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Analisis Perkembangan Ekonomi Bidang Ketenagakerjaan Provinsi Sumatera Utara

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Analisis Perkembangan Ekonomi Bidang Ketenagakerjaan Provinsi Sumatera Utara FORUM KEUANGAN DAN BISNIS INDONESIA (FKBI), 6 , 2017, 417-432 FORUM KEUANGAN DAN BISNIS INDONESIA (FKBI) When Fintech Meets Accounting : Opportunity and Risk ISBN 978-602-17225-7-2. http://fkbi.akuntansi.upi.edu/ Analisis Perkembangan Ekonomi Bidang Ketenagakerjaan Provinsi Sumatera Utara Prawidya Hariani RS Ekonomi Pembangunan- Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara – Medan Jalan Kapten Mukhtar Basri No. 3 Medan - 20238 [email protected] Abstract. Indonesia's macroeconomic condition shown the unemployment rate is still above 4% or above the normal unemployment rate. The employment trends of the province North Sumatra, the LFPR (Labor Force Participation Rate) continue to increase, but the unemployment rate for the last 31 years actually rose by 8.29%. Main objective of studies to estimate data panel to see how the effect of GRDP and real wage (W) on the cities and districts of North Sumatera on Manpower Absorption (PTK). Furthermore, the study conducted mapping of the region using Klassen Tipology to compare the rate of economic growth with the growth of labor absorption. The cross section data were 33 regencys and cities, while the time series was 10 years, from 2005-2014. The result of estimation by OLS method, then F-test equal to 685,5 where PDRB and W simultaneously have positive and significant effect to PTK. T-test shows that PDRB has positive effect while W is negative and significant to PTK. The result of Klassen Tipology shows that the Batubara Regency and City of Tebing Tinggi were included in the area in Quadrant III where Economic Growth and PTK are low compared to North Sumatra. Keywords: GDRP; klassen tipology; manpower absorption; real wages. Abstrak. Kondisi makro ekonomi Indonesia menunjukkan tingkat pengangguran masih diatas 4% atau diatas tingkat pengangguran normal. Trend ketenagakerjaan provinsi Sumatera Utara, TPAK (Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja) terus mengalami peningkatan, tapi tingkat pengangguran selama 31 tahun terakhir justru naik sebesar 8,29%. Tujuan utama penelitian melakukan estimasi dengan panel data untuk melihat bagaimana pengaruh PDRB dan upah riil (W) pada kota dan kabupaten se-Sumatera Utara terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja (PTK). Selanjutnya, penelitian melakukan pemetaan wilayah dengan menggunakan Tipologi Klassen untuk membandingkan laju pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan pertumbuhan penyerapan tenaga kerja se- Sumatera Utara. Data cross section nya 33 kabupaten dan kota, sedangkan time series sebanyak 10 tahun, dari tahun 2005-2014. Hasil estimasi dengan metode OLS, maka Uji-F sebesar 685,5 dimana PDRB dan W secara simultan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PTK. Uji-t menunjukkan bahwa PDRB berpengaruh positif sedangkan W negatif dan signifikan terhadap PTK. Hasil Tipologi Klassen menunjukkan bahwa Kabupaten Batubara dan Kota Tebing Tinggi termasuk dalam wilayah di kuadran III dimana Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan PTK rendah jika dibandingkan dengan Sumatera Utara. Kata Kunci: PDRB; Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja; Tipologi Klassen; Upah riil. Corresponding author. Jalan Kapten Mukhtar Basri No. 3 Medan. [email protected] Copyright©2017. Prosiding Forum Keuangan dan Bisnis Indonesia (FKBI). Program Studi Akuntansi Fakultas Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia 417| Forum Keuangan dan Bisnis Indonesia (FKBI) | VI | 2017 PRAWIDYA HARIANI RS/Analisis Perkembangan Ekonomi Bidang Ketenagakerjaan Provinsi Sumatera Utara PENDAHULUAN memerlukan sinergi dan koordinasi antara pemerintah daerah serta masyarakatnya dalam Pembangunan ekonomi melibatkan mengelola SDM yang ada. Koordinasi dan sumber daya manusia (SDM) sebagai salah sinergi antara pemerintah daerah dan satu pelaku pembangunan. Jumlah penduduk masyarakatnya dapat berupa pembentukan yang besar tidak selalu menjamin pola kemitraan untuk menciptakan suatu keberhasilan pembangunan bahkan menjadi lapangan kerja baru guna memacu beban bagi keberlangsungan pembangunan pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. tersebut. Jumlah penduduk yang besar dan Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara tidak sebanding dengan ketersediaan lapangan berkembang yang memulai pembangunan kerja justru menyebabkan tingginya angka secara terarah dan intensif pada zaman Orde pengangguran. Baru yang diawali pada program Pelita I. Perluasan penyerapan tenaga kerja Ketimpangan antar daerah muncul seiring (selanjutnya disingkat menjadi PTK) dengan pelaksanaan pembangunan ekonomi diperlukan untuk mengimbangi laju di Indonesia. Ketimpangan ini terjadi karena pertambahan penduduk golongan usia yang pertumbuhan dan pembangunan ekonomi masuk ke pasar tenaga kerja. Pengangguran tidak terjadi secara serempak dan merata pada mengakibatkan naiknya beban keluarga, semua daerah di Indonesia. Ketidakmerataan sehingga mendorong bertambahnya jumlah tampak secara spasial di Indonesia antara orang miskin dan tingkat kriminalitas serta Pulau Jawa dengan luar Pulau Jawa (Kuncoro, menghambat pembangunan ekonomi dalam 2004). jangka panjang.Pembangunan ekonomi daerah merupakan suatu proses yang Tabel 1 Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Pulau SumateraTahun 2009-2013 (persen) Provinsi 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Rata- rata NAD -5.51 2.74 4.84 5.14 4.18 2.28 Sumatera Utara 5.07 6.42 6.63 6.22 6.01 6.07 Sumatera Barat 4.28 5.94 6.26 6.38 6.18 5.81 Riau 2.97 4.21 5.04 3.54 2.61 3.67 Jambi 6.39 7.35 8.54 7.44 7.88 7.52 Sumatera Selatan 4.11 5.63 6.5 6.01 5.98 5.65 Bengkulu 5.62 6.1 6.46 6.6 6.21 6.2 Lampung 5.26 5.88 6.43 6.53 5.97 6.02 Bangka Belitung 3.74 5.99 6.5 5.73 5.29 5.45 Kepulauan Riau 3.52 7.19 6.66 6.82 6.13 6.07 Sumber: BPS Indonesia Ketidakmerataan juga terjadi antar pertumbuhan ekonomi yang positif dan daerah di Pulau Sumatera yang merupakan melebihi pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. salah satu pulau yang kaya dengan hasil bumi Salah satu masalah yang cukup serius Indonesia dan termasuk pulau terbesar dihadapi Sumatera Utara dewasa ini adalah keenam di dunia. Ketimpangan pembangunan masalah pengangguran. Jumlah penganggur antar wilayah dapat dilihat dari perbedaan dan setengah penganggur mengalami tingkat kesejahteraan nilai PDRB/kapita dan peningkatan. Sebaliknya pengangguran dan pertumbuhan ekonomi antar wilayah. setengah pengangguran yang tinggi Sumatera Utara merupakan salah satu provinsi merupakan pemborosan SDM dan menjadi di Pulau Sumatera yang berhasil mencatatkan beban keluarga serta masyaraka sehingga 418 | Forum Keuangan dan Bisnis Indonesia (FKBI) | VI | 2017 FORUM KEUANGAN DAN BISNIS INDONESIA (FKBI), 6 , 2017, 000-000 meningkatkan kemiskinan, dapat mendorong Besarnya penyediaan tenaga kerja peningkatan keresahan sosial dan kriminal, (supply-side) di masyarakat adalah jumlah dan dapat menghambat pembangunan dalam orang yang menawarkan jasanya untuk proses jangka panjang (Depnakertrans, 2004). produksi barang dan jasa. Mereka dinamakan Pertumbuhan ekonomi Sumatera Utara golongan yang bekerja, sebagian lain cenderung meningkat, namun peningkatan tergolong yang siap bekerja dan sedang tersebut belum diikuti dengan pengurangan berusaha mencari kerja, mereka dinamakan laju pengangguran. Meningkatnya angka pencari kerja atau penganggur. Jumlah yang pengangguran disebabkan karena bekerja dan mencari kerja dinamakan ketidakseimbangan pertumbuhan angkatan angkatan kerja atau labor force. Jumlah orang kerja dan penciptaan kesempatan kerja. yang bekerja tergantung dari besarnya Adanya kesenjangan antara angkatan kerja permintaan (demand-side) dalam masyarakat. dan lapangan kerja tersebut berdampak Permintaan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kegiatan terhadap perpindahan tenaga kerja (migrasi) ekonomi dan tingkat upah dalam baik secara spasial antara desa-kota Simanjuntak, (1998). (urbanisasi) maupun secara sektoral. Sektor Indikator Tenaga Kerja dalam lapangan usaha memiliki peran atau literature ketenagakerjaan, menggunakan kontribusi dalam PTK di suatu daerah. beberapa indikator yang menggambarkan Kontribusi yang besar terhadap pembentukan situasi ketenagakerjaan pada suatu negara atau PDRB tidak menggambarkan bahwa sektor daerah dalam Kuncoro (2002) yakni : tersebut mampu menampung tenaga kerja Pertama, Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja yang banyak. (TPAK) menggambarkan jumlah angkatan Berdasarkan latar belakang maka kerja dalam suatu kelompok umur sebagai masalah yang akan dirumuskan adalah persentase penduduk dalam kelompok umur bagaimana variable PDRB dan tingkat upah tersebut, yaitu membandingkan angkatan mempengaruhi PTK formal di kabupaten kota kerja dengan tenaga kerja. Untuk menghitung se-Sumatera Utara, serta ketimpangan TPAK dapat digunakan rumus sebagai penyerapan tenaga kerja antar wilayah. berikut: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis perkembangan ekonomi bidang (1-1) ketenagakerjaan di Kabupaten dan Kota di Propinsi Sumatera Utara dengan melakukan estimasi dari variable yang mempengaruhi Kedua, Angka Penyerapan Angkatan Kerja PTK, serta mengukur ketimpangan dan (employment rate) APAK adalah angka yang pemetaan ketenaga kerjaan kota kabupaten di menunjukkan berapa banyak jumlah angkatan Sumatera Utara. kerja yang menyatakan sedang bekerja pada saat pencacahan, dapat dihitung dengan rumus KAJIAN LITERATUR sebagai berikut: Simanjutak (1998), mendefinisikan penduduk yang berumur 10 tahun atau lebih (2-2) yang sudah atau yang sedang bekerja, yang sedang mencari pekerjaan, dan sedang melaksanakan kegiatan lain seperti sekolah Ketiga, Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) dan mengurus rumah tangga. Menurut adalah indikasi tentang penduduk usia kerja Dumairy (1996) menyatakan pekerja adalah yang termasuk kelompok pengangguran.
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