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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57162-3 — The Cambridge History of Science Edited by Alexander Jones , Liba Taub Index More Information INDEX Aaboe, Asger 26 external testimonies 471 abacus 613 future research 480–2 prototypes 559 historiography 469–70 Abusir papyrus 105 ingredients 474 Abydos, Egypt initiation into 479 Osireion temple 137, 139 occultism of 479–80 tomb Uj 103 origin of word 469 accounting origins 468 and development of writing 59 papyrus compilations 470 new book-keeping system (Ur) 60 and philosophy 469 Achaemenid Empire 488 processes 474 Acron of Acragas, Empiricist 332 and production of gold 474, 476 addiction, Aristotle on 313 as revealed religion 480 Adrastus of Aphrodisias 442, 443–4 sources for 470–1 Advaita Vedānta 533 texts and authors 471–4 Aelius Aristides 317 theorization of 473 Aeschylus 450 theory of transmutation 476–8 “Aetna” poem 269 and unity of matter 471, 473, 476, 477, afterlife, celestial, Egyptian 131 478 Agatharchides 410 Alcinous, Didaskalikos 262 Agathinus, Claudius 336 alembic, alchemical distillation apparatus Agathodiamon 472 475, 477 Agniveśa 543 Alexander of Aphrodisias 188, 340 Agrippa, astronomer 395 and Aristotle’s celestial spheres 283 agronomists, Roman 238 commentaries of 279, 280, 282 Ahmose, pharaoh of Egypt 113 Alexander the Great 241, 316, 455, 503 air, Anaximenes’s concept of 167 death (323 BCE) 248, 322 aither (fiery material), role in Stoicism 259, 260 rout of Darius III 17 Akhethotep, scribe 106 Alexandria 321 Akkadian language 60 anatomy in 325–31 alchemy, Chinese 592–3 Hippocratic Corpus at 304, 323 alchemy, Greco-Egyptian 468–82 Library 249, 323 apparatus for 475, 476 medicine in 322–5 black Corinthian bronze 472, 475, 481 Museum (Mouseion) 249, 323 chemical recipes 471–2 teaching of pagan philosophy 279 and divine water 477 algebra esoterism 479–80 cubic problems 69 617 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57162-3 — The Cambridge History of Science Edited by Alexander Jones , Liba Taub Index More Information 618 Index algebra (cont.) Anonymous of Zuretti Byzantine alchemical Greek arithmetics and algebraic thinking treatise 474 359–63 Anonymus Londiniensis 302n, 310 second-degree geometrical 61, 63, 66–8 Antikythera Mechanism 376, 377, 382, 385 symbolic abbreviations 362 eclipse predictions 396 third-degree problems 68 Antioch 322 and unknown number 362 Antiochus of Ascalon 261 algorithms Antiochus I, king of Commagene, horoscope Chinese 557, 559, 571 frieze 378 Egypt 110 Antiphon the Sophist 176 Greek 370, 397 Apollonius of Citium 326 Indian 511, 518, 521, 528, 529 Apollonius Mys, On the haeresis of Herophilus 332 Almanacs Apollonius of Perga, mathematician 351, Mesopotamian astronomical 12, 92–3 356–9, 388 Normal Star 92 Conics 357–8 Amazons 408 Cutting off a Ratio 358 Amenemhet, Egyptian official 138 and Euclid 358 Amenemope/Mapu, Egyptian scribe 115 field of analysis 357, 358 Ammianus Marcellinus 411, 467 Apollonius of Tyana 262 19 382 Ammis˙aduqa, King of Babylon Apseudes, Archon of Athens Ammonius 208, 278, 279, 281, 395 Apuleius, Apologia 414 Amphiaraus, healer 299 aqueducts 321 amulets 12, 55n Arab mathematics 72 analogy, Epicurean use of 257, 258 Arab world, alchemy in 468, 473 anatomy Aratus of Soli, Phainomena 269, 375, 383 Alexandrian tradition 325–31 Arcesilaus, head of Academy 261 and Aristotle’s knowledge of 230, 308, 324 Archagathus, doctor 317, 334 Buddhist 539 Archelaus, On the Divine Art (alchemy) 473 and dissection 230, 235, 308–9, 323–5 Archelaus, natural philosopher 176 Egyptian medical knowledge 124–5 Archidamus, king of Sparta 455 limitations of Babylonian knowledge 41, 49 Archigenes of Apamea 337 and surgery 337 Archimedes 274, 352, 353–6, 372 Vedic 537 astronomic observations 394 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae 171–3, 215 Cattle Problem 270, 274 and meteor (467 BC) 173 celebrity status 249, 263 Anaximander of Miletus, geographer 164–6, 215, On Conoids and Spheroids 355 386, 402 On the Equilibria of Planar Figures 355, 457 map of world 404 and Euclid 354 Anaximenes of Miletus 167, 215, 404 On Floating Bodies 457 Andreas of Carystus, doctor-historian 323, 333 on heliocentric hypothesis 391 Andromachus 321 and legacy 276 Anepigraph, commentator 473 Measurement of the Circle 356 animals mechanical devices 456–8 Aristotle’s classification 222–4 mechanics 355 Aristotle’s theory of reproduction 227–9 mensuration 355 constitutional hierarchy (Aristotle) 225 Method 355 heart and lung 230, 231, 234 and numbers 274, 354 likeness and difference of parts 221–2 On Spiral Lines 355 male and female contributions 228 on optics 414 necks 232 and principle of balance 355, 457 non-uniform parts 222, 226 and principle of displacement 457 physiognomic similarities to humans 53n, 53 and principle of lever 457 uniform parts 221, 226 Quadradure of the Parabola 355, 457 Ankhtifi, Egyptian nomarch 107, 109 The Sand-Reckoner 275, 354, 368, 375, 379 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57162-3 — The Cambridge History of Science Edited by Alexander Jones , Liba Taub Index More Information Index 619 On the Sphere and the Cylinder 263, 354, 355 and size of oikoumenē 408 the Stomachion 354 sublunary physics 189, 190–1, 192, 283 volume of sphere 458 systematic study of life 192–4 Archimedes Palimpsest 354 and medicine 305 architecture teleology 225, 226 laws to encourage training in 466 and Thales 164 and mechanics 462, 465–6 theory of matter 186, 197–201 Archytas of Tarentum 348, 349, 364, 447 theory of motion 204–6, 283 and diatonic tetrachord system 436–7 theory of place 208–10 mathematical harmonics 428 theory of time 210–14 mathematical mechanics 451 theory of vision 415 Ārdharātrikapaksa school 497 theory of weight 202–4 Aretaeus of Cappadocia 336 use of collected information 253, 254 Aristaeus 351 writings: Aristarchus of Samos 270, 275, 352 Categories 208–9 heliocentric hypothesis 379, 391 De sensu 415 observations 394 Generation of Animals 227–9 On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon On Generation and Corruption 199, 201, 275, 368, 375, 391 214, 280 Aristides Quintilianus 429, 432 On the Heaven 191 De musica 441, 442 History of Animals 181, 220–5, 229–31 Aristobulus 241 On the Length and Shortness of Life 185 Aristotle 181–95, 261 Meteorology 189, 192 and alchemy 477 rainbow 413 alteration and substantial change 198–9 Nicomachean Ethics 313 retention-replacement model 198 Parts of Animals 183, 185, 192, 218, 225–7, astronomical geometry 387 231–3 and calculations of size of heavenly bodies 270 and anatomy 308 celestial physics 189, 190–1, 283 On Philosophy 201 commentaries on 279, 280, 282 Physics 186, 194, 208–9 and concepts of form and matter 186 optics in 413 death (322 BCE) 248 Posterior Analytics 187, 194, 217, 218 denial of existence of void 203, 206–8 commentaries on 281, 282 forms of theoretical knowledge 184 Prior Analytics 217, 282 general and special physics 186–9 On the Progression of the Animals 185 and harmonics 439 On Respiration 233–6 and infinity 211, 212–13 On the Soul (De Anima) 193, 415, 416 and Ionian theories of matter 168 On Youth and Old Age 233 library of texts 249 zoological writings 219–20 and mathematics 352, 364 and legacy of zoological work 216–17, 236–7 on mechanics 451 philosophy of zoology 217–19 nature of light 287 Aristotle, Pseudo- on perception 287 Mechanical Problems 305, 415, 452–3 physical theory 196–214 On Plants 238 physics 184–6, 194 and physiognomy 53 on plants 245 Aristotle’s Lyceum (Peripatos) 181, 248, 252, and predecessors 196 253–6 problemata texts 255 study of medicine 305, 322 see also Peripatetics reputation Aristoxenus 332 in antiquity 182–4, 188, 194 Elementa harmonica 432 influence in Middle Ages 195 and empirical harmonics 429, 432–4, 439, 441 late ancient study of 279 arithmetic 72, 262, 278 on respiration (case study) 229–36 Egyptian applied 151–2 scientific method 217, 218–19, 224, 253, 281–2 Greek arithmetics 359–63 scope of study 182 practical Greek 360 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-57162-3 — The Cambridge History of Science Edited by Alexander Jones , Liba Taub Index More Information 620 Index armillary general 397–8 Chinese 605, 610 horoscopes 399 observational 396 personal 399–401 Arrian, Anabasis and Indica 241 astrology, Indian arrow, Zeno’s paradox of 213 and Greek texts 490 Ars Eudoxi 376 tājika (Perso-Arabic) 500 arsenic, as immortality elixir 593 texts 498 art astronomers, Chinese astronomical and astrological images 378 experts 605–6 in tombs 113 state officials 595, 604–5 Artemidorus 410 astronomers, Egyptian 131 śā ś 487 Artha tra text 503 astronomers, Indian (naks˙ atradara ) Ā 72 491 496 523–6 17 86–8 92 ryabhat˙a , , , Astronomical Diaries , , astronomical computations 516 astronomical prediction 13, 20, 368, 379 523 90–2 gan˙ ita chapter Babylonian planetary and sine tables 515, 516 and calculation 18–21, 397 and varga system of numeration 515 Greek 396–7 Ā 496 489 ryapaks˙a school India Asclepiades of Bithynia 333 mathematical models for 18, 21 Asclepius, cult of 38n, 299, 314–15, 339 ‘Astronomical Tables’, Seleucid texts 26 shrine on Tiber island, Rome 317 astronomical texts, Indian 485 āšipūtu (the art of healing through incantations/ astrological (muhūrta, praśna) 498 rituals) 33, 34 astronomical handbooks (karana) 497 Diagnostic Handbook 37n, 37 calendars (pañcān˙ga) 498 ‘ ’ 37 ā 490 for stroke n Gargasam˙ hit (omen) collection Aśoka, Maurya ruler 503 genethlialogy (horā,jātaka)
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    The Draconic gearing of the Antikythera Mechanism: Assembling the Fragment D, its role and operation A.Voulgaris1, C.Mouratidis2, A.Vossinakis3, G.Bokovos4 (Submitted 14 January 2020) 1Municipality of Thessaloniki, Directorate Culture and Tourism, Thessaloniki, GR-54625, Greece 2Hellenic Ministry of Education, Research and Religious Affairs, Kos, GR-85300, Greece 3Thessaloniki Astronomy Club, Thessaloniki, GR-54646, Greece 4Thessaloniki Science Center and Technology Museum-Planetarium, Thermi, GR-57001, Greece Abstract The unplaced Fragment D of the Antikythera Mechanism with an unknown operation was a mystery since the beginning of its discovery. The gear-r1, which was detected on the Fragment radiographies by C. Karakalos, is preserved in excellent condition, but this was not enough to correlate it to the existing gear trainings of the Mechanism. The suggestion that this gear could be a part of the hypothetical planet indication gearing is still a hypothesis since no mechanical evidence has been preserved. After the analysis of AMRP tomographies of Fragment D and its mechanical characteristics revealed that it could be part of the Draconic gearing. Although the Draconic cycle was well known during the Mechanism’s era as represents the fourth Lunar cycle, it seems that it is missing from the Antikythera Mechanism. The study of Fragment D was supported by the bronze reconstruction of the Draconic gearing by the authors. The adaptation of the Draconic gearing on the Antikythera Mechanism improves its functionality and gives answers on several questions. 1. Introduction. The Antikythera Mechanism, a geared machine based on the lunar cycles The Antikythera Mechanism a creation of an ingenious manufacturer of the Hellenistic era was a geared machine capable of performing complex astronomical calculations, mostly based on the lunar periodic cycles.
  • INDEX RERUM Aetiology, Aitiologia, 110 N

    INDEX RERUM Aetiology, Aitiologia, 110 N

    INDEX RERUM aetiology, aitiologia, 110 n. 21, 158, fire atoms, 129, 280 177, 193 n. 59, 265, 266, 275 mental atoms, 129 agriculture, 40–41, 207, 208, 212, position, 131, 265, 270, 281, 283, 226, 231 284, 288 anima and animus, 7, 80–86 rebound, 289 anima animae, 81 shape, 100, 131, 139, 184, 187, 210, animals, 58, 78, 84, 85, 90–93, 110, 211, 241–249, 255, 258, 259, 111, 118, 127, 139, 143–156, 159– 278, 280–283, 286, 291 161, 173–176, 190, 191 and n. 49, surfaces, 131, 141, 286, 288 193, 194, 210, 226, 270, 291 and touch, 97, 129, 130, 131, 186, n. 42 260, 262, 268, 277, 278, 281, bloodless, 161, 163 285–290, 292 with blood, 161 ρμνα, 183, 186, 187, 196 belief or reliability (pistis), 48, 49 Arpedonaptes, 37 blood, 84, 110, 161, 233, 279 Asclepiades, 214, 215, 218 and n. 36, Bolus of Mendes, 40, 41, 56–62, 109, 219–221 and n. 43, 222–224, 236 162 n. 26, 181, 207, 212, 224–226, asyntakta, in Democritus catalogue, 236 17, 157, 158 brain, 77, 79 n. 5, 84, 86 and n. 10, astronomy, 35 110 n. 24, 163, 172–175, 217, atom, 3, 6–9, 46, 47, 77–79, 81–83, 218 85, 88, 98–100, 106, 109, 110 brain-death, 85, 86 and n. 22, 112–115, 117–120, 122, 128–133, 135 n. 61, 139–141, 169, calendar, 34, 35 170, 176–179, 184 n. 17, 186, 213, cartography, 37 219, 223 n. 53, 225, 239–249, Catalogue of Anthistenes’ works, 182 251, 255–263, 273–290, 292 and n.
  • Matteo Martelli the Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus Gianna Katsiampoura

    Matteo Martelli the Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus Gianna Katsiampoura

    139 objets quotidiens comme des objets d’épopée, pour susciter une émotion mais aussi un sentiment du beau où l’humain sans cesse se refonde, pour nommer et renommer les choses. C’est précisément dans ce passage du morcellement à l’unité et de la rupture à l’ouverture que l’exister dans l’infini trouve sons sens, selon Blay; comme une naissance au poétique toujours à renaître pour ne pas étouffer dans le silence du penser avec l’infini. Une résurgence comme une résistance, un appel à la résistance. Matteo Martelli The Four Books of Pseudo-Democritus Society for the History of Alchemy and Chemistry, Maney Publishing, 2014 Gianna Katsiampoura DOI 10.1484/J.ALMAGEST.5.103572 In the span of the last decades, interest for the Greek alchemical tradition has reanimated, after a long period of time, during which the main subject of research was Latin alchemy. The first collection of Greek alchemical manuscripts was the edition by M. Berthelot and Ch.-Em. Ruelle, Collection des ancients alchimistes grecs,15published at the end of the 19th century. It included several works by Alexandrian and Byzantine writers, with the exception of the work of Stephanus of Alexandria, which was edited by Ideler26four decades ago. The next important project was the series Catalogue des manuscrits alchimiques grecs, under the direction of J. Bidez, F. Cumont, A. Delatte, O. Lagercrantz and J. Ruska. The series consisted of eight volumes, published between 1924 and 1932. The 1970s’ work on Greek alchemical manuscripts by e.g. R. Halleux, M. Mertens and C. Viano renewed the interest for Greek alchemy.