Alexander Jones Calendrica I: New Callippic Dates
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Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars
Heavenly Mathematics: The Mathematics of the Chinese, Indian, Islamic and Gregorian Calendars Helmer Aslaksen Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore [email protected] www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/ www.chinesecalendar.net 1 Public Holidays There are 11 public holidays in Singapore. Three of them are secular. 1. New Year’s Day 2. Labour Day 3. National Day The remaining eight cultural, racial or reli- gious holidays consist of two Chinese, two Muslim, two Indian and two Christian. 2 Cultural, Racial or Religious Holidays 1. Chinese New Year and day after 2. Good Friday 3. Vesak Day 4. Deepavali 5. Christmas Day 6. Hari Raya Puasa 7. Hari Raya Haji Listed in order, except for the Muslim hol- idays, which can occur anytime during the year. Christmas Day falls on a fixed date, but all the others move. 3 A Quick Course in Astronomy The Earth revolves counterclockwise around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. The Earth ro- tates counterclockwise around an axis that is tilted 23.5 degrees. March equinox June December solstice solstice September equinox E E N S N S W W June equi Dec June equi Dec sol sol sol sol Beijing Singapore In the northern hemisphere, the day will be longest at the June solstice and shortest at the December solstice. At the two equinoxes day and night will be equally long. The equi- noxes and solstices are called the seasonal markers. 4 The Year The tropical year (or solar year) is the time from one March equinox to the next. The mean value is 365.2422 days. -
Year 5 It's All Greek to Me Knowledge Organiser
Year 5 It’s All Greek To Me Knowledge Organiser Map of Ancient Greece Greek Timeline Key Vocabulary 3000 BC Greek civilisation begins. acropolis The citadel of an ancient 776 BC The first Olympic games are Greek city locates in Athens. held. architecture The art of planning, designing 508 BC Democracy is introduced in and constructing buildings. Athens. citadel A strong building in or near a 490 BC Persia invades Greece at the city, where people could battle of Marathon. Athenians shelter for safety. defeat Persians city states Ancient Greek cities which had 450 BC Athens becomes a very their own laws, governments powerful city and controls an and armies. empire! coastal Somewhere which is at or near 432 BC The Parthenon in Athens is to the coast (sea). finished being built. continent A very large area of land that 431 BC – War between Athens and consists of many countries. Olympics 404 BC Sparta. Spartans defeat Europe is a continent. The Olympic games began over 2,700 Athenians. culture Activities such as the arts and years ago in Olympia, Greece. The Games 336 BC Alexander the Great becomes philosophy, which are were part of a religious festival, held king. considered to be important for in honour of Zeus, king of the gods and 146 BC Romans conquer Greece. End of the development of civilisation. took place every four years at Olympia. Greek empire. democracy A fair political system where People from all over the Greek world came 0 AD Jesus Christ was born all adults vote for an elected to watch and but only men were allowed to 1896 AD Modern Olympic games begin. -
Plato As "Architectof Science"
Plato as "Architectof Science" LEONID ZHMUD ABSTRACT The figureof the cordialhost of the Academy,who invitedthe mostgifted math- ematiciansand cultivatedpure research, whose keen intellectwas able if not to solve the particularproblem then at least to show the methodfor its solution: this figureis quite familiarto studentsof Greekscience. But was the Academy as such a centerof scientificresearch, and did Plato really set for mathemati- cians and astronomersthe problemsthey shouldstudy and methodsthey should use? Oursources tell aboutPlato's friendship or at leastacquaintance with many brilliantmathematicians of his day (Theodorus,Archytas, Theaetetus), but they were neverhis pupils,rather vice versa- he learnedmuch from them and actively used this knowledgein developinghis philosophy.There is no reliableevidence that Eudoxus,Menaechmus, Dinostratus, Theudius, and others, whom many scholarsunite into the groupof so-called"Academic mathematicians," ever were his pupilsor close associates.Our analysis of therelevant passages (Eratosthenes' Platonicus, Sosigenes ap. Simplicius, Proclus' Catalogue of geometers, and Philodemus'History of the Academy,etc.) shows thatthe very tendencyof por- trayingPlato as the architectof sciencegoes back to the earlyAcademy and is bornout of interpretationsof his dialogues. I Plato's relationship to the exact sciences used to be one of the traditional problems in the history of ancient Greek science and philosophy.' From the nineteenth century on it was examined in various aspects, the most significant of which were the historical, philosophical and methodological. In the last century and at the beginning of this century attention was paid peredominantly, although not exclusively, to the first of these aspects, especially to the questions how great Plato's contribution to specific math- ematical research really was, and how reliable our sources are in ascrib- ing to him particular scientific discoveries. -
Ocean Data Standards
Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO Manuals and Guides 54 Ocean Data Standards Volume 2 Recommendation to Adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the Standard for the Representation of Date and Time in Oceanographic Data Exchange UNESCO 2011 IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Volume 2 Version 1 January 2011 For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Paris. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. 2011.Ocean Data Standards, Vol.2: Recommendation to adopt ISO 8601:2004 as the standard for the representation of dates and times in oceanographic data exchange.(IOC Manuals and Guides, 54, Vol. 2.) 17 pp. (English.)(IOC/2011/MG/54-2) © UNESCO 2011 Printed in France IOC Manuals and Guides No. 54 (2) Page (i) TABLE OF CONTENTS page 1. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 1 2. DATE AND TIME FOR DATA EXCHANGE ......................................................................... 1 3. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8601:2004 .............................................................. 1 4. DATE AND TIME REPRESENTATION................................................................................ 2 4.1 Date ................................................................................................................................................. 2 4.2 Time ............................................................................................................................................... -
Islamic Calendar from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Islamic calendar From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia -at اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﻬﺠﺮي :The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was Islamic Calendar stamp issued at King retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During Khaled airport (10 Rajab 1428 / 24 July that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to 2007) Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, "in the year of the Hijra") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form ( [In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH ("Before the Hijra").[2 .(ﻫـ abbreviated , َﺳﻨﺔ ﻫِ ْﺠﺮﻳّﺔ The current Islamic year is 1438 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1438 AH runs from approximately 3 October 2016 to 21 September 2017.[3] Contents 1 Months 1.1 Length of months 2 Days of the week 3 History 3.1 Pre-Islamic calendar 3.2 Prohibiting Nasī’ 4 Year numbering 5 Astronomical considerations 6 Theological considerations 7 Astronomical -
WLOTA LIGHTHOUSE CALENDAR by F5OGG – WLOTA Manager
WLOTA LIGHTHOUSE CALENDAR By F5OGG – WLOTA Manager Bulletin: Week 30/2021 Current and upcoming WLOTA lighthouse activations H/c = Home Call (d/B) = Direct or Bureau (d) = Direct Only (B) = Bureau Only (e) = eMail Request [C] = Special event Certificate In Yellow: WLOTA Expedition need validation In Blue: New WLOTA Expedition since last week ================================================================================== Listing is by calendar date (day/month/year) 2021 01/01-22/08 KH0/KC0W: Saipan – Island WLOTA 1333 QSL via home call, direct only - No Buro 01/01-31/12 GB1OOH: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL via M0GPN (d/B) 01/01-31/12 II9MMI: Sicilia Island WLOTA 1362 QSL IT9GHW (d/B) 01/01-31/12 GB0LMR: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL 2E1HQY (d/B) 01/01-31/12 IO9MMI: Sicilia Island WLOTA 1362 QSL via IT9MRM (d/B) 01/01-31/12 IR9MMI: Sicilia Island WLOTA 1362 QSL via IT9YBL (d/B) 01/01-31/12 GB75ISWL: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL G6XOU (d/B), eQSL.cc 01/01-31/12 8J3ZNJ: Honshu – Island WLOTA 2376 QSL JARL bureau 01/01-31/12 GB80ATC: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL via QRZ.com info 01/01-31/12 ZD8HZ: Ascension Island WLOTA 1491 QSL via TA1HZ direct, LOTW, ClubLog, HRDLog or eQSL.cc 01/01-31/12 MX1SWL/A: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL via M5DIK (d/B) 01/01-31/12 IO0MMI: Sardinia Island WLOTA 1608 QSL via IM0SDX (d/B) 01/01-31/12 GB5ST: England - Main Island WLOTA 1841 QSL via RSGB bureau 07/01-31/12 ZC4GR: Cyprus - UK Souvereign Bases Only – Island WLOTA 0892 QSL via EB7DX (see QRZ.com) 23/01-31/12 8J2SUSON: -
Parthenon 1 Parthenon
Parthenon 1 Parthenon Parthenon Παρθενών (Greek) The Parthenon Location within Greece Athens central General information Type Greek Temple Architectural style Classical Location Athens, Greece Coordinates 37°58′12.9″N 23°43′20.89″E Current tenants Museum [1] [2] Construction started 447 BC [1] [2] Completed 432 BC Height 13.72 m (45.0 ft) Technical details Size 69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft) Other dimensions Cella: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft) Design and construction Owner Greek government Architect Iktinos, Kallikrates Other designers Phidias (sculptor) The Parthenon (Ancient Greek: Παρθενών) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC and was completed in 438 BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered to be the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an Parthenon 2 enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[3] The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480 BC. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury. -
How Long Is a Year.Pdf
How Long Is A Year? Dr. Bryan Mendez Space Sciences Laboratory UC Berkeley Keeping Time The basic unit of time is a Day. Different starting points: • Sunrise, • Noon, • Sunset, • Midnight tied to the Sun’s motion. Universal Time uses midnight as the starting point of a day. Length: sunrise to sunrise, sunset to sunset? Day Noon to noon – The seasonal motion of the Sun changes its rise and set times, so sunrise to sunrise would be a variable measure. Noon to noon is far more constant. Noon: time of the Sun’s transit of the meridian Stellarium View and measure a day Day Aday is caused by Earth’s motion: spinning on an axis and orbiting around the Sun. Earth’s spin is very regular (daily variations on the order of a few milliseconds, due to internal rearrangement of Earth’s mass and external gravitational forces primarily from the Moon and Sun). Synodic Day Noon to noon = synodic or solar day (point 1 to 3). This is not the time for one complete spin of Earth (1 to 2). Because Earth also orbits at the same time as it is spinning, it takes a little extra time for the Sun to come back to noon after one complete spin. Because the orbit is elliptical, when Earth is closest to the Sun it is moving faster, and it takes longer to bring the Sun back around to noon. When Earth is farther it moves slower and it takes less time to rotate the Sun back to noon. Mean Solar Day is an average of the amount time it takes to go from noon to noon throughout an orbit = 24 Hours Real solar day varies by up to 30 seconds depending on the time of year. -
94 Erkka Maula
ORGANON 15 PROBLÊMES GENERAUX Erkka Maula (Finland) FROM TIME TO PLACE: THE PARADIGM CASE The world-order in philosophical cosmology can be founded upon time as well as .space. Perhaps the most fundamental question pertaining to any articulated world- view concerns, accordingly, their ontological and epistemological priority. Is the basic layer of notions characterized by temporal or by spatial concepts? Does a world-view in its development show tendencies toward the predominance of one set of concepts rather than the other? At the stage of its relative maturity, when the qualitative and comparative phases have paved the way for the formation of quantitative concepts: Which are considered more fundamental, measurements of time or measurements of space? In the comparative phase: Is the geometry of the world a geometry of motion or a geometry of timeless order? In the history of our own scientific world-view, there seems to be discernible an oscillation between time-oriented and space-oriented concept formation.1 In the dawn, when the first mathematical systems of astronomy and geography appear, shortly before Euclid's synthesis of the axiomatic thought, there were attempts at a geometry of motion. They are due to Archytas of Tarentum and Eudoxus of Cnidus, foreshadowed by Hippias of Elis and the Pythagoreans, who tend to intro- duce temporal concepts into geometry. Their most eloquent adversary is Plato, and after him the two alternative streams are often called the Heraclitean and the Parmenidean world-views. But also such later and far more articulated distinctions as those between the statical and dynamic cosmologies, or between the formalist and intuitionist philosophies of mathematics, can be traced down to the original Greek dichotomy, although additional concepts entangle the picture. -
Metonic Intercalations in Athens
METONIC INTERCALATIONSIN ATHENS ~W~7~JHENI published in 1940 the only knownAttic decreenaming in its preamble v v at least part of the name and demotic of the secretary of 298/7 I suggested that the calendar equation indicated an ordinary year of twelve months.' This deter- mination was taken over by Pritchett and Meritt in Chronology of Hellenistic Athens (p. xvi), by Pritchett and Neugebauer in Calendars of Athens (p. 80), and by Meritt in The Athenian Year (p. 232). There is one consideration which at the time did not seem so important as it does now and which I wish to discuss here. The incentive to a reconsideration has been the observation that the sequence of ordinary and intercalary years which called for OOIOI in 299/8-295/4 rather than OIOOI at the beginning of the 8th Metonic cycle was the first apparent deviation from Meton's norm for possibly a hundred years, except for the anomaly in 307/6 which had valid and obvious historical reasons and which could be amply explained.2 I noted, as a comment on the cycles, that " the eighth cycle has only the transposition of IO to OI in the years 298/7 and 297/6." 8 Otherwise the cycle in the festival calendar of Athens followed faithfully the normal Metonic cycle of intercalation. In the text of Hesperia, IX, 1940, pp. 80-83 (13), as now restored with a stoichedon line of 29 letters, the equation reads: [. 'EA..Xa0b],8oXt'v[o] sv6 [TE&per'] [ElKa6a& Tptp&et] Ka' eiKoo-xrre[&T2q irp] [VTlavea- -] - KTX. -
The Calendars of India
The Calendars of India By Vinod K. Mishra, Ph.D. 1 Preface. 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Basic Astronomy behind the Calendars 8 2.1 Different Kinds of Days 8 2.2 Different Kinds of Months 9 2.2.1 Synodic Month 9 2.2.2 Sidereal Month 11 2.2.3 Anomalistic Month 12 2.2.4 Draconic Month 13 2.2.5 Tropical Month 15 2.2.6 Other Lunar Periodicities 15 2.3 Different Kinds of Years 16 2.3.1 Lunar Year 17 2.3.2 Tropical Year 18 2.3.3 Siderial Year 19 2.3.4 Anomalistic Year 19 2.4 Precession of Equinoxes 19 2.5 Nutation 21 2.6 Planetary Motions 22 3. Types of Calendars 22 3.1 Lunar Calendar: Structure 23 3.2 Lunar Calendar: Example 24 3.3 Solar Calendar: Structure 26 3.4 Solar Calendar: Examples 27 3.4.1 Julian Calendar 27 3.4.2 Gregorian Calendar 28 3.4.3 Pre-Islamic Egyptian Calendar 30 3.4.4 Iranian Calendar 31 3.5 Lunisolar calendars: Structure 32 3.5.1 Method of Cycles 32 3.5.2 Improvements over Metonic Cycle 34 3.5.3 A Mathematical Model for Intercalation 34 3.5.3 Intercalation in India 35 3.6 Lunisolar Calendars: Examples 36 3.6.1 Chinese Lunisolar Year 36 3.6.2 Pre-Christian Greek Lunisolar Year 37 3.6.3 Jewish Lunisolar Year 38 3.7 Non-Astronomical Calendars 38 4. Indian Calendars 42 4.1 Traditional (Siderial Solar) 42 4.2 National Reformed (Tropical Solar) 49 4.3 The Nānakshāhī Calendar (Tropical Solar) 51 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year 52 4.5 Traditional Lunisolar Year (vaisnava) 58 5.