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Absolute Monarchy in Russia

Absolute Monarchy in Russia

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The (left) of (far left) reflects both European and traditional Russian architectural styles. Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction 5 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO A Foreign Takes the Objectives For twenty years, the German princess Catherine lived As you teach this section, keep students at the Russian court, enduring an unhappy marriage to focused on the following objectives to help the Russian , who was widely considered them answer the Section Focus Question to be insane. She filled her time reading, studying and master core content. French philosophy, building behind the scenes, and biding her time. When her husband ■ Explain how tried to became in 1762, she called on her allies to make into a modern . act. Within a few months he had been deposed and ■ Identify the steps Peter took to expand Catherine proclaimed empress of Russia. Like Peter the Russia’s borders. Great before her, Catherine would rule with intelligence, a firm hand, and a mind set on ■ Describe how Catherine the Great modernization. strengthened Russia. Focus Question How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory? Absolute in Russia

Prepare to Read In the early , Russia was still a medieval state, untouched by Objectives the or and largely isolated from Western Build Background Knowledge L3 • Explain how Peter the Great tried to make Russia into a modern state. . As you have read, the “” had plunged the Ask students to recall what they know • Identify the steps Peter took to expand Russia’s country into a period of disorder and foreign invasions. The about the , , and serfs of Rus- borders. of the first Romanov in 1613 restored a measure of order. Not sia. Ask them to predict whether Russia’s • Describe how Catherine the Great strengthened until the end of the century, however, did a tsar emerge who was rulers during this time would act simi- Russia. strong enough to regain the absolute power of earlier tsars. Peter larly to or differently from absolute mon- the Great, as he came to be called, used his power to put Russia archs elsewhere in Europe. Terms, People, and Places on the road to becoming a great modern power. Peter the Great warm-water port Set a Purpose L3 St. autocratic Catherine the Great Peter the Great Modernizes Russia ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection WITNESS HISTORY partition Peter, just 10 years old when he took the throne in 1682, did aloud or play the audio. not take control of the until 1689. Although he was AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, not well educated, the young tsar was immensely curious. He A Foreign Princess Takes the Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas As you read spent hours in the “,” the neighborhood Throne this section, make a Venn diagram like the one where many Dutch, Scottish, English, and other foreign artisans below to compare events in the of Peter the and soldiers lived. There, he heard of the new technology that was Great and Catherine the Great. Have students study the photos, cap- helping Western European monarchs forge powerful . tions, and Witness History text on this page. Ask them to predict the role of Journey to the West In 1697, Peter set out to learn about both Western European and Russian Peter Catherine Western ways for himself. He spent hours walking the streets of traditions on Catherine’s rule. • Visited Adopted • Established European cities, noting the manners and homes of the people. He European port on Western ideas visited factories and art galleries, learned anatomy from a doctor, ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus countries • • and even had a dentist teach him how to pull teeth. In England, Question and write it on the board. Peter was impressed by . “It is good,” he said, “to hear Tell students to refer to this question subjects speaking truthfully and openly to their .” as they read. (Answer appears with Section 5 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Vocabulary Builder Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. ■ Have students read this Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 68; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook p. 3

section using the Guided Questioning High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, stipulate, p. 169 v. to make a specific demand have students fill in the Venn diagram The contract stipulated that the buyer had to pay in cash. with details about the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 72

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Peter brought to Russia a group of technical experts, teachers, and soldiers he had recruited in Europe. He then embarked on a policy of Teach westernization, that is, the adoption of Western ideas, technology, and culture. But persuading fellow to change their way of life proved difficult. To impose his will, Peter became the most autocratic of Europe’s Peter the Great absolute monarchs, meaning that he ruled with unlimited authority. Modernizes Russia L3 Controlling the Church and the Nobles Peter pursued several Instruct related goals. He wanted to strengthen the , expand Russian bor- ders, and centralize royal power. To achieve his ends, he brought all Rus- ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder sian institutions under his control, including the Russian Orthodox Have students read the Vocabulary Church. He also forced the haughty boyars, or landowning nobles, to Builder term and definition. Ask what serve the state in civilian or military positions. monarchs usually stipulated that Some changes had a symbolic meaning. For example, after returning Vocabulary Builder should do, and what Peter from the West, Peter stipulated that boyars shave their . He also stipulated—(STIP yuh layt ed) v. made a stipulated that the boyars should do. forced them to replace their old-fashioned robes with Western- specific demand ■ Teach Describe Peter’s goals for mod- clothes. To end the practice of secluding upper-class women in separate ernization. Ask What aspects of the quarters, he held grand parties at which women and men were expected to dance together. Russian nobles opposed this radical mixing of the West did Peter choose to emulate? sexes in public, but they had to comply. (technology, clothes, shaving of beards, Peter knew that nobles would serve the state only if their own inter- women’s social roles, education, mer- ests were protected. Therefore, he passed ensuring that nobles cantilism, manufacturing, trading, bet- retained control over their lands, including the serfs on those lands. In ter ) In what aspects did he doing so, Peter strengthened . Under his rule serfdom spread in differ from the West? (keeping and Russia, long after it had died out in Western Europe. Further, he forced strengthening serfdom) How did he some serfs to become soldiers or to work as laborers on roads, canals, and handle people who opposed him in other government projects. A Russian cartoon shows Russia? (with severe repression) Peter the Great Modernizing With Force Using autocratic methods, Peter pushed personally cutting off the through social and economic reforms. He imported Western technology, of a boyar. Independent Practice improved education, simplified the , and set up acade- Ask students to choose one of the follow- mies for the study of mathematics, science, and engineering. To pay for ing: boyar, upper-class woman, serf, his sweeping reforms, Peter adopted mercantilist policies, such as church leader, merchant, palace guard, or encouraging exports. He improved waterways and canals, developed person who knew Peter in Europe. Have mining and textile manufacturing, and backed new trading companies. students write a dialogue between that Peter had no mercy for any who resisted the . When elite person and Peter about some aspect of palace guards revolted, he had more than 1,000 of the rebels tortured culture or technology. and executed. Then, as an example of his power, he left their rotting corpses outside the palace walls for months. Progress What rewards and punishments did Peter use As students fill in their Venn diagram, to solidify his control over the nobles? circulate to make sure they are accu- rately comparing the reigns of Peter and Peter Expands Russia’s Borders Catherine. For a completed version of the From his earliest days as tsar, Peter worked to build Russia’s Venn diagram, see military power. He created the largest standing in Note Taking Transparencies, 132

Europe, built a world-class navy from scratch, and set out to extend Russian borders to the west and south.

Seeking a Warm-Water Port Russian seaports, located along the Arctic , were frozen over during the winter. To increase Russia’s ability to trade with the West, Peter desper- ately wanted a warm-water port—one that would be free of ice all year round.

Solutions for All Learners

L1 Special Needs L2 Learners L2 Less Proficient Readers

Help students use the map on the next page to better Use the following resources to help students acquire understand Russian expansion. Point out how much basic skills: Answer of Russia is in (east of the Mountains). Have Adapted Reading and Note Taking pairs of students answer the following: How did Rus- Study Guide Rewards: laws that favored the nobles, for

sia differ from other European nations? Why was the ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 72 example those strengthening serfdom. Punish- land added to the East so important? What was the ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 73 ments: stipulating that they change their cus- significance of St. Petersburg’s location? Why was toms; requiring them to serve the state. Bering’s important for Russia? Chapter 4 Section 5 169

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Peter Expands The nearest warm-water coast was located along the Black Sea. To gain control of this territory, Peter had to push through the powerful Russia’s Borders L3 Ottoman . In the end, Peter was unable to defeat the Ottomans and gain his warm-water port, but the later Russian Catherine Instruct the Great would achieve that goal before the century ended. ■ Introduce: Key Terms Ask students The In 1700, Peter began a long war against the to find the key term warm-water port kingdom of , which at the time, dominated the . Early (in blue) in the text and define it. Then on, Russia suffered humiliating defeats. A Swedish force of only 8,000 men display Color Transparency 99: Rus- sia Needs a Warm-Water Port. Ask students to explain why ports are important to a nation, particularly to one of Russia’s size. (for trade) Color Transparencies, 99 INFOGRAPHIC

■ Teach As you describe Russia’s expan- sion, refer to the map two pages ahead. Ask What happened in Peter’s war with Sweden? (At first he was defeated, but after rebuilding the army he won As a sixteen-year-old boy, Peter found the hull of an old European sailing vessel in land along the Baltic.) How was a storehouse. He restored the boat and taught himself to sail it on the lakes and St. Petersburg different from Mos- rivers near Moscow. The find sparked a lifelong love for all things having to do with cow? (It was a seaport, closer to Europe, sailing. As tsar, Peter traveled to Europe to learn everything he could about A woodcut dating from the 1800s European in design.) Then refer stu- shipbuilding. Armed with this knowledge, he created a European-style navy, thus shows Peter, disguised as a ship’s dents to the Infographic on this page. turning Russia into a leading world power. In later years, Peter named the boat he carpenter, learning from Dutch Discuss how the navy helped turn Rus- had restored “the grandfather of the .” On his shipbuilders in the late 1600s. fifty-first birthday he sailed it into St. Petersburg harbor to Peter’s own carpentry tool and sia into a world power. drawing are shown at bottom. meet its “grandchildren,” Peter’s navy. ■ Quick Activity Show students Peter the Great from the Witness History Discovery School™ video program. A modern painter shows Peter Then have students discuss whether as a common shipbuilder in they think Peter was a great monarch the . or a monstrous . As they name achievements and misdeeds, list them in two columns on the board. Ask stu- dents to weigh the evidence on the board. Then take a class vote on the matter.

Independent Practice Web Code nbp-1651 will take students to an interactive map. Have students complete the interactivity and then answer the map skills questions in the text. Thinking Critically 1. Draw Inferences Peter’s motto was “I am a student and I seek teachers.” How do you think this motto Monitor Progress relates to his practice of passing himself off as a Read aloud the Primary Source selection common man while studying in Europe? on the next page or play the accompany- 2. Make Comparisons How did the absolute ing audio. Then ask students to explain of Peter the Great and Louis XIV differ in terms of each what Pushkin is referring to. monarch’s dealings with common people? AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Pushkin Link to Geography

Siberia Russia’s absolute monarchs needed a place sparsely populated region. In fact, 10 to 15 percent of Answers to both criminals and political opponents for the never made it to ; they died along the long periods of time. What place was better than the way. The number of exiles grew from a trickle in the Map Skills arctic region of Siberia? Siberia was far away from early 1600s to 2,000 a year by the early 1800s. After a 1. Review locations with students. everything Russian and had an extremely inhospitable revolt in 1825, the tsar sent 150,000 people off to 2. Those on the Baltic were frozen for part of the climate; temperatures could average −59°F (−51°C) in their freezing fate. Today, the expression “sent to year. winter. There was little chance of escape, as it was Siberia” still implies that a person is punished 3. Russia’s territory would be smaller, and it would almost impossible to survive alone in the vast, frozen, or has become an outcast. not have expanded as much in coastal areas.

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defeated a five times its size. Undaunted, Peter rebuilt his WITNESS HISTORY VIDEO Catherine the Great army, modeling it after European armies. Finally, in 1709, he defeated the and won territory along the . Watch Peter the Great on the Witness History Follows Peter’s Lead L3 Discovery School™ video program to learn Building St. Petersburg On this land won from Sweden, Peter built a more about this larger-than-life tsar. Instruct magnificent new , St. Petersburg. Seeking to open a “window ■ Introduce Read aloud the following on the West,” he located the city on the Baltic coast along the swampy quote from Catherine: “The Extent of shores of the River. He forced tens of thousands of serfs to drain the swamps. Many thousands died, but Peter’s plan for the city succeeded. the [of Russia] requires an He then invited Italian architects and artisans to design great in absolute Power to be vested in that Western style. Peter even planned the city’s parks and boulevards him- Person who rules over it. . . .” Use the self. Just as Versailles became a monument to French absolutism, Think-Write-Pair-Share strategy (TE, St. Petersburg became a great symbol of Peter’s effort to forge a p. T23) and ask students to explain her modern Russia. reasoning and whether there is any basis for it in history. Blazing Trails to the Pacific Russian traders and raiders also crossed the plains and rivers of Siberia, expanding the to the east. ■ Teach Point out that Catherine fol- Under Peter, Russia signed a treaty with that recognized Russia’s lowed largely in Peter’s footsteps, claim to lands north of China and defined the empires’ common border. though many argue that she was even In the early , Peter hired the Danish navigator to more powerful and ruthless. Ask What explore what became known as the between Siberia and changes did Catherine bring to (see map on the next page). After Peter’s death, Russian traders Russia? (She reorganized government, built outposts in Alaska and northern . Few Russians moved created public education, encouraged east of the at this time, but the expansion made Russia Western culture, intensified serfdom, the largest country in the world. It still is today, nearly 300 years later. and expanded Russia’s borders.) Why Peter the Great’s Legacy When Peter died in 1725, he left a mixed leg- did both Peter and Catherine acy. He had expanded Russian territory, gained ports on the Baltic Sea, increase burdens on serfs? (to keep and created a mighty army. He had also ended Russia’s long period of iso- the loyalty of the boyars) How did lation. From the 1700s on, Russia would be increasingly involved in the Catherine differ from Peter in affairs of Western Europe. Yet many of Peter’s ambitious reforms died with treatment of the boyars? (She him. Nobles, for example, soon ignored his policy of service to the state. granted them some rights.) Like earlier tsars, Peter the Great had ■ Quick Activity Display Color Trans- used terror to enforce his absolute power. His parency 100: Partitions of , policies contributed to the growth of serf- A hundred years after Peter’s reign, Russia’s best-known 1701–1795. Use the lesson suggested dom, which served only to widen the gap poet, , portrayed the tsar as a between Russia and the West that Peter had in the transparency book to guide a dis- larger-than-life ruler, determined to tame nature cussion about the carving up of Poland. sought to narrow. no matter what the cost. How does Pushkin describe the tsar? Color Transparencies, 100 What impact did Peter’s defeat of Sweden have on Russia’s Primary Source expansion? “ There, by the billows desolate, He stood, with mighty thoughts elate, Catherine the Great And gazed, but in the distance only A sorry skiff on the broad spate Follows Peter’s Lead Of Neva drifted seaward, lonely. . . . Peter died without an heir and without nam- And thus He mused: ‘From here, indeed ing a successor. This set off a power struggle Shall we strike terror in the Swede? within the Romanov family, from whom all And here a city by our labor the tsars had come since the early 1600s. Founded, shall gall our haughty neigh- Under a series of ineffective rulers, Russian bor . . .’” nobles reasserted their . Then, —Alexander Pushkin, a new monarch took the reins of power The AUDIO firmly in hand. She became known to history as Catherine the Great.

History Background

Bering’s Young Vitus Bering, a children died. In 1741 he set off again, this time to Danish navigator, joined the newly created Russian explore the northwest coast of . He dis- Answers navy in 1703. In 1725 he was sent by Peter the Great covered the , but fell ill. Bering and 28 It gained Russia territory along the Baltic to explore Asia’s northeast coast. It took two years to of his men died there on a barren island. Following his move men and supplies across Siberia. Finally, he expedition, rushed to establish settlements on Sea, including the land for his new capital, sailed through what is now the Bering Strait, proving North America’s west coast. Russia, however, was St. Petersburg. that Russia was not connected to North America. On more interested in the than in expanding PRIMARY SOURCE Sample: He

his return across Siberia, he became ill, and five of his onto a third continent. portrayed him as both imaginative and powerful.

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For: Interactive Russia map Independent Practice Expansion of Russia, 1689–1796 Web Code: nbp-1651 Have students fill in the Outline Map in 1796. 60° 180° 0° 20° E N Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 76 160° E Bering

80°N Sea 40°E 140° E Nizhne- Kolymsk Monitor Progress 60°E 120° E 80°E ■ Check Reading and Note Taking Study SWEDEN EUROPE . Guide entries for student understanding. R e B b a a l ltic Se E L ■ e Circulate to make sure students are . n R St. Petersburg a Archangelsk R Petropavlovsk filling in their Outline Maps accurately. AUSTRIA la iv Vistu Novgorod er Okhotsk

D Siberia

n

i r Yakutsk D e e Sea of s p R. a t ie n e n Okhotsk

r Moscow . u R D b S RUSSIA

. . T O e R Perm R M T . n o T L . O D A Yeniseysk R

M B a R. R r g Sibir u A la ol U

c V m N k U S A C ral E ea R M A . P U Lake I R C Baikal E A S U S Irkutsk

M a

e

T S S . n Aral Lake 40°N a i Sea p Balkhash s a C N Russia, 1689 Austria, 1796 ASIA W E Land added by Peter Prussia, 1796 the Great by 1725 S Trade routes Conic Projection Land added by Catherine Bering’s exploration 0500 1000 mi the Great by 1796 route, 1725–1729

0500 1000 km

Map Skills During the 1600s and 1. Locate (a) Sweden (b) Baltic Sea (c) 3. Predict Consequences How might 1700s, Russia expanded its power and St. Petersburg (d) Black Sea this map look different if Peter the influence both eastward and westward (e) Siberia (f) Bering Sea Great had not developed a modern to become the largest nation in the 2. Place Why were ports on the Black navy? world. Sea more appealing to Russia than those on the Baltic?

Rise to Power A German princess by birth, Catherine came to Russia at the age of 15 to wed the heir to the Russian throne. She learned Rus- sian, embraced the Russian Orthodox faith, and won the loyalty of the people. In 1762, a group of Russian army officers loyal to her deposed and murdered her mentally unstable husband, Tsar Peter III. Whether or not Catherine was involved in the is uncertain. In any case, with the support of the military, she ascended the Russian throne.

An Enlightened Ruler Catherine proved to be an efficient, energetic empress. She reorganized the provincial government, codified laws, and began state-sponsored education for both boys and girls. Like Peter the Great, Catherine embraced Western ideas and worked to bring Russia fully into European cultural and political life. At court, she encouraged French language and customs, wrote histories and plays, and organized performances. As you will read in the next chapter, she was also a serious student of the French thinkers who led the movement known as the Enlightenment.

Answers Solutions for All Learners L4 Gifted and Talented L4 Advanced Readers Thinking Critically 1. He knew he would learn more if people thought In 1787, Catherine the Great made a grand tour of her nians, as well as Russians, and he developed the new he was a commoner, not a ruler. newly conquered lands in and . Her . There he built Russia’s first Black 2. Peter, driven by curiousity, had more dealings deputy and former lover, , had Sea naval fleet. Some believe he was the power with common people than did Louis, who sur- helped to conquer these lands from the Ottoman behind the throne who helped Catherine achieve rounded himself by nobles in Versailles. How- Empire, and Catherine put him in of their many of her dreams. Have students research this con- ever, Peter treated some common people— development. Potemkin colonized troversial figure and outline the plot and some scenes serfs—more harshly than other European rulers. with , , , , and Roma- for a movie about his life.

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A Ruthless Absolute Monarch Catherine was also an absolute mon- arch, like other European rulers of the time, and often she was among the Assess and Reteach most ruthless. She granted a charter to the boyars outlining important rights, such as exemption from taxes. She also allowed them to increase Assess Progress L3 their stranglehold on the . When peasants rebelled against the ■ Have students complete the harsh burdens of serfdom, Catherine took firm action to repress them. As a Section Assessment. result, conditions grew worse for Russian peasants. Under Catherine, even more peasants were forced into serfdom. ■ Administer the Section Quiz. Like Peter the Great, Catherine was determined to expand Russia’s Teaching Resources, Unit 1, p. 67 borders. Waging the Russo-Turkish war against the gained her a warm-water port on the Black Sea in 1774. She also took ■ To further assess student under- steps to seize territory from neighboring Poland. standing, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 71 The In the , Catherine, King Frederick II of Prussia, and Emperor Joseph II of Austria hungrily eyed Poland. As you have read, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had once been a Reteach L1 L2 great European power. However, its rulers were unable to centralize If students need more instruction, have their power or diminish the influence of the Polish . The divided them read the section summary. Polish government was ill-prepared to stand up to the increasing might Reading and Note Taking L3 of its neighbors, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Study Guide, p. 73 To avoid fighting one another, the three monarchs agreed in 1772 to partition, or divide up, Poland. Catherine took part of eastern Poland, Adapted Reading and L1 L2 where many Russians and lived. Frederick and Joseph took Note Taking Study Guide, p. 73 control of Polish territory in the west. Poland was further partitioned in 1793. Then in 1795, Austria, Prussia, and Russia each took their final slices and the independent country of Poland vanished from the map. Spanish Reading and L2 Not until 1919 would a free Polish state reappear. Note Taking Study Guide, p. 73 How were Catherine’s goals similar to those of Peter? Extend L4 See this chapter’s Professional Develop- Looking Ahead ment pages for the Extend Online activity By the mid-1700s, absolute monarchs ruled four of the five leading coun- on absolute rulers. tries in Europe. Britain, with its strong Parliament, was the only excep- tion. As these five nations competed with one another, they often ended up fighting to maintain a balance of power. At the same time, new ideas were in the air. Radical changes would soon shatter the French monar- Answer chy, upset the balance of power, and revolutionize European societies. They both wanted to increase the power of

the monarch, extend Russia’s borders, and Progress Monitoring Online make it a modern European country. For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice 5 Web Code: nba-1651 Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History 1. For each term, person, or place listed in 3. Identify Central Issues What were Quick Write: Write the Text Body the beginning of the section, write a three goals of Peter the Great and what Choose a topic from the section on which sentence explaining its significance. was one step that he undertook to you might write a persuasive essay—for achieve each goal? example: Was Peter the Great really 4. Analyze Information Why was “great”? Write the body of your text, using 2. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas obtaining a warm-water port a major a list of points you have made to guide Use your completed Venn diagram to priority for Peter? you. Remember to open and close the answer the Focus Question: How did 5. Compare Points of View How did body of the text with particularly strong Peter the Great and Catherine the Peter and Catherine envision Russia’s arguments. Great strengthen Russia and expand its future? territory?

centralize royal power. Reforms (any 3): ● Writing About History Section 5 Assessment bring the church under his control, force Responses should include a list of argu- 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding boyars to serve the state, force changes in ments that clearly support one side. An of each term, person, or place listed at the social customs, strengthen serfdom, accompanying paragraph or group of para- beginning of the section. import technology, improve education, graphs should restate these arguments in 2. Using autocratic methods, they western- build military power. the form of sentences. ized and modernized Russia, centralized 4. A warm-water port would allow Russia to royal power, improved the army, and increase trade and become a major power. expanded its territory through war, trea- 5. Both envisioned that Russia would con- For additional assessment, have students ties, and exploration. tinue to grow and become more powerful access Progress Monitoring Online at 3. Goals (any 3): to westernize, strengthen by mastering Western technologies and Web Code nba-1651. the military, expand Russian borders, and practices.

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