsch, Tomoyo Kaba, Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff, Eva Katharina Masel, Andrea Praschinger, Tomoyo Kaba, Katrin Pilz, Florian Steger. Correspondence: Wolfgang Schütz Cover Picture: Gustav Klimt—“Medicine” Faculty Painting. Section showing “Hygieia”, goddess of health, ceiling panel for the Grand Festival Hall of the University of Vienna, 4.3 × 3 m, oil on canvas, around 1907; 1945 destroyed by fre in Immendorf Castle. Public domain, source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Datei:Klimt_hygeia.jpg (30 March 2020) medicine and arts Table of Contents Editorial S3 Wolfgang Schütz: Arts as a power in “humanizing” doctors Keynote I S4 Dietrich von Engelhardt: Medical humanities or therapy as art—art as therapy Keynote II S8 Jane Macnaughton: Symptoms and sensations in breathlessness: medical humanities meets clinical neuroscience Medicine and Visual/Applied Arts S11 Barbara Putz-Plecko, Barbara Graf: Arts and medicine: on the potentials of transdisciplinary encounters S16 Georg Vasold: Vienna as the cradle of art therapy: a look back at the 1920s S19 Stella Bolaki: A multi-sensory medical humanities: artists’ books and illness experience Medicine and Music S22 Leslie Schrage-Leitner, Thomas Stegemann: Music therapy in neonatology—an introduction to clinical practice and research S25 Klaus-Felix Laczika, Gerhard Tucek, Walter Thomas Werzowa: “Every illness is a musical problem, healing a musical resolution” (Novalis) S29 Jacomien Prins: Tempering the mind—humanist conceptions of music and mental health S32 James Kennaway: The value of a critical humanities perspective on music and medicine Medicine and Literature/Media S34 Christiane Vogel: Literature’s view on humans’ dissolution of boundary S37 Anna Magdalena Elsner: Unsettling care in Michel Malherbe and Tahar Ben Jelloun S40 Patrizia Giampieri-Deutsch: Dr. Dick Diver—Portrait of a psychiatrist in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel “Tender is the Night” S44 Irmela Marei Krüger-Fürhoff: Illness narratives in comics: using graphic medicine in the medical humanities S47 Eva Katharina Masel, Andrea Praschinger: Using comics to teach medical humanities S50 Tomoyo Kaba: Arthur Schnitzler: Spa Doctor Gräsler—the doctor-patient relationship and understanding of disease at the beginning of the 20th century S52 Katrin Pilz: Hearts and brains in motion: medical animated flm as a popular and controversial medium for education and research S56 Florian Steger: Why literature in medicine? S2 medicine and arts 1 3 medicine and arts Confict of Interest: All authors declare that they have no con- Editorial fict of interest. Key Words: Animated Science—Breathlessness—Doctor-Pa- Arts as a power in “humanizing” doctors tient-Relationship—Graphic Medicine—Literary Medicine— Medical Humanities—Medicine and Arts—Medicine and Mu- Wolfgang Schütz, Medical University of Vienna, sic—Medical Comics—Music Terapy—Medicine and Film. [email protected] Summary: Since ancient times, medicine has been under- It is the frst time that this journal has dedicated a special stood not only as a science but also as an art—being regard- issue to the medical humanities, a feld that has devel- ed as a combination of the natural sciences and the humani- oped at the interface between medicine and disciplines ties in contexts that range from the understanding of illness, to categorized as the humanities, the social sciences, and— opening therapy goals, to the doctor-patient relationship. Ter- the topic of this issue—the arts. Interactions between apeutic power was seen as an attribute of the arts and a way of medicine and the arts are understood as medicine in the dealing with disease. In the modern era, emphasis increasing- arts and the arts in medicine. How medicine is refect- ly shifted to the natural sciences and technology—with impres- ed in visual/applied arts, music, literature, and vice ver- sive successes in diagnostics and therapy, in extending life, and sa has the potential to launch an essential movement in in improving the quality of life. However, during the modern pe- treating illnesses. One should also consider, in this con- riod, many of the anthropological and biological associations of text, that hospitals and medical consulting rooms are be- medicine were diminished or lost. Today’s scientifc medicine coming increasingly global spaces in which cross-cul- faces the challenge of connecting man’s psycho-physical and tural patients have diferent religious infuences, ways of social-cultural natures with the natural sciences and technol- dealing with death, and attitudes toward the separation ogy. Medical humanities, the umbrella term for a feld that en- of body and soul. Tus, subjective disease concepts need compasses interactions of medicine and the arts, has already to be kept in mind, and the inclusion of medical humani- undergone a steep transition from being considered an educa- ties in medical study and practice merits serious consid- tional exercise in “humanizing” clinical practitioners. No long- eration. er content to serve as a “feeder service” for clinical practice, Te rationale for using arts and medicine in medical medical humanities allow practitioners becoming increasingly education and practice is three-fold [1]: (i) reading the engaged in the complexities of clinical science, aiming to work stories or viewing pictures or comics of patients and— alongside medical colleagues—especially those who seek to vice versa—writing (or even drawing or painting) of doc- answer difcult questions in clinical practice. Hence, “therapy tors about their experiences gives them in training the as art” or “art as therapy” is not an issue of alternative or fringe tools they need to better understand their patients; (ii) medicine, but a question of providing complements to science- discussing and refecting on literature, paintings or mu- based medicine to beneft the sick and the dying. Rather than sic brings the doctor’s biases and assumptions into focus, being contradictory, the paired terms go hand in hand. heightening awareness; (iii) reading literature, viewing paintings or listening to music requires critical thinking Acknowledgements: Te 2019 Conference and publication and empathetic awareness about moral issues in medi- of this issue were fnanced by the Medical University of Vien- cine. na and the Austrian Academy of Sciences (Commission for the At least two main messages can be taken home from History and Philosophy of Sciences). Jacqueline Beals proof- the 17 journal articles contributed on this topic: read parts of the manuscript. Te frst concerns the humanist aesthetics of mind- body dualism. Tis theory, which stems from the thought of René Descartes, implies that “mind” and “body” not only difer in meaning but also refer to diferent kinds of entities. Te arts are able to facilitate the harmonization of these entities. Arts, if honest and without propagan- da, can change people and, as a consequence, infuence their illnesses as well. For that reason, novels and po- ems can convey insights into the etiology and pathology of many medical conditions long before they have been established on a scientifc basis. Sigmund Freud also suggested that psychoanalysis drew attention to phe- nomena that had long before been “discovered” by po- ets and writers in their literary works. Examples include the description of transference love in F. Scott Fitzger- Wolfgang Schütz () ald’s novel “Tender is the Night” (Giampieri-Deutsch’s Medical University of Vienna contribution); Shakespeare’s “King Lear”, the frst literary Spitalgasse 23, 1090, Vienna, Austria character with dementia; and E. T. A. Hofmann’s “Te [email protected] Nutcracker and the King of Mice”, in which symptoms 1 3 medicine and arts S3 medicine and arts of pedophilia are anticipated. Te latter story, famously, Keynote I is the literary basis of Tchaikovsky’s musical suite com- posed for “Te Nutcracker” ballet. Te second message is drawn from the use of such Medical humanities or therapy as art—art as terms as “evidence-based medicine” and “precision therapy medicine,” neither of which represents a type of medi- cine that considers the patient as a person, with his/her Dietrich v. Engelhardt, Fichtestraße 7, own feelings, thoughts, and living conditions. Accord- 76133 Karlsruhe, [email protected] ing to Engelhardt’s keynote contribution, medical hu- manities can fll this gap. According to the views of ev- I. Context idence-based medicine, any treatment of a disease has to be proven by clinical trials. Only clinical outcomes From ancient times until today, there has been great di- data, such as reduction in mortality, modifying the con- versity—both mutual and fundamental—in the relation- sequences or reducing the recurrence of a disease being