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RUSSIAN MONARCHY: REPRESENTATION and RULE $ Collected Articles Imperial Encounters in Russian History RUSSIAN MONARCHY: REPRESENTATION AND RULE $ Collected Articles Imperial Encounters in Russian History Series editor: Gary Marker (State University of New York, Stony Brook) RUSSIAN MONARCHY: REPRESENTATION AND RULE K Collected Articles Richard Wortman Boston 2013 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: A catalog record for this book as available from the Library of Congress. Copyright © 2013 Academic Studies Press All rights reserved Effective August 2, 2016, this book will be subject to a CC-BY-NC license. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Other than as provided by these licenses, no part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or displayed by any electronic or mechanical means without permission from the publisher or as permitted by law. ISBN 978-1-61811-258-3 (cloth) ISBN 978-1-61811-259-0 (electronic) Book design by Ivan Grave Published by Academic Studies Press in 2013 28 Montfern Avenue Brighton, MA 02135, USA [email protected] www.academicstudiespress.com In memory of Marlene Stein Wortman, who made everything possible. Table of Contents Permissions . ix Abbreviations . xi Introduction: Russian Monarchy and the Symbolic Sphere . xiii Part I Russian Monarchy and Law 1. Russian Monarchy and the Rule of Law: New Considerations of the Court Reform of 1864 . 3 2. Th e Representation of Dynasty and “Fundamental Laws” in the Evolution of Russian Monarchy . 33 3. Review of Anatolii Viktorovich Remnev, Samoderzhavnoe Pravitel’stvo: Komitet Ministrov v sisteme vysshego upravlenia Rossiiskoi imperii (vtoraia polovina XIX—nachalo XX veka) . 74 Part II Scenarios of Family and Nation 4. Th e Russian Empress as Mother . 89 5. Th e Russian Imperial Family as Symbol . 106 Part III Narratives of Monarch and Nation 6. Th e Invention of Tradition and the Representation of Russian Monarchy . 137 7. National Narratives in the Representation of Nineteenth-Century Russian Monarchy . 152 8. Moscow and Petersburg: Th e Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881-1914 . 170 9. Nicholas II and the Revolution of 1905 . 199 VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Part IV Russian Monarchy and the Imperial State 10. Th e Russian Empire and Russian Monarchy: Th e Problem of Russian Nationalism . 221 11. Th e “Integrity” (Tselost ’) of the State in Imperial Russian Representation . 233 12. Th e Tsar and Empire: Representation of the Monarchy and Symbolic Integration in Imperial Russia . 259 Richard S. Wortman: A Bibliography (1962-2013) by Ernest A. Zitser . 280 Index . 295 VIII Permissions I thank the following presses and editors for permission to publish my articles: “Russian Monarchy and the Rule of Law: New Considerations of the Court Reform of 1864,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Winter 2005): 145-170. (Revised version of the introduction to the Russian translation of 2004). “Th e Representation of Dynasty and the ‘Fundamental Laws’ in the Evolution of Russian Monarchy,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Spring 2012): 265-300. Review of A. V. Remnev, Samoderzhavnoe pravitel’stvo: Komitet ministrov v sisteme vysshego upravleniia Rossiiskoi imperii, vtoraia polovina XIX—nachalo XX veka, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, for Kritika 13: 4 (Fall 2012): 993-1005. “Th e Russian Empress as Mother,” in Th e Family in Imperial Russia: New Lines of Historical Research, ed. David L. Ransel, 66-74. Copyright 1978 by the Board of Trustees of the University of Illionois. Used with permission of the University of Illinois Press. “Th e Russian Imperial Family as Symbol,” in Imperial Russia: New Histories for the Empire, ed. Jane Burbank and David L. Ransel, [Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies] (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 60-86. “Th e Invention of Tradition and the Representation of Russian Monarchy,” in Rus’ Writ Large: Languages, Histories, Cultures; Essays presented in honor of Michael S. Flier on his sixty-fi fth birthday, ed. Harvey Goldblatt and Nancy Shields Kollmann (Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Research Inst., Harvard Univ., 2009), 651-662. IX PERMISSIONS Reprinted with permission. © 2009 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. “National Narratives in the Representation of Nineteenth-Century Russian Monarchy,” in Extending the Borders of Russian History: Essays in Honor of Alfr ed J. Rieber, ed. Marsha Siefert (Budapest and New York: Central European University Press, 2003), 51-64. “Moscow and Petersburg: Th e Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881- 1914,” in Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual, and Politics Since the Middle Ages, ed. Sean Wilentz (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1985), 244-274. Copyright © 1985 by the University of Pennsylvania Press. All rights reserved. “Nicholas II and the Revolution,” in Th e Revolution of 1905 and Russia’s Jews, ed. Stefani Hoff man and Ezra Mendelsohn (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), 31-45. Copyright © 2008 University of Pennsylvania Press. “Th e Russian Empire and Russian Monarchy: Th e Problem of Russian Nationa- lism,” Revised original of “Natsionalizm, narodnost’ i rossiiskoe gosudarstvo,” Neprikosnovennyi zapas Vol. 17, No. 3 (2001): 100-105. “Th e ‘Integrity’ (tselost’) of the State in Imperial Russian Representation,” Ab Imperio: teoriia i istoriia natsional’nostei i natsionalizma v postsovetskom prostranstve 2 (2011): 20-45. “Th e Tsar and Empire: Representation of the Monarchy and Symbolic Integration in Imperial Russia,” in Comparing Empires: Encounters and Transfer in the Long Nineteenth Century, ed. Jörn Leonhard and Ulrike von Hirschhausen [Schrift enreihe der FRIAS School of History, Band 1] (Oakvill, CT: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011), 266-86. X Abbreviations GARF—Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii Scenarios of Power—Richard Wortman, Volume 1, Scenarios of Power: From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995). Volume 2, Scenarios of Power: From Alexander II to the Abdication of Nicholas II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000) PSZ—Polnoe Sobranie Zakonov Rossiiskoi Imperii XI XII Introduction Russian Monarchy and the Symbolic Sphere $ ince 1967, my scholarly work has been devoted to the institutions and S culture of the imperial Russian state. In that year, along with several of my American colleagues, I had the good fortune to conduct my research under the guidance of the eminent Soviet historian, Petr Andreevich Zaionchkovskii. Professor Zaionchkovskii was more than generous in sharing in his learning and assisting us in gaining access to archival sources.1 Under the ideological and methodological constraints of the Soviet historical profession, he brought about a veritable recrudescence of Russian institutional history. His works on the Great Reforms and later the personnel of the administration, his publication of memoirs of high governmental offi cials, and his compilation of vital reference works revealed the signifi cance of what he called “the subjective factor” in Russian history, dismissed by the Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy that relegated the state to the “superstructure” of historical development. My Development of a Russian Legal Consciousness was one of a number of his students’ works that, following his example, were devoted to the Great Reforms of the fi rst part of the reign of Alexander II. In it, I examined the roots and realization of the Court Reform of 1864, focusing on the education, ideas, and mentality of a group of reformers that emerged during the reign of Nicholas I and emphasized their role in the draft ing of a reform that brought a modern liberal judiciary and legal profession to Russia. In the last sections, 1 On the Zaionchkovskii American “school” see O. V. Bol’shakova, “P. A. Zaionch- kovskii i Amerikanskaia russistika, 1960-1980-kh gg,” in Petr Andreevich Zaionchkovskii: Sbornik statei i vospominanii k stoletiiu istorika ed. L.G. Zakharova, S.V. Mironenko, T. Emmons (Moscow: Rosspen, 2008). XIII INTRODUCTION I described the obstacles that arose to the functioning of the new system within the structure of an autocratic state that constrained the development of the independent judiciary over the following half-century. First among these obstacles were the high offi cials of the state, those close to the tsar and court, determined to prevent further extension of the principle of legality into the space of the tsar’s authority. Th is was a realm unknown to me, except by what appeared to be their seemingly unreasoned resistance to institutional change. I thus happened on a new object of study, the symbolic sphere of Russian monarchy, comprising image, myth, and symbols, which had left only faint marks in the historical literature. I perceived a sense of this sphere from the numerous memoirs published under aegis of Zaionchkovskii that revealed an offi cial culture where offi cials felt a sense of belonging to the emotional and mental universe of the imperial family, a universe that encompassed even offi cials sympathetic to cause of legality in the Russian state. Th e symbolic sphere was a dominating, one might say hegemonic presence in Russian government until the early twentieth century; its absence from the historical narrative bespoke the prevalence of a teleological faith in its imminent demise among both liberal and revolutionary leaders and historians. I turned for guidance to works of cultural anthropology and literary criticism, particularly those of Cliff ord Geertz, Marshall Sahlins, and members of the Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics.2 I began to approach Russian monarchy as an ongoing institution and political culture rather than a succession of individual rulers with idiosyncratic personalities and political views that lacked a sense of the universe they inherited and inhabited. I endeavored to focus on how Russian monarchy functioned, its visual and literary manifestations, and to reveal its presence in Russian life. * * * In the historical literature it is common parlance to confl ate the Russian monarchy with the Russian state when referring to imperial Russian government.
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