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A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to E-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility

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A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to E-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Spring 2021 A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to e-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility Heidi Selina Glaudel Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons, and the Systems Engineering and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Commons Recommended Citation Glaudel, Heidi S.. "A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to e-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility" (2021). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/4y6k-9c02 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds/333 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to e-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility By: Heidi Selina Glaudel B.S.A.E. May 2007, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Batten College of Engineering and Technology Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department Old Dominion University May 2021 Approved By: Dr. Sharan Asundi (Director) Dr. Oktay Baysal (Member) Dr. Holly Handley (Member) Dr. Miltiadis Kotinis (Member) A Model-Based Systems Engineering Approach to e-VTOL Aircraft and Airspace Infrastructure Design for Urban Air Mobility Heidi S. Glaudel Old Dominion University Student Master’s Thesis May 2021 Abstract This paper serves to contribute to Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) by following the NASA Systems Engineering Handbook framework for a Systems Engineering (SE) design approach to an Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (e-VTOL) aircraft and the incorporating airspace infrastructure. The focus of this study is, by using the MBSE model created, to capture the technical requirements definition and design intent of the vehicle and airspace inclusive of community specific knowledge derived from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Concept of Operations (ConOps) version 1.0. The stakeholder requirements derived from the FAA UAM NextGen ConOps will form the bedrock for the aircraft infrastructure requirements from which the flight mission requirements are derived. From these requirements, the profile of a notional flight mission is provided. Additionally, from the flight mission requirements, a design solution can be proposed and examined to ensure it meets the original stakeholder needs. The vehicle and associated airspace environment are modeled using an MBSE dedicated platform, Cameo Systems Modeler, in a language called SysML. The resulting MBSE model created can demonstrate the traceability between top-level system requirements down to the subcomponent-level design. In the conclusive study of the sub-system behavioral relationships, the analysis and validation of the proposed design solution can support model reliability. ii Copyright, 2020, by Heidi Selina Glaudel, All Rights Reserved. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have contributed and aided in the successful completion of this thesis. I would like to extend a special thanks to my advisor Dr. Sharan Asundi for his continuous guidance, support, and countless efforts to make this thesis a possibility. I would also like to extend gratitude for my professional colleagues John Gregory, Christopher Wolfsmith, Andrea Morris, Ary Glantz, and James Winsley for assisting with the review of my designs and critical engineering input. I would like to personally thank Dr. Miltiadis Kotinis, Dr. Holly Handley, and Dr. Oktay Baysal for their willingness to review my thesis and participate in the defense. I would additionally like to extend gratitude to Neil O’Connor, Rania Ghatas, Annie Cheng, and Savita Verma for being a part of my review process. iv Nomenclature ACT Activity Diagram API Application Program Interface ARMD Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate BDD Block Definition Diagram CAD Computer-Aided Design ConOps Concept of Operations CPU Central Processing Unit e-VTOL Electric Vertical and Takeoff Landing ETOPS Extended Operations Certification DFD Data Flow Diagram DEP Distributed Electric Propulsion EFFBD Enhanced Functional Flow Block Diagram FAA Federal Aviation Administration FARs Federal Aviation Regulations FFBD Functional Flow Block Diagram HUD Heads-Up Display IBD Internal Block Diagram ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFR Instrument Flight Rules IEC International Electromechanical Commission INCOSE International Council on Systems Engineering ISO International Organization for Standardization v JAAs Joint Aviation Agencies KDPs Key Decision Points MBSE Model-Based Systems Engineering MoE Measure of Effectiveness NAS National Airspace System NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NC National Campaign (formerly known as the Grand Challenge) NMI Nautical Miles OMG Object Management Group PAX Passengers PDU Power Distribution Unit PIC Pilot in Command PP&C Project Planning and Control PSU Provider of Services SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices SD Sequence Diagram SE Systems Engineering STM State Machine Diagram SADT Structured Analysis and Design Technique SysML Systems Modeling Language UAM Urban Air Mobility UAS Unmanned Aerial System UC Use Case Diagram vi UML Unified Modeling Language UML UAM Maturity Level UOE UAM Operational Environment USS UAS Service Suppler UTM UAS Traffic Management VFR Visual Flight Rules VTOL Vertical and Takeoff Landing vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................xi LIST OF EQUATIONS................................................................................................................xi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND ON URBAN AIR MOBILITY…..................................................1 1.2 HISTORY OF URBAN AIR MOBILITY OPERATIONS......................................3 1.3 CURRENT UAM AIRCRAFT DESIGNS IN DEVELOPMENT….......................6 1.4 CURRENT E-VTOL DESIGN LIMITATIONS ….................................................8 1.5 NEED FOR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING CONCEPTS FOR MBSE …………………11 1.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT ………………………………………………….…….18 1.7 THESIS FRAMEWORK ………………………………………………………….19 2. BACKGROUND: MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING METHODOLOGY .21 2.1 OVERVIEW OF MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ……………...21 2.2 BACKGROUND ON SYSML AND THE FOUR PILLARS …………………....23 2.3 ADOPTING THE NASA FRAMEWORK FOR A SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS ……………………………………................................................................25 2.4 MBSE of E-VTOL METHODOLOGY.……………………………….………….27 3. CONSTRUCTION OF THE E-VTOL MBSE MODEL ……………………………………….30 3.1 STAKEHOLDER EXPECTATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS MODELING ..30 viii 3.2 PROPOSED LEVEL 1 FLIGHT MISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYSIS ...…………………………………………………………………………...35 3.3 FLIGHT MISSION ENVIRONMENT AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS...37 3.4 DEFINING LOGICAL ARCHITECTURE ……………………………………...39 3.5 MODEL ORGANIZATION AND CONTAINMENT TREE …………………...40 3.6 USE CASE MODELING ………………………………………………………….45 3.7 BEHAVIOR MODELING …………………………………………………….......46 3.8 STRUCTURE MODELING……………………………………………………….55 3.9 PARAMETRIC MODELING………………...…………………………………...67 4.0 ANALYSIS: ANALYZING THE SYSML MODEL …………………………………….71 4.1 SYSML MODEL ANALYSIS ……...……………………………………………..71 4.1.1 MBSE APPROCH TO COMPLETELY ELECTRIC E-VTOL FEASIBILITY………………………………………………………………….71 4.1.2 TECHNICAL DECISION ANALYSIS FOR A PROPOSED DESIGN SOLUTION……………….……………………………………………………74 4.1.3 SATISFYING UAM OPERATOR OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENT...77 4.2 MODELING OFF-NOMINAL FLIGHT SCENARIOS USING BEHAVIOR MODELING ……………………………………………………………………………82 5.0 CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………..85 5.1 THESIS DELIVERABLE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION.…………….......85 6.0 WORKS CITED ……………………………………………………………………….......88 7.0 APPENDIX A: THE “V” SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MODEL………………………94 8.0 VITA………………………………………………………………………………………95 ix ----------------------- This page is intentionally left blank -------------------------- x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.0: UAM Aircraft Currently Under Development..........................................................................8 2.0: Popular Software Used for Aircraft Design............................................................................16 LIST OF EQUATIONS Equation Page 1.0…………………………………………………………………………………………….......57 2.0………………………………………………………………………………….......................57 3.0………………………………………………………………………………….......................71 4.0………………………………………………………………………………….......................71 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.0: Urban Air Mobility Concept of Operations........…..................................................................2 2.0: Curtiss-Wright
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