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Diversity of Morphological Character and Relationship of Gelugur Acid (Garcinia Atroviridis Griff

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Diversity of Morphological Character and Relationship of Gelugur Acid (Garcinia Atroviridis Griff Jurnal Agroekoteknologi FP USU E-ISSN No. 2337- 659 Vol.6.No.3, Juli 2018 (81): 582- 591 Keragaman Karakter Morfologis dan Hubungan Kekerabatan Asam Gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders) di Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten Batubara di Sumatera Utara Diversity of Morphological Character and Relationship of Gelugur Acid (Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Ex T. Anders) in Asahan Regency and Batubara Regency in North Sumatra Widia Febrianti, Eva Sartini Bayu*, Revandy Iskandar M. Damanik Program Studi Agroteknologi, Fakultas Pertanian USU, Medan 20155 *Corresponding author : [email protected] ABSTRACT This research aims to identify morphological character and relation plant of acid gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Ex T. Anders) that exist in Regency of Asahan and Regency of Batubara in North Sumatera. This research was conducted in Asahan and Batubara regency in February-April 2017 with survey method using IPGRI gelmatic descriptors guide. Sampling technique is accidental sampling. The results showed that in three regencies of Sumatera Utara there were 20 accessions of gelugur acid that identified Asahan Regency there were 9 accessions and there were 11 accessions of Batubara Regency. Result of morphological characterization for crown shape (pyramid, round, longitudinal and pattern-shaped), stem surface (slippery, coarse, very coarse), leaf (jorong, elongated, lanceolate), flower (female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers) , Evenly, longitude, longitude). The lowest dissimilarity value or the closest kinship relationship in Asahan and Batubara regency is 1,390 with 4 differences from 19 qualitative characters and the highest dissimilarity value or the furthest kinship relationship in Asahan and Batubara regency is 63,636 with 7 differences from 19 qualitative characters Keywords : garcinia atroviridis, identification, kinship relationship, morphologycal characteristics ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi karakter morfologis dan hubungan kekerabatan tanaman asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Ex T. Anders) yang ada di di Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten Batubara di Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten Batubara pada bulan Februari-April 2017 dengan metode survei menggunakan panduan deskriptor asam gelugur IPGRI. Teknik pengambilan sampel secara accidental sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di tiga Kabupaten Sumatera Utara terdapat 20 aksesi asam gelugur yang diidentifikasi Kabupaten Asahan terdapat 9 aksesi dan Kabupaten Batubara terdapat 11 aksesi. Hasil karakterisasi morfologis untuk bentuk tajuk (piramida, bulat panjang, membujur dan berbentuk pola), permukaan batang (licin, kasar, sangat kasar), daun (jorong, memanjang, lanset), bunga (bunga betina dan bunga hermaprodit), buah (bulat, merata, bujur telur, bujur Hubungan kekerabatan terjauh di Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten Batubara dengan nilai dissimilarity sebesar 63.636 dimana terdapat 7 perbedaan dari 19 karakter kualitatif sedangakan hubungan kekerabatan terdekat di Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten Batubara memiliki nilai dissimilarity sebesar 0,622 dengan 4 perbedaan dari 19 karakter kualitatif Kata kunci : asam gelugur, hubungan kekerabatan, identifikasi, karakteristik morfologi 582 Jurnal Agroekoteknologi FP USU E-ISSN No. 2337- 659 Vol.6.No.3, Juli 2018 (81): 582- 591 PENDAHULUAN Asam hidroksisitrat (HCA) (asam 1,2- dihidroksi-propana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat) Tanaman marga Garcinia tersebar dalam buah asam gelugur akan di daerah tropis Asia. Jenisnya yang menghambat secara kompetitif kerja enzim banyak dikenal, yaitu Garcinia cambogia (Mackeen, 1998). ATP-sitrat liase yang umumnya dijumpai di India bagian berfungsi mengubah asam sitrat menjadi selatan, sedangkan jenis lainnya, yaitu asetil koenzim A (Lewis and Neelakantan, Garcinia atroviridis (asam gelugur) 1965). umumnya dijumpai didaerah Semenanjung Informasi mengenai keragaman Malaya. Tanaman ini termasuk ke dalam sangat diperlukan dalam program bangsa Guttiferales dan suku Guttiferae pemuliaan tanaman, karena dengan yang tingginya bisa mencapai 20 m semakin tersedianya informasi tersebut, (Jansen, 1992). semakin mudah dalam menentukan Di Indonesia Garcinia tergolong kedudukan atau kekerabatan antar varietas tumbuhan yang banyak tersebar dan yang dapat dijadikan sebagai dasar seleksi merupakan bagian penting dari komposisi tanaman. Metode pendekatan kualitatif dan hutan.Di hutan sering di jumpai sebagai kuantitatif yang digunakan dalam studi tumbuhan pada lapisan kedua (second penelitian ini adalah melakukan storey) berdasarkan ketinggian pohon. pengamatan langsung berbagai informasi Berdasarkan data yang ada di Herbarium di lapangan mengenai berbagai jenis Bogoriense di Indonesia terdapat sekitar tanaman yang dibudidayakan. Menurut 100 jenis Garcinia. Di dunia jumlahnya Connole (1993) memberikan batasan diperkirakan mencapai 400 jenis.Ini berarti bahwa penelitian kualitatif adalah sekitar seperempat jenis Garcinia dunia penelitian yang memfokuskan pada terdapat di kawasan Indonesia (Te-chato, kegiatan-kegiatan mengidentifikasi, 2007). mendokumentasi dan mengetahuinya Daerah penyebaran asam gelugur dengan cara interpretasi. di Indonesia adalah dari Aceh hingga Hubungan kekerabatan genetik Sumatera Selatan. Asam gelugur selama antar genotip dalam populasi dapat diukur ini dikategorikan oleh masyarakat berdasarkan kesamaan sejumlah karakter Sumatera Utara atas dua macam jenis yang berbeda dari suatu individu, buah, yaitu asam gelugur tipe batu dan tipe menggambarkan perbedaan susunan air. Asam gelugur tipe batu berukuran genetiknya (Rosmayati, et al., 2012). kecil, sedangkan asam gelugur tipe air Karakterisasi merupakan kegiatan penting berukuran besar dan mengandung lebih dalam pengelolahan plasma nutfah yang banyak air (Hutajulu dan Eddy, 2014). digunakan untuk menyusun deskripsi Asam gelugur merupakan tanaman varietas dalam rangka seleksi tetua untuk yang telah lama ada di daerah ini, namun mengidentifikasi jenis atau varietas suatu pemanfaatannya hanya untuk keperluan tanaman, tetapi juga menentukan saja yang sederhana. Buah Asam Gelugur hubungan genetik dan kekerabatan di daerah Sumatera Utara terutama diantara aksesi tanaman tersebut. Besar digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai bahan kecilnya keragaman genetik plasma nutfah makanan. Umumnya buah asam ini asam gelugur berdasarkan sifat-sifat dipotong menjadi tipis-tipis, lalu dijemur morfologi dapat mendukung program dan setelah kering dipakai sebagai pemuliaan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka campuran sayuran (Subuea, et al., 2012). perlu dilakukan identifikasi terhadap Kandungan buah asam gelugur karakter-karakter morfologis dan antara lain asam sitrat, asam malat, dan hubungan kekerabatan tanaman asam asam askorbat yang memupunyai suatu gelugur yang terdapat di beberapa aktivitas antioksidan (Dweckdata, 2010). Kabupaten Sumatera Utara. 583 Jurnal Agroekoteknologi FP USU E-ISSN No. 2337- 659 Vol.6.No.3, Juli 2018 (81): 582- 591 BAHAN DAN METODE morfologis yang diamati berupa karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dua Data karakter 19 kualitatif Kabupaten penghasil asam gelugur yaitu morfologi ditabulasikan kemudian Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten dilakukan analisis hubungan kekerabatan Batubara. Penelitian ini dimulai dari bulan menggunakan program IBM SPSS Februari sampai dengan April 2017. (Statistical Package for the Social Bahan yang digunakan dalam Sciences) versi 21 dengan analisis penelitian ini adalah 20 aksesi asam gerombol (cluster) digunakan untuk gelugur yang ada di dua Kabupaten di mengelompokkan data observasi yang Sumatera Utara yaitu Kabupaten Asahan hanya berdasarkan pada informasi yang meliputi kecamatan Air Joman, Silo Laut, ditemukan dalam data, dimana data Setia Janji, Pulau Bandring, dan tersebut harus menggambarkan observasi Kabupaten Batubara meliputi kecamatan dan hubungannya. Teknik yang digunakan Air Putih, Lima Puluh, Talawi. Alat yang adalah Agglomerative Hierarchical digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Clustering, metode average linkage kamera (Nikon D5300), meteran, jangka (beetween group) dengan jarak euclidien sorong, timbangan, kain putih, label, GPS, sebagai berikut. kuesioner dan alat tulis. Metode menggunakan metode survey yaitu mengidentifikasi karakteristik √∑ asam gelugur yang ada di dua Kabupaten di Sumatera Utara secara langsung ke dengan: lapangan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai jarak antara objek dengan objek alat pengumpulan data. Setelah data nilai objek pada peubah ke diperoleh kemudian hasilnya akan nilai objek pada peubah ke dipaparkan secara deskriptif, sifat dan jumlah variabel cluster hubungan antar gejala dengan penelitian (Mongi, 2015). penjelasan. Kemudian hasil analisis tersebut Pelaksanaan penelitian di mulai ditampilkan dalam bentuk dendrogam. dari penentuan lokasi penelitian Adapun peubah amatan yang berdasarkan informasi yang diperoleh dari diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, panjang masyarakat mengenai daerah pertanaman batangbentuk tajuk, warna daun muda, asam gelugur. Berdasarkan informasi yang warna daun tua, panjang daun, lebar daun, diperoleh diketahui bahwa daerah bentuk daun, ukuran bunga, kedudukan penghasil asam gelugur terdapat di bunga, warna kelopak bunga, warna Kabupaten Asahan dan Kabupaten mahkota bunga, bentuk buah, warna buah Batubara. masak. Kemudian dilakukan pengambilan sampel di beberapa kecamatan di dua HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Kabupaten tersebut. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan melalui sampling kebetulan Hasil survey yang dilakukan di dua (accidental sampling). Berdasarkan sampel Kabupaten
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