The Three Faces of Peter the Great Leadership Lessons from the St
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Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College
Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the European History Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Pagrabs, Emily Frances, "Peter the Great and His Changing Identity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 17. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/17 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Senior History Honors Thesis May 11, 2016 Emiley Pagrabs Pagrabs 1 Introduction Well aware of the perception that foreigners held of him, Peter the Great would never apologize for his nationality or his country. A product of his upbringing, Peter did have some qualities that many foreigners criticized as barbaric and harsh. Said Peter: They say that I am cruel; that is what foreigners think of me, but who are they to judge? They do not know what the situation was at the beginning of my reign, and how many were opposed to my plans, and brought about the failure of projects which would have been of great benefit to my country obliging me to arm myself with great severity; but I have never been cruel…I have always asked for the cooperation of those of my subjects in whom I have perceived intelligence and patriotism, and who, agreeing with my views, were ready to support them.1 Essentially, Peter I was simply a Russian. -
Absolute Monarchy in Russia
wh07_te_ch04_s05_MOD_s.fm Page 168 Monday, March 5, 2007 12:28WH07MOD_se_CH04_S05_s.fm PM Page 168 Thursday, January 25, 2007 2:45 PM The palace (left) of Catherine the Great (far left) reflects both European and traditional Russian architectural styles. Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction 5 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO A Foreign Princess Takes the Throne Objectives For twenty years, the German princess Catherine lived As you teach this section, keep students at the Russian court, enduring an unhappy marriage to focused on the following objectives to help the Russian heir apparent, who was widely considered them answer the Section Focus Question to be insane. She filled her time reading, studying and master core content. French philosophy, building alliances behind the scenes, and biding her time. When her husband ■ Explain how Peter the Great tried to became emperor in 1762, she called on her allies to make Russia into a modern state. act. Within a few months he had been deposed and ■ Identify the steps Peter took to expand Catherine proclaimed empress of Russia. Like Peter the Russia’s borders. Great before her, Catherine would rule with intelligence, a firm hand, and a mind set on ■ Describe how Catherine the Great modernization. strengthened Russia. Focus Question How did Peter the Great and Catherine the Great strengthen Russia and expand its territory? Absolute Monarchy in Russia Prepare to Read In the early 1600s, Russia was still a medieval state, untouched by Objectives the Renaissance or Reformation and largely isolated from Western Build Background Knowledge L3 • Explain how Peter the Great tried to make Russia into a modern state. -
Hermitage Essay FINAL
Citation for published version: Harney, M & Forsyth, M 2014, The State Hermitage Museum and its Architecture. in The Hermitage: A Palace and a Museum. Ertug & Kocabiyik, Germany, pp. 19-23. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Early version, also known as pre-print Link to publication Publisher Rights CC BY-NC-ND University of Bath Alternative formats If you require this document in an alternative format, please contact: [email protected] General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 building, built 1819–1828, defines an enormous concave open area facing the only as a dwelling place for the imperial family, but also as an important the state hermi tage museum Winter Palace with a monumental double arch forming a triumphal ceremonial symbol and memorial to the Russian state. approach from Nevsky Prospekt, St Petersburg’s main thoroughfare. The archway is crowned by a bronze chariot pulled by six horses (in Latin, a Three façades of Rastrelli’s grandiose palace face the Neva, the adjacent and its architecture seiuga ), bearing a winged figure of Glory. Carlo Rossi imagined a gigantic Admiralty and Palace Square respectively. The fourth façade is contiguous to column in the centre of the square and this vision was fulfilled when the the buildings of the Hermitage. -
The Tsars' CABINET
The Tsars’ Cabinet: Two Hundred Years of Russian Decorative Arts under the Romanovs The Tsars’ Cabinet: Two Hundred Years of Russian Decorative Arts under the Romanovs Education Packet Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………..2 Glossary……………………………………………...........5 Services…………………………………………………….7 The Romanov Dynasty.……………………………..............9 Meet the Romanovs……….……………………………….10 Speakers List...…………………………………..………...14 Bibliography……………………………………………….15 Videography……………………………………………….19 Children’s Activity…………………………………………20 The Tsars’ Cabinet: Two Hundred Years of Russian Decorative Arts under the Romanovs is developed from the Kathleen Durdin Collection and is organized by the Muscarelle Museum of Art at the College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, in collaboration with International Arts & Artists, Washington, DC. The Tsars’ Cabinet This exhibition illustrates more than two hundred years of Russian decorative arts: from the time of Peter the Great in the early eighteenth century to that of Nicolas II in the early twentieth century. Porcelain, glass, enamel, silver gilt and other alluring materials make this extensive exhibition dazzle and the objects exhibited provide a rare, intimate glimpse into the everyday lives of the tsars. The collection brings together a political and social timeline tied to an understanding of Russian culture. The Tsars’ Cabinet will transport you to a majestic era of progressive politics and dynamic social change. The Introduction of Porcelain to Russia During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, Europe had a passion for porcelain. It was not until 1709 that Johann Friedrich Böttger, sponsored by Augustus II (known as Augustus the Strong) was able to reproduce porcelain at Meissen, Germany. After Augustus II began manufacturing porcelain at the Meissen factory, other European monarchs attempted to establish their own porcelain factories. -
Russia's Empress-Navigator
Russia’s Empress-Navigator: Transforming Modes of Monarchy During the Reign of Anna Ivanovna, 1730-1740 Jacob Bell University of Illinois 2019 Winner of the James Madison Award for Excellence in Historical Scholarship The eighteenth century was a markedly volatile period in the history of Russia, seeing its development and international emergence as a European-styled empire. In narratives of this time of change, historians tend to view the century in two parts: the reign of Peter I (r. 1682-1725), who purportedly spurred Russia into modernization, and Catherine II (r. 1762-96), the German princess-turned-empress who presided over the culmination of Russia’s transformation. Yet, dismissal of nearly forty years of Russia’s history does a severe disservice to the sovereigns and governments that formed the process of change. Recently, Catherine Evtuhov turned her attention to investigating Russia under the rule of Elizabeth Petrovna (r. 1741-62), bolstering the conversation with a greater perspective of one of these “forgotten reigns,” but Elizabeth owed much to her post-Petrine predecessors. Specifically, Empress Anna Ivanovna (r. 1730-40) remains one of the most overlooked and underappreciated sovereigns of the interim between the “Greats.”1 Anna Ivanovna was born on February 7, 1693, the daughter of Praskovia Saltykova and Ivan V Alekseyvich (r. 1682-96), the son of Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich (r. 1645-1676). When Anna was 1 Anna’s patronymic is also transliterated as Anna Ioannovna. I elected to use “Ivanovna” to closer resemble modern Russian. Lindsey Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Catherine Evtuhov’s upcoming book is Russia in the Age of Elizabeth (1741-61). -
Anglo-Russian Relations, 1714-82
Gale Primary Sources Start at the source. Anglo-Russian Relations, 1714-82 Professor Jeremy Black University of Exeter Various source media, State Papers Online EMPOWER™ RESEARCH The nature of Anglo-Russian relations between 1714 Plenipotentiary, and a background of royal favour, and 1782 was such that a broad approach to sources, diplomatic experience, and the social and courtly skills such as that offered by State Papers Online: Eighteenth that went with being a son of an earl, that ushered in a Century Part IV, is necessary. The main State Papers period of high-ranking diplomats such as Sir Cyril Wych series on Russia, SP 91, contains the correspondence (envoy from 1742 to 1744), James, 2nd Lord Tyrawly, and of the ambassadors and envoys to Russia, however John, 3rd Earl of Hyndford, the last envoy in 1744-9. important information can be found in other SP Foreign Finch's official correspondence is particularly series as, due to the strains in bilateral relations, it is significant as his private papers in the Leicestershire often the case that key links occurred elsewhere in the Record Office are very disappointing. diplomatic system. Russia was not a pleasant posting. 'Who would marry a The general direction of Anglo-Russian relations was man that is going to Petersburg?' complained Wych in one of animosity to alliance and back to animosity. As 1741.[2] Hyndford claimed that his health had been such, there are parallels with relations between the two wrecked in Russia. In 1754, Joseph Yorke resisted states from the late 1940s to the present. Any such pressure to go to St Petersburg, while, arriving in diachronic comparisons face many problems, but the Russia in 1758, Robert Keith attempted to leave without significance of searching for 'lessons' from the past has success the following year and had to stay until 1762. -
About Ivan the Terrible
CK_5_TH_HG_P104_230.QXD 2/14/06 2:23 PM Page 211 Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great, had come to power as the Grand Prince of Moscow in 1462. During his reign of 43 years, he extended Moscow’s Teaching Idea control over a large area, annexing land from other city-states and from the Poles, Using Instructional Master 25, Czars Lithuanians, and Mongols. of Russia (1613–1917), have students The government was centralized and Ivan asserted his influence over the keep a chart of the czars, their dates, church. He surrounded himself with the splendor and ceremony befitting an and their accomplishments. emperor and adopted as the symbol of the czar the Byzantine symbol of the dou- ble eagle. Ivan’s reign laid the foundation for the later Russian state. Ivan IV Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, reigned from 1533 to 1584. He greatly expanded Russia’s borders, extending Russian rule throughout the Name Date Czars of Russia (1613–1917) Volga River Basin to the Caspian Sea and pushing across the Ural Mountains Mikhail Feodorovich Evdokia Lukianovna (1596–1645) Streshneva Study the family tree and use it to answer the questions on Master 25b. 1613–45 Alexei Mikhailovich Natalia Kirillovna NaryshkinaMaria Miloslavskaya into Siberia. His attempt to win a foothold on the Baltic Sea was less success- (1629–76) 1645–76 Sofia Charlotta Sofia Alexeena Feodor Alexeevich Ivan V Praskovia Saltykova (1657–1704) Evdokia (1661–82)Fedorovna Lopuhina (1666–96) ful. The Swedes and Poles defeated the Russian forces. 1682–89 1676–82 1682–96 Peter the Great Ekaterina Skawronska (1672–1725) 1682–1725 Czarevich Alexei Unknown Anna Ivanovna Petrovich (1693–1740) Ivan earned his nickname because of his cruelty. -
1 Peter the Great: the Evolution of His Image in Russian History And
1 Peter the Great: The Evolution of His Image in Russian History and Thought A Thesis Presented for the Bachelor of Arts Degree University of Florida Sydney Disdier May 2019 2 Acknowledgements There are so many people to thank for helping me during this last semester. So many have made this process a lot easier that I thought it was going to be. It is therefore my honor to express my deepest thanks to those who have made this thesis possible. First, I would like to thank Dr. Galina Rylkova for her guidance, encouragement, and patience over the last semester. Thank you so much for encouraging me to continue with my research. Your support was essential to my success here. I am deeply indebted to my respected teachers and other members of the Russian department for their invaluable help in preparing this thesis. My sincerest thanks go to my friends for their continuous support during this project. My joy knows no bounds in expressing my cordial gratitude to my best friend Sarah Larson. Her encouragement and moral support were a great help throughout the course of this research. I could not have done it without you. Lastly, I owe my deepest gratitude to my mother Sandra Disdier. You worked so hard to help me achieve my dreams, and for that I thank you so much. Without you, none of this work would have even been possible. 3 Abstract Every nation has its historical figures who rose to the status of mythological heroes. In our remembrance of them, these people have been given praise and the chance to live forever in the image of their work. -
Catherine the Great (1729–1796)
7 ••• Catherine the Great (1729–1796) HILDE HOOGENBOOM As Empress Catherine the Great forged her own Russian identity, so did Russia. During Catherine’s reign from 1762 to 1796, Russia discovered itself not only as European, but as a multinational and multiconfessional empire, and as Russian. A German, Catherine, with her legendary practicality, Russified herself, and at the same time promoted her- self as a European ruler and Russia as a European nation. Yet she also inherited a vast Eurasian empire that doubled its population under her rule; until 1991, Russians and Russian Orthodox believers would make up less than fifty percent of its inhabitants. By the end of the eighteenth century, these tensions between Russia as a nation and as a diverse empire would come under pressure from new nationalist ideals. After she arrived in Russia on February 9, 1744, at age fourteen from a small German state, Princess Sophie Auguste Frederike von Anhalt-Zerbst converted from Lutheranism to Russian Orthodoxy on June 28, became Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseevna, and began to learn Russian; over a year later, on August 21, 1745, she married the heir to the throne. She was crowned Empress Catherine II on September 22, 1762, after she took power in a coup d’état on June 28 against her husband, Peter III (b. 1728, r. 1761–62)—the nephew of Empress Elizabeth I (b. 1709, r. 1741–61)— who was murdered. Peter III was half German, the son of Elizabeth’s sister Anna and Charles Frederick, the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and showed his devotion to King Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia (b. -
S T . P E T E R S B U R G a T 3
Triumph Over Adversity S t . P e t e r S burg at 300 en thousand years before Tsar Peter the Great founded for living. Peter was determined to imitate what he had seen in the great St. Petersburg, it lay under more than 1,000 meters of ice. seaports of London and Amsterdam, where he had studied shipbuilding. Then, just as the first great civilizations began to flourish Where Russians saw only wilderness, the tsar imagined a city at the door- in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, a reced- step of Europe, a cornerstone in the foundation of a modern nation. ing glacial sea—the Baltic—flooded the territory of the The tsar’s appetite for the fruits of the Enlightenment—the architec- modern-day city, leaving in its wake a river, the Neva, a ture, science, industry, customs, and dress of Europe—was as insatiable mere youngster in geological time. Over the millennia, as his desire to control the Baltic, which he wrested from the Swedes Nomadic Finns fished its waters, but they never settled the endless, on May 12, 1703. Four days later, he laid the foundation for the Peter and sometimesT poisonous, marshes and flat wastes beyond its banks. As a Paul Fortress on Hare Island, near where the Neva splits into its two main legacy, they left little more than remnants of their language, including branches. According to legend, Peter dug two clumps of dirt with a bayo- the Finnish word for mud—Neva. net. Laying the sod crosswise, he proclaimed: "Here shall be a town." That St. -
Portrait of a Youth in a Powdered Wig, Probably Tsarina Elizabeth I Petrovna Oil on Canvas 60.3 X 48.2 Cm (23¾ X 29 In)
Attributed to Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (Moscow c.1680 - 1742) Portrait of a Youth in a Powdered Wig, probably Tsarina Elizabeth I Petrovna oil on canvas 60.3 x 48.2 cm (23¾ x 29 in) The fair complexion of the sitter, dressed here in a coat of green velvet trimmed with gold fringe and a powdered wig, and her subtle expression of amusement and defiance, give the unmistakable impression of a woman in men’s clothing. The painting was traditionally thought to portray Catherine the Great of Russia. However, the likeness seems closer to that of Tsarina Elizabeth I Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine’s predecessor. In a portrait of Elizabeth by Carle Van Loo (1705-1765) her oval face, languid eyes and delicate features are identical to that of the woman portrayed by Ivan Nikitich Nikitin (1760, Peterhof Palace). Given her famed beauty as well as a love of material excess and spectacle, it seems fitting that the Tsarina be portrayed in such a provocative manner. Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1762) reigned as Tsarina of Russia from 1741 until her death. The second eldest daughter of Peter the Great (1672-1725) and Catherine I (1684-1727) she was proclaimed a Tsarina in 1721.¹ Although her father had ambitious marriage plans for her, she remained officially unmarried throughout her life. An attempt to marry Elizabeth into the French Bourbon dynasty through a union with the young French King Louis XV proved successful while her betrothal to Prince Karl Augustus 125 Kensington Church Street, London W8 7LP United Kingdom www.sphinxfineart.com Telephone +44(0)20 7313 8040 Fax: +44 (0)20 7229 3259 VAT registration no 926342623 Registered in England no 06308827 of Holstein-Gottorp was ill-fated as he died several days after the ceremony. -
Exploring St. Petersburg a Workshop for Teachers a History of St. Petersburg Through Its Architecture
EXPLORING ST. PETERSBURG A WORKSHOP FOR TEACHERS A HISTORY OF ST. PETERSBURG THROUGH ITS ARCHITECTURE SATURDAY, OCTOBER 11, 2003 (Photo – Jack Kollman) Lesson Plans by Tracey Vandusen Ann Arbor Public Schools Pioneer High School Ann Arbor, MI [email protected] Architecture CD Sylvia Meloche and Yevgeniya Kleyman For information on other teaching materials and workshops, Contact Sylvia M. Meloche Outreach Coordinator Center for Russian & East European Studies The University of Michigan 1080 S. University, Suite 4668 Ann Arbor MI 48104 tel: 734.647.4185 [email protected] http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/crees/ Table of Contents General Notes on Lesson Plans………………………………………………………1 Lesson One: The Rise of Russia through Peter the Great……………………………2 Lesson Two: Introduction to St. Petersburg………………………………………….9 Lesson Three: Introduction to the Architectural Styles in St. Petersburg…………..14 Lesson Four: The 300th Anniversary Tour Contest…………………………………16 Lesson Five: Exploring Tsarskoye Selo…………………………………………….19 Lesson Six: The Winter Palace: “If These Walls Could Speak….”…………………30 Lesson Seven: St. Petersburg v. Moscow: The Slavophile/Westernizer Debate……34 Lesson Eight: The Mystery of the Church of Our Savior n Spilled Blood………….39 Lesson Nine: The Revolutionary Scene in St. Petersburg…………………………..42 Lesson Ten: The Siege of Leningrad………………………………………………..47 Social Studies Content Standards and Benchmarks (High School) Met by Lesson Plans ……………………………………………………………………………………….53 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………55 Interactive Timeline………………………………………………………………….56 General Notes on Lesson Plans 1. The lesson plans for “The History of St. Petersburg through architecture are generally designed for late middle/high school, but can be shortened/simplified for middle school students. 2. Subject areas which may be appropriate for these lesson plans include: World History, World Cultures, Western Civilization, Art History 3.