6 X 10. Three Lines .P65
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The History of Egypt Under the Ptolemies
UC-NRLF $C lb EbE THE HISTORY OF EGYPT THE PTOLEMIES. BY SAMUEL SHARPE. LONDON: EDWARD MOXON, DOVER STREET. 1838. 65 Printed by Arthur Taylor, Coleman Street. TO THE READER. The Author has given neither the arguments nor the whole of the authorities on which the sketch of the earlier history in the Introduction rests, as it would have had too much of the dryness of an antiquarian enquiry, and as he has already published them in his Early History of Egypt. In the rest of the book he has in every case pointed out in the margin the sources from which he has drawn his information. » Canonbury, 12th November, 1838. Works published by the same Author. The EARLY HISTORY of EGYPT, from the Old Testament, Herodotus, Manetho, and the Hieroglyphieal Inscriptions. EGYPTIAN INSCRIPTIONS, from the British Museum and other sources. Sixty Plates in folio. Rudiments of a VOCABULARY of EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS. M451 42 ERRATA. Page 103, line 23, for Syria read Macedonia. Page 104, line 4, for Syrians read Macedonians. CONTENTS. Introduction. Abraham : shepherd kings : Joseph : kings of Thebes : era ofMenophres, exodus of the Jews, Rameses the Great, buildings, conquests, popu- lation, mines: Shishank, B.C. 970: Solomon: kings of Tanis : Bocchoris of Sais : kings of Ethiopia, B. c. 730 .- kings ofSais : Africa is sailed round, Greek mercenaries and settlers, Solon and Pythagoras : Persian conquest, B.C. 525 .- Inarus rebels : Herodotus and Hellanicus : Amyrtaus, Nectanebo : Eudoxus, Chrysippus, and Plato : Alexander the Great : oasis of Ammon, native judges, -
ARISTOXENUS of TARENTUM Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities
ARISTOXENUS OF TARENTUM Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities Series Editor: David C. Mirhady Advisory Board: William W. Fortenbaugh Dimitri Gutas Pamela M. Huby Timothy C. Powers Eckart Schütrumpf On Stoic and Peripatetic Ethics: The Work of Arius Didymus I Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Work II Theophrastean Studies: On Natural Science, Physics and Metaphysics, Ethics, Religion and Rhetoric III Cicero’s Knowledge of the Peripatos IV 7KHRSKUDVWXV+LV3V\FKRORJLFDO'R[RJUDSKLFDODQG6FLHQWLÀF Writings V Peripatetic Rhetoric after Aristotle VI The Passionate Intellect: Essays on the Transformation of Classical Traditions presented to Professor I.G. Kidd VII Theophrastus: Reappraising the Sources VIII Demetrius of Phalerum: Text, Translation and Discussion IX Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation and Discussion X Eudemus of Rhodes XI Lyco of Troas and Hieronymus of Rhodes XII Aristo of Ceos: Text, Translation and Discussion XIII Heraclides of Pontus: Text and Translation XIV Heraclides of Pontus: Discussion XV Strato of Lampsacus: Text, Translation and Discussion XVI ARISTO XENUS OF TARENTUM DISCUSSION RUTGERS UNIVERSITY STUDIES IN CLASSICAL HUMANITIES VOLUMEXVU EDITED BY eARL A. HUFFMAN First published 2012 by Transaction Publishers Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2012 by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. -
Glossary Glossary
Glossary Glossary Albedo A measure of an object’s reflectivity. A pure white reflecting surface has an albedo of 1.0 (100%). A pitch-black, nonreflecting surface has an albedo of 0.0. The Moon is a fairly dark object with a combined albedo of 0.07 (reflecting 7% of the sunlight that falls upon it). The albedo range of the lunar maria is between 0.05 and 0.08. The brighter highlands have an albedo range from 0.09 to 0.15. Anorthosite Rocks rich in the mineral feldspar, making up much of the Moon’s bright highland regions. Aperture The diameter of a telescope’s objective lens or primary mirror. Apogee The point in the Moon’s orbit where it is furthest from the Earth. At apogee, the Moon can reach a maximum distance of 406,700 km from the Earth. Apollo The manned lunar program of the United States. Between July 1969 and December 1972, six Apollo missions landed on the Moon, allowing a total of 12 astronauts to explore its surface. Asteroid A minor planet. A large solid body of rock in orbit around the Sun. Banded crater A crater that displays dusky linear tracts on its inner walls and/or floor. 250 Basalt A dark, fine-grained volcanic rock, low in silicon, with a low viscosity. Basaltic material fills many of the Moon’s major basins, especially on the near side. Glossary Basin A very large circular impact structure (usually comprising multiple concentric rings) that usually displays some degree of flooding with lava. The largest and most conspicuous lava- flooded basins on the Moon are found on the near side, and most are filled to their outer edges with mare basalts. -
Water, Air and Fire at Work in Hero's Machines
Water, air and fire at work in Hero’s machines Amelia Carolina Sparavigna Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, Italy Known as the Michanikos, Hero of Alexandria is considered the inventor of the world's first steam engine and of many other sophisticated devices. Here we discuss three of them as described in his book “Pneumatica”. These machines, working with water, air and fire, are clear examples of the deep knowledge of fluid dynamics reached by the Hellenistic scientists. Hero of Alexandria, known as the Mechanicos, lived during the first century in the Roman Egypt [1]. He was probably a Greek mathematician and engineer who resided in the city of Alexandria. We know his work from some of writings and designs that have been arrived nowadays in their Greek original or in Arabic translations. From his own writings, it is possible to gather that he knew the works of Archimedes and of Philo the Byzantian, who was a contemporary of Ctesibius [2]. It is almost certain that Heron taught at the Museum, a college for combined philosophy and literary studies and a religious place of cult of Muses, that included the famous Library. For this reason, Hero claimed himself a pupil of Ctesibius, who was probably the first head of the Museum of Alexandria. Most of Hero’s writings appear as lecture notes for courses in mathematics, mechanics, physics and pneumatics [2]. In optics, Hero formulated the Principle of the Shortest Path of Light, principle telling that if a ray of light propagates from a point to another one within the same medium, the followed path is the shortest possible. -
Ancient Greek Physicians
Ancient Greek physicians Abascantus Acesias Acron Acumenus Adamantius Aegimus Aelianus Meccius Aelius Promotus Aeschines (physician) Aeschrion of Pergamon Agapetus (physician) Agathinus Agnodice Alcmaeon of Croton Alexander of Tralles Alexander Philalethes Epipodius and Alexander Alexias Alexion Alexippus Amentes Ammonius Lithotomos Anaxilaus Andreas (physician) Androcydes (physician) Andromachus Andromachus (physician) Andron (physician) Andronicus (physician) Anicia Anonymus Londinensis Antaeus (physician) Antigenes Antigonus (physician) Antiochis Antiochus (physician) Antiochus Philometor Antipater (1st-century BC physician) Antipater (2nd-century physician) Antiphanes of Delos Antonius (herbalist) Antyllus Apollodorus (physician) Apollonides (physician) Apollonides of Cos Apollonios of Kition Apollonius (physician) Archigenes Aretaeus of Cappadocia Aristogenes (physician) Aristoxenus (physician) Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepiades Pharmacion Aspasia the Physician Athenaeus of Attalia Athryilatus B Bacchius of Tanagra Bolus of Mendes C Calliphon of Croton Chrysippus of Cnidos Claudius Agathemerus Criton of Heraclea Ctesias D Damocrates Democedes Demosthenes Philalethes Dexippus of Cos Dieuches Diocles of Carystus Pedanius Dioscorides Diphilus (physician) Draco (physician) E Epicles Erasistratus Eudemus (physician) Eudoxus of Cnidus Euphorbus (physician) Euryphon Evenor G Galen Glaucias (physician, 3rd century BC) Glaucias (physician, 4th century BC) -
The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies July 2007 The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Thomas Nelson Winter University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Winter, Thomas Nelson, "The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle" (2007). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 68. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/68 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Th e Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle Th omas N. Winter Lincoln, Nebraska • 2007 Translator’s Preface. Who Wrote the Mechanical Problems in the Aristotelian Corpus? When I was translating the Mechanical Problems, which I did from the TLG Greek text, I was still in the fundamentalist authorship mode: that it survives in the corpus of Aristotle was then for me prima facie Th is paper will: evidence that Aristotle was the author. And at many places I found in- 1) off er the plainest evidence yet that it is not Aristotle, and — 1 dications that the date of the work was apt for Aristotle. But eventually, 2) name an author. I saw a join in Vitruvius, as in the brief summary below, “Who Wrote Th at it is not Aristotle does not, so far, rest on evidence. -
From Ancient Greece to Byzantium
Proceedings of the European Control Conference 2007 TuA07.4 Kos, Greece, July 2-5, 2007 Technology and Autonomous Mechanisms in the Mediterranean: From Ancient Greece to Byzantium K. P. Valavanis, G. J. Vachtsevanos, P. J. Antsaklis Abstract – The paper aims at presenting each period are then provided followed by technology and automation advances in the accomplishments in automatic control and the ancient Greek World, offering evidence that transition from the ancient Greek world to the Greco- feedback control as a discipline dates back more Roman era and the Byzantium. than twenty five centuries. II. CHRONOLOGICAL MAP OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY I. INTRODUCTION It is worth noting that there was an initial phase of The paper objective is to present historical evidence imported influences in the development of ancient of achievements in science, technology and the Greek technology that reached the Greek states from making of automation in the ancient Greek world until the East (Persia, Babylon and Mesopotamia) and th the era of Byzantium and that the main driving force practiced by the Greeks up until the 6 century B.C. It behind Greek science [16] - [18] has been curiosity and was at the time of Thales of Miletus (circa 585 B.C.), desire for knowledge followed by the study of nature. when a very significant change occurred. A new and When focusing on the discipline of feedback control, exclusively Greek activity began to dominate any James Watt’s Flyball Governor (1769) may be inherited technology, called science. In subsequent considered as one of the earliest feedback control centuries, technology itself became more productive, devices of the modern era. -
Table of Contents More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76376-9 - The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy Sylvia Berryman Table of Contents More information Contents List of illustrations page vii Acknowledgements viii Introduction 1 1 Mechanics and the mechanical: some problems of terminology 9 The critics of prevailing usage 11 Some candidate definitions of the ‘mechanistic’ 15 2 ‘Mechanistic’ thought before mechanics? 21 Divine versus human technology 24 Working artifacts before the fourth century 29 Ancient atomism and the machine analogy 34 The ‘shortfalls’ of ancient technology 39 The ‘exclusion’ of ancient mechanics 43 3 Mechanics in the fourth century 54 The scope of ancient Greek mechanics 55 Archytas and the foundation of mechanics 87 Aristotle’s ‘mechanics’ of motion 97 Conclusion 104 4 The theory and practice of ancient Greek mechanics 105 The Aristotelian Mechanica 106 Ctesibius 115 Archimedes 117 Philo of Byzantium 123 v © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-76376-9 - The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy Sylvia Berryman Table of Contents More information vi Contents Vitruvius 130 Hero of Alexandria 134 Pappus of Alexandria 143 Models of the heavens 146 5 Ancient Greek mechanics continued: the case of pneumatics 155 Pneumatic technology in the post-classical period 157 Ancient Greek pneumatic theory 165 The status of mechanics revisited: natural or artificial? 170 6 The philosophical reception of mechanics in antiquity 177 Mechanical theory in natural philosophy 179 The theory of pneumatics in natural philosophy 191 Pneumatics and medical theory 197 Working artifacts and the notion of a self-mover 201 Mechanical analogies for the functioning of organisms 205 Working artifacts in astronomy 216 Mechanical analogies in cosmology 220 Conclusion 231 Appendix: Ancient mechanics and the mechanical in the seventeenth century 236 Bibliography 250 Index of passages 274 General index 282 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org. -
9 · the Growth of an Empirical Cartography in Hellenistic Greece
9 · The Growth of an Empirical Cartography in Hellenistic Greece PREPARED BY THE EDITORS FROM MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY GERMAINE AUJAe There is no complete break between the development of That such a change should occur is due both to po cartography in classical and in Hellenistic Greece. In litical and military factors and to cultural developments contrast to many periods in the ancient and medieval within Greek society as a whole. With respect to the world, we are able to reconstruct throughout the Greek latter, we can see how Greek cartography started to be period-and indeed into the Roman-a continuum in influenced by a new infrastructure for learning that had cartographic thought and practice. Certainly the a profound effect on the growth of formalized know achievements of the third century B.C. in Alexandria had ledge in general. Of particular importance for the history been prepared for and made possible by the scientific of the map was the growth of Alexandria as a major progress of the fourth century. Eudoxus, as we have seen, center of learning, far surpassing in this respect the had already formulated the geocentric hypothesis in Macedonian court at Pella. It was at Alexandria that mathematical models; and he had also translated his Euclid's famous school of geometry flourished in the concepts into celestial globes that may be regarded as reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 B.C.). And it anticipating the sphairopoiia. 1 By the beginning of the was at Alexandria that this Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy I Hellenistic period there had been developed not only the Soter, a companion of Alexander, had founded the li various celestial globes, but also systems of concentric brary, soon to become famous throughout the Mediter spheres, together with maps of the inhabited world that ranean world. -
Philosophy of Chemistry, Integrated Science 2, 144 Author Index
Author Index A Brahe, Tycho, 65 Abegg, Richard, 118 Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard, 113 Alexander the Great, 32 Butlerov, Aleksandr Mihajlovič, 89 Alkindus, al-Sabah, 40 Al-Ihmimi, 40 C Al-Razi, Abu Bekr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya, Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 111 42 Carnap, Rudolf, 10 Al-Sabah, Abu Jusuf Jakub ibn Ishak, Cartesius, René Descartes, 48 Alkindus, 40 Carus, Titus, Lucretius, 27 Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, 24 Cavendish, Henry, 59 Anaximander of Miletus, 21 Cimabue (painter), 25 Anaximenes of Miletus, 21 Cleopatra of Alexandria, 35 Angelico, Beato, Fra. Angelico, 25, 26 Comarius, 33 Aquinas, St. Thomas, 25, 43 Comenius, Jan Amoš Komenski, 52 Aristotle of Stagira, 22 Comte, Auguste, 10 Arrhenius, Svante August, 109 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 11 Averroes, Ibn-Ružd, 40 Cosimo il Vecchio, 48 Avicena, Ibn-Sina, 40 Couper, Archibald Scott, 89 Avogadro, Amedeo, 111 Cram, Donald James, 133 Crum Brown, Alexander, 90 B Bacon, Roger, Doctor Mirabilis, 43 D Balaban, Alexandru, 114 Dalton, John, 74 Bayen, Pierre, 57 Davy, Humphry, 85 Bellosztenecz, Ivan, 27 Democritus of Abdera, 24 Berthollet, Claude Louis, 69, 75 de Morveau, Louis-Bernard Guyton, 69 Berzelius, Jöns Jacob, 28, 81 Descartes, René, Cartesius, 48 Biot, Jean Baptist, 105 Döbereiner, Johan, 97 Black, Joseph, 59 Doctor Mirabilis, Roger Bacon, 43 Boerhaave, Hermann, 49 Duhem, Pierre, 11, 12 Bohr, Niels, 118 Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre, 85 Bolus of Mendes, 35 Born, Max, 108 E Bošković, Rugjer Josip, 50 Eco, Umberto, 41 Boyle, Robert, 53, 60 Empedocles of Akragas (Agrigento), 21 Bragg, Sir William Henry, 114 Epicurus of Samos, 26 Bragg, Sir William Lawrence, 114 Euler, Leonhard, 103 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer 143 Nature Switzerland AG 2021 H. -
(Getting Rid of the «Presocratics»), In: Philosophy in the Dialogue of Cultures
Andrei V. Lebedev, Izbavliaias’ ot «dosokratikov» (Getting rid of the «Presocratics»), in: Philosophy in the dialogue of cultures. Materials of the World Philosophy Day (Moscow - St. Petersburg, November 16 -19, 2009), p. 177 - 183 (in Russian). Translated into English by the author. This paper was delivered in the Institute of philosophy of the Russian Academy of sciences at the Round Table «Getting rid of stereotypes in the history of philosophy». Some explanatory remarks that have been added in the English translation are placed in square brackets. In 1903 the Weidmann Publishing House in Berlin published the first edition of Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker by the distinguished German classical scholar Hermann Diels which still remains the most complete single edition of the fragments of the Early Greek philosophers (of the VI - V centuries B.C.). In the first edition it started with Thales and ended with «Anhang» that contained pre-philosophical tradition (cosmogonic poetry and prose, the sayings of the Seven Sages) as well as the fragments of the Sophists. After Diels’s death (1922) his disciple Walter Kranz in the last 5th edition (1934) gave it its present structure by dividing the whole text into three parts: A) Anfänge (pre-philosophical tradition), B) Fragments of the Greek Philosophers of the 6th and 5th centuries and their immediate followers and C) Sophists. There are all in all 90 chapters, in which about 400 names are mentioned, of which 235 derive from Jamblichus’ Catalogue of Pythagoreans. Diels himself explained in the preface to the first edition that he included in his collection also some mathematicians and a selection of non-Hippocratic doctors. -
INDEX RERUM Aetiology, Aitiologia, 110 N
INDEX RERUM aetiology, aitiologia, 110 n. 21, 158, fire atoms, 129, 280 177, 193 n. 59, 265, 266, 275 mental atoms, 129 agriculture, 40–41, 207, 208, 212, position, 131, 265, 270, 281, 283, 226, 231 284, 288 anima and animus, 7, 80–86 rebound, 289 anima animae, 81 shape, 100, 131, 139, 184, 187, 210, animals, 58, 78, 84, 85, 90–93, 110, 211, 241–249, 255, 258, 259, 111, 118, 127, 139, 143–156, 159– 278, 280–283, 286, 291 161, 173–176, 190, 191 and n. 49, surfaces, 131, 141, 286, 288 193, 194, 210, 226, 270, 291 and touch, 97, 129, 130, 131, 186, n. 42 260, 262, 268, 277, 278, 281, bloodless, 161, 163 285–290, 292 with blood, 161 ρμνα, 183, 186, 187, 196 belief or reliability (pistis), 48, 49 Arpedonaptes, 37 blood, 84, 110, 161, 233, 279 Asclepiades, 214, 215, 218 and n. 36, Bolus of Mendes, 40, 41, 56–62, 109, 219–221 and n. 43, 222–224, 236 162 n. 26, 181, 207, 212, 224–226, asyntakta, in Democritus catalogue, 236 17, 157, 158 brain, 77, 79 n. 5, 84, 86 and n. 10, astronomy, 35 110 n. 24, 163, 172–175, 217, atom, 3, 6–9, 46, 47, 77–79, 81–83, 218 85, 88, 98–100, 106, 109, 110 brain-death, 85, 86 and n. 22, 112–115, 117–120, 122, 128–133, 135 n. 61, 139–141, 169, calendar, 34, 35 170, 176–179, 184 n. 17, 186, 213, cartography, 37 219, 223 n. 53, 225, 239–249, Catalogue of Anthistenes’ works, 182 251, 255–263, 273–290, 292 and n.