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Treball Final De Grau TREBALL FINAL DE GRAU TÍTOL DEL TFG: Air taxi transportation infrastructures in Barcelona TITULACIÓ: Grau en Enginyeria d’Aeronavegació AUTOR: Alexandru Nicorici Ionut DIRECTOR: José Antonio Castán Ponz DATA: 19 de juny del 2020 Títol: Air taxi transportation infrastructures in Barcelona Autor: Alexandru Nicorici Ionut Director: José Antonio Castán Ponz Data: 19 de juny del 2020 Resum El següent projecte parteix de la visió d’un futur on la mobilitat urbana es reparteix també al medi aèri. A partir d’aquesta premissa, s’escull el dron de passatgers com a mitjà de transport i es busca adaptar tot un sistema infrastructural per al vehicle autònom dins el perímetre d’una ciutat, Barcelona. En un inici, la primera pregunta a respondre és: permet la normativa actual l’ús de drons de passatgers autònoms en zones urbanes? Tant les regulacions europees com les nacionals espanyoles han estat estudiades i resumides per determinar que sí es permeten operacions amb aquest tipus de vehicles i es preveu la seva integració dintre de l’aviació civil. Seguidament, un estudi de mercat de taxi drons és realitzat amb l’objectiu d’esbrinar si la tecnologia d’avui dia permet operar a paràmetres òptims i oferir el servei de taxi d’una manera completament segura i satisfactòria per al client. Prototips en fase de test i actualment funcionals han estat analitzats; per finalment, elegir un d’aquest últims com a candidat apte per al transport de persones dins la capital catalana. Un cop es té el vehicle de transport, cal mirar si la pròpia ciutat ofereix garanties d’èxit per aquest servei de transport aeri. Un anàlisi estadístic del turisme com a demanda del servei; un estudi de la sectorització aèria i una recerca de zones restringides al sobrevol determinen que sí: Barcelona és una ciutat apta per a una reforma en la mobilitat urbana a nivell aeri. Diferents mapes amb una xarxa de rutes aèries optimitzades complementen aquest apartat. Finalment, un disseny modular d’un dron-port, anomenat sky port, és realitzat amb ajuda del programa SolidWorks. La idea és integrar aquest edifici que connecta a terra el complex sistema de transport aeri amb el paisatge arquitectònic de la ciutat; una ubicació idònia la ofereixen els terrats d’hotels prèviament escollits com a nodes en la xarxa de vies aèries. La simplicitat geomètrica i la estandardització del model són prioritat. Aquest últim capítol pretén enriquir el treball amb una aportació personal per part de l’estudiant. Title: Air taxi transportation infrastructures in Barcelona Author: Alexandru Nicorici Ionut Director: José Antonio Castán Ponz Date: 19 de juny del 2020 Resum The next project is based on the vision of a future where urban mobility is also distributed in the air. Based on this premise, the passenger drone is chosen as the means of transport and the aim is to adapt an entire infrastructure system for the autonomous vehicle within the perimeter of a city, Barcelona. Initially, the first question to answer is: do current regulations allow the use of autonomous passenger drones in urban areas? Both European and Spanish national regulations have been studied and summarized to determine whether operations with this type of vehicle are allowed and their integration into civil aviation is envisaged. Next, a drone taxi market study is conducted with the aim of finding out if today’s technology allows to operate at optimal parameters and offer the taxi service in a completely safe and satisfactory way for the customer. Prototypes in the test phase and currently functional have been analyzed in order to choose one of the latter as a suitable candidate for the transport of people within the Catalan capital. Once had the transport vehicle, there is need to see if the city itself offers guarantees of success for this air transport service. A statistical analysis of tourism as a demand for the service; a study of the air sectorization and a search for areas restricted to overflight determine that yes: Barcelona is a city suitable for a reform of urban mobility at the air level. Different maps with an optimized network of air routes complement this section. Finally, a modular design of a drone port, called a sky port, is made with the help of the SolidWorks program. The idea is to integrate this building that connects the complex air transport system to the ground with the architectural landscape of the city; an ideal location is offered by the roofs of hotels previously chosen as nodes in the airway network. Geometric simplicity and model standardization are to be a priority. This last chapter aims to enrich the work with a personal contribution from the student. Acknowledgments To the director of this thesis, Jose Antonio Castán Ponz, for guiding me through the whole project and granting the SW software. Also, to my dear family, friends and girlfriend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION…………………………………………...………………………….1 CHAPTER 1. NORMATIVE……………………………………………………….….2 1.1. European directives………………………………………………….2 1.2. Spanish regulation…………………………………………………...3 CHAPTER 2. MARKET STUDY OF DRONE TAXIS……………………………….5 2.1. Methodological approach…………………………………………...5 2.2. Types of drone taxis………………………………………………….5 2.2.1. Non-functional prototypes……………………………………...5 2.2.2. Functional prototypes…………………………………………12 2.3. Direct comparison between functional prototypes……………23 2.4. Final decision for operating as a drone taxi in Barcelona…….25 CHAPTER 3. AERIAL TAXI SERVICE ASSESSMENT IN BARCELONA…….28 3.1. Barcelona Tech and Touristic City……………………………….29 3.2. Hot spots mapping………………………………………………….32 3.3. Airway networking…………………………………………………..36 3.3.1. Restricted areas and other routing barriers…………………39 3.3.2. Optimal intertwine…………………………………………….42 3.3.3. Satellite view…………………………………………………..45 3.4. Time derived from operating the final system………………….47 3.5. Closure………………………………………………………………..49 CHAPTER 4. SKYPORT DESIGN………………………………………………….50 4.1. Sky port models……………………………………………………..50 4.2. Infrastructure provided…………………………………………….52 4.3. SolidWorks modelling……………………………………………...54 4.3.1. Dimensioning according to material properties……………58 4.3.2. Hotel hub perspective………………………………………...61 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………...62 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………………..64 ANNEX………………………………………………………………………………..69 LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1. NORMATIVE…………………………………………………………..2 1.1 Latest communitarian normative endorsement……………………………..2 1.2 Schematics of a SORA safety risk management……………………………3 CHAPTER 2. MARKET STUDY OF DRONE TAXIS……………………………….5 Non-Functional prototypes 2.1 S-A1 drone taxi model…………………………………………………………6 2.2 Nexus 4EX model………………………………………………………………7 2.3 Boeing Aurora Pegasus model……………………….……………………….8 2.4 Lilium Jet prototype…………………………………………………………….9 2.5 The A3 on Alpha One stage…………………………………………………..11 Functional prototypes 2.6 EHang 216 model…………………………………………………………….12 2.7 Carbon composite materials and aerial aluminum alloy………………….13 2.8 Inside view of the cabin………………………………………………………14 2.9 Agreement between LLíria’s council, Valencia, and EHang……….……..14 2.10 NMC lithium Battery pack for the EHang 216 model………………………15 2.11 Depiction of the 3-generation motors……………………………………….16 2.12 Depiction of the 3-generation propellers……………………………………16 2.13 EHang 216 graph……………………………………………………………..17 2.14 EHang command centre……………………………………………………..18 2.15 Volocopter VC2X functional multicopter……………………………………19 2.16 VC2X’s cockpit and its 200-5W rotor……………………………………….20 2.17 Inside view of the cabin………………………………………………………20 2.18 The battery swapping technique…………………………………………….21 2.19 Exploded perspective on a PMSM motor…………………………………..22 2.20 VC2X propeller………………………………………………………………..22 2.21 Rotor-propeller positioning and parachute compartment…………………23 Comparison 2.22 VC2X dimensions scheme…………………………………………………..24 2.23 EHang 216 dimensions scheme…………………………………………….24 2.24 Timeline to production scale for all models…………………………………27 CHAPTER 3. AERIAL TAXI SERVICE ASSESSMENT IN BARCELONA……28 3.1 Barcelona Smart City logotype………………….…………………………..29 3.2 Graphic of tourist evolution in Barcelona…………………………………...30 3.3 Tabulated numbers by year………………………………………………….30 3.4 Seasonality of overnights in hotels………………………………………….31 3.5 Tourists in hotels by category in 2019……………………………………...31 3.6 Seasonality of passengers in Barcelona’s airport in millions………..……32 Maps 3.7 Hot spots mapped on districted Barcelona…………………………………34 3.8 Population density by district………………….……………………………..38 3.9 3 km radial coverage from hub………………………………………………39 3.10 Radial hub coverage delimitations………………………………………….40 3.11 Population density vs green spots per district……………………………..41 3.12 Sky ports distribution within 10 districts, coastal orientation……………..43 3.13 Complete routing network……………………………………………………43 3.14 Final routing network in clear 10-district map………………………………44 3.15 Satellite view…………………………………………………………………..46 CHAPTER 4. SKYPORT DESIGN…………………………………………………50 4.1 Uber Air sky port prototype………………………………………………….50 4.2 Voloport prototype……………………………………………………………51 4.3 E-port maquette disposal at Sevilla’s fair………………………………….52 4.4 Hotel Sofia, Les Corts District………………………………………………53 4.5 Hotel Sofia to Camp Nou perspective……………………………………..54 SolidWorks 4.6 Sky port sketch on plan view………………………………………………..55 4.7 Extruded sketch, no ceiling, isometric…………………………………......56 4.8 Sky port assembly with clients and drones to scale……………………...57 4.9 One module concept…………………………………………………………58 4.10 Material simulated sky port, diedric………………………………….……..60 4.11 Hotel hub perspective………………………………………………………..61
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