ISSN 0976 - 3090 (Print) 2231 - 0541 (Online) PHARMANEST A PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON VIGNA SPECIES

Gangarao Battu1, Ch.K.V.L.S.N.Anjana Male1*, T.Hari priya2, Venna Naga Malleswari2, Sk.Reeshma2 1A.U.College of pharmaceutical sciences, Andhra university, Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Narsaraopet Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Narsaraopet, Guntur Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT Plants are the almost exclusive source of drugs for a majority of the world’s population. Therefore, it remains a challenge for scientists to provide efficient, safe and cheap medications, especially for rural areas, with the available resources at the nearest. In the present review an attempt has been made to gather the information regarding taxanomical characters, various species, climatic conditions, various folklore usages, and some of phytochemical, pharmacological, antimicrobial studies conducted so far on these vigna genus plants which belongs to leguminosae family. This review reveals that legumes can be used as antioxidant in treating various ailments like liver diseases, cancer, diabetes, kidney disorders and for curing various microbial infections. These legumes acts as good nutritive as well as cures various ailments hence these legumes comes under nutraceuticals. With this review we conclude that there is a need of conducting further studies for isolation of individual constituents, to find our their pharmacognostic characters, and going for different formulations and screening of various activities on these genus plants Key words: vigna species, vigna mung, vigna radiate, phytochemical work INTRODUCTION and sometimes still, especially in non-scholarly Man and Animals depend on the plants for their very sources — included in the genus Phaseolus. Common existence. Our environment is characterized by richly names in this genus reflect its mixed taxonomic diversified plant life. Plant diversity is composed of more history: some are referred to as “peas” and others as than 500,000 botanical species. The green scum and “beans”. The Urad Bean (V. mungo) is sometimes the duckweed on surface of some ponds, the lichens, called a “lentil”, while germinating Mung Bean (V. fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns, conifers and the radiata) are often sold as bean sprouts similar to those flowering plants are the representatives of the plant of the Soybean diversity. Worldwide, drugs derived from various sources TAXONOMICAL / SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION 2, 3 continue to be significant for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Plants constitute a vital Kingdom : Plantae component of the biodiversity as they play a key role in Division : Magnoliophyta maintaining earth’s environmental equilibrium and Class : Magnoliopsida ecosystem stability. They are also essential for the survival of not only the human beings but also animals Order : Fabales at large. Wild plants have enormous endemic, cultural Family : Fabaceae and aesthetic importance, and provide food, medicine, Genus : Vigna fuel, clothing and shelter to majority of people. With the emerging world wide interest in adopting and studying Parts :Seeds. traditional systems and exploiting their potential based 4 on different health care systems. In this regard one of Different species of vigna are those heritages is species belonging to vigna genus,  Vigna aconitifolia — Moth Bean, Mat Bean, Fabaceae family. Which is cultivated and used as a Turkish Gram neutraceutical in all over world. In the traditional system of medicine this genus is mainly used in the treatment  Vigna angularis — Azuki Bean, “red bean” of liver disorders, ulcers, to decrease the weight, and  Vigna caracalla — Snail Bean, Corkscrew Vine, also used in hormonal balancer1 . The aim of present Snail Vine review is to highlight the nutritional value, phytochemical  Vigna debilis Fourc. and pharmacological investigation so far carried on the  Vigna dinteri Harms few species of this vigna genus. So that further research could be carried out on these genus plants.  Vigna lanceolata — Pencil Yam, merne arlatyeye (Arrernte) Plant profile: The genus is named after Dominico Vigna, an Italian o Vigna lanceolata var. filiformis botanist of the 17th century. They include some well- o Vigna lanceolata var. lanceolata known and other less well-known beans formerly — o Vigna lanceolata var. latifolia PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (1) January - February 2011 www.pharmanest.net 62 ISSN 0976 - 3090 (Print) 2231 - 0541 (Online) PHARMANEST

 Vigna luteola to be protective and curative properties in polyneurtitis  Vigna marina (Burm.f.) Merr. granuloma  Vigna maritima Vigna ungiculata  Vigna mungo — Urad Bean, Black Matpe Bean, Uses :Roasted seeds are used to treat neuritis, insomnia, Black Gram, White Lentil, “black lentil” weakness of memory, indigestion, dyspepsia, sensation  Vigna o-wahuensis Vogel — Hawaii Wild Bean of pins and needles in limbs, periodic palpitation,  Vigna parkeri congestive cardiac failure etc. it is an excellent medicine for stomatitis, corneal ulcers, coleic diseases, kwasiorkar,  Vigna radiata — Mung Bean, Green Gram, Golden marasmus. Decoction of leaves is used to treat Gram, Mash Bean, Green Soy hyperacidity, nausea and vomiting  Vigna speciosa (Kunth) Verdc. — Wondering Vigna vexillata Cowpea Uses :Seeds contain L-Dopa , a medicine for parkinsons  Vigna subterranea — Bambara Groundnut, Jugo disease. Bean, njugumawe (Swahili) (sometimes separated in Voandzeia) Vigna mung  Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. — Jungle Mat Bean, Uses: used in liver disorders, rheumatisim, infection of AfricanGram, Three-lobe-leaved Cowpea nervous system. root is said to narcotic and is used as  Vigna umbellata — Ricebean, “red bean” remedy for aching bones, black gram is considered as diuretic and is used in dropsy and cephalgia. The mung  Vigna unguiculata — Cowpea, Crowder Pea, bean is one of many species recently moved from the Southern Pea genus Phaseolus to Vigna and is still often seen cited as o Vigna unguiculata ssp. cylindrica — Catjang Phaseolus aureus or Phaseolus radiatus. These are all o Vigna unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana — Wild the same plant. Cowpea,African Cowpea, Ethiopian Cowpea o Vigna unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis — Mung Bean is a traditional food source of our Indian Yardlong Bean, Long-podded Cowpea, Asparagus people. Vitamins, calcium, irons, phosphorus ratio higher Bean,Snake Bean, Chinese Long Bean than crude rice. So it got good values both as food and o Vigna unguiculata ssp. unguiculata — Black- as medicine, in the hot summer, mung bean soup are eyed Pea, Black-eyed Bean nice drinks for local folks to drive away heat.  Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. — Zombi Pea Some of the folklore usage of these species o Vigna vexillata var. angustifolia Anti-bacteria o Vigna vexillata var. youngiana Some contents of mung bean shows anti-bacteria effects directly. Bacteria inhibition experiment proved that mung TRADITIONAL USES5 bean skin extraction saps shows inhibition to This genus seeds are said to be a traditional source, cures staphylococci. According to related research, tannins from for paralysis, rheumatism, coughs, fevers and liver mung bean can solidify bioplasm of microorganisms, thus ailments, for weight reduction . show bacteria inhibition activity. Flavnoids and phytosterols 6 Some other species individual traditional uses are show certain degree of bacteria inhibition Vigna marina effects and anti-viral effects. This is used in fractured bone, remedy for food poisioning, Mung beans contains active compositions such as to treat weakness after child birth, to treat head ache, to coumarins, alkaloid, phytosterols, saponins boost the cure stomachache.this herb is used to treat mouth immune system, increase the amount of phagocytic cell. infections, abscesses Antiatheroscloresis: Vigna philosa Experiment proved 70% mung bean powder or sprout Uses: roots are bitter, sweet,aphrodisiac, germicidal, mung bean powder shared feed to rabbit, result showed cooling. They are cured for consumption, cough, fever, that it works to lower blood fat of the experimental diarrhea, heamoroids, opthalomapathy, burning sensation, hyperlipemia rabbit, thus relieve coronary arterial lesions, dyspepsia, violated condition of vatta, pitta, and kapha. further experiment find that phytosterols in mung beans has similar structure as cholesterol, phytosterols competite Vigna radiate: with cholesterol to get, lipd enzyme, thus make many Uses: it is employed as light diet during fever, and is cholesterol cannot be esterified considered as cooling and astriongent affect, the pulse is prescribed for vertigo. A decoction of seeds is used an affective treatment for beri-beri. The mung extract is said

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (1) January - February 2011 www.pharmanest.net 63 ISSN 0976 - 3090 (Print) 2231 - 0541 (Online) PHARMANEST thus reduced the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine, in all of the four cultivated species and genotypes. The also mung bean can reduce the serum cholesterol. glycoside kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside was found present in the four genotypes of V. subterranea and other Anti-Cancer and Antineoplastic cultivated Vigna species. However, the flavonoid Experiment proved mung bean shows preventions to lung kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-rhamnoside is restricted to cancer and liver cancer induced by morphine and sodium V. subterranea. This study questions the inclusion of V. nitrite. subterranea in the genus Vigna on account of absence Detoxification of seed proanthocyanidin and restricted accumulation of kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-rhamnoside in the leaves. Mung bean rich in proteins, raw mung bean powder and liquid taken orally could protect mucosa of stomach and Accumulation of O-methyl-inositols in water- intestines. Mung bean protein, tannins and flavonoids stressed Vigna species10 combine with organophosphorus pesticide, mercury, Clive W. Ford has made survey on Accumulation of O- arsenic, plumbum to form deposit, reduce its amount and methyl-scyllo-inositol and ononitol in leaves of several toxins, can not be absorbed easily. water-stressed Vigna species is described. It is suggested Other Actions that the relevant species could be used as convenient · The protein and phospholipid shows property to improve sources of these relatively rare compounds. appetite and exciter nerve, necessary for many The use of hyphenated techniques in comparative important organs phytochemical studies of legumes11 · Polysaccharides of mung bean can boost the activity G. C. Kite et al has worked on The coupling of instruments of serum lipoprotein lipase, hydrolize the glycerin performing chromatographic separations to those trilaurate of lipoprotein, thus prevent coronary heart providing structural data has had an enormous impact in disease and angina cordis analytical chemistry. These ‘hyphenated techniques’ are · Globulin and polysaccharides in mung bean can boost enabling compounds to be detected in plant extracts more cholesterin decomposed to cholalic acid, boost the effectively than ever before. At the same time, the rapid secretion of bile salt and lowering the absorption of development of DNA sequencing technology and classic cholesterin by small intestine data analysis have provided taxonomists with the means · Clinical reports proved the effective conponents from to produce testable systematic hypotheses. The mung bean shows antianaphylaxis property, can be used application of GC-MS and LC-MS in comparative to treat hives phytochemical studies in legumes is reviewed both from · Mung bean shows inhibition on staphylococci and some selected research in the literature and from the authors’ virus, clear heat and detoxify. own experiences, with an emphasis on nitrogen-containing and phenolic compounds. · Mung bean rich in trypsin inhibitor, protect liver, reduce decomposition of proteins, thus protect liver. The use of GC-MS has provided an extensive data set O groups. They were stable between pH 3·5 and 7·5 for on the occurrence of quinolizidine alkaloids in legumes their agglutination. The lectins did not show any metalion GC-MS also provides the means to separate the requirement. They were inactivated at 50°C. The lectin numerous isomeric forms of polyhydroxyalkaloids and activity was inhibited by D-galactose (0·1 mM). The hydroxypipecolic acids as their volatile trimethylsilyl Scatchard plots of galactose derivatives . LC-MS is enabling the metabolic profiles of intact flavonoid glycosides to be obtained from small binding to these lectins are nonlinear and biphasic curves fragments of material while recent methods to analyse indicative of multiple binding sites. The data show that non-protein amino acids by LC-MS without derivatisation the monomeric lectins have both lectin and galactosidase hold much promise in surveys of these important activities suggestive of a bifunctional protein. taxonomic characters. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/ Comparative phytochemistry of eleven species MS) provides a rapid means of sequencing peptides and of Vigna (Fabaceae)9 so, as we enter the era of proteomics, Joseph C. Onyilagha et al has made a survey of the Some of the chemical constituents were isolated biochemical constituents of 11 species of Vigna indicates from vigna radiate12-21 the absence of the non-protein amino acid canavanine in Chemical Constituents12-21. their seeds, and absence of proanthocyanidin (polyphenol) Aliphatic compounds from the seed: O- in their leaves. Proanthocyanidin was found in the seeds acetylethanolamine, 1-triacontanol of all, except Vigna subterranea. The constitutive leaf flavonoids of four genotypes of the pantropic V. Flavonoids from the seed: aureol, coumestrol, subterranea were also studied and compared with those cyclokievitone, dalbergioidin, 2,3-dehydrokievitone, 5- from three other cultivated species. The flavonoid kaempferol seems to be most prevalent as it was found

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (1) January - February 2011 www.pharmanest.net 64 ISSN 0976 - 3090 (Print) 2231 - 0541 (Online) PHARMANEST (OE). The higher antimicrobial activity was also observed deoxykievitone, genistein, 2'-hydroxygenistein, isovitexin, with the higher stimulation of G6PDH and GPX activity kievitone, myrtillin, phaseol, phaseollidin, vitexin during early stages of germination. This leads to the Others from the seed: ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, hypothesis that enhanced mobilization of carbohydrates soyasapogenol C, 1,4-butanediamine, 3- (as indicated by G6PDH activity on days 2 and 4), (carboxymethylamino) propanoic acid, 1H-imidazole, enhanced polymerization of simple phenols (as indicated spermidine, spermine, amino acids and peptides by GPX activity on day 3) contributed to high antioxidant PHARMACOLOGICAL WORK22 activity producing intermediary metabolites. Estrogenic effect The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of processed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Stephen .M.Bovie et al has evaluated Estrogenic activity 25 using an estrogen-dependent MCF-7 breast cancer cell (L.) Walp.) seed extracts proliferation assay in seven legume extracts containing References and further reading may be available for this phytoestrogens . Methanol extracts were prepared from article. To view references and further reading you must soybean (Glycine max L.), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris purchase this article. L.), alfalfa sprout (Medicago sativa L.), mung bean sprout Perumal Siddhuraju has worked on the antioxidative (Vigna radiata L.), kudzu root (Pueraria lobata L.), and properties and total phenolic contents of two varieties of red clover blossom and red clover sprout (Trifolium cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were extracted with 70% pratense L.). Extracts of kudzu root and red clover acetone and the extracts were freeze-dried were blossom showed significant competitive binding to examined. The unprocessed light brown seeds (LB) estrogen receptor ² (ER² ). All seven of the extracts contained significantly higher level of total phenolics and exhibited preferential agonist activity toward ER². Using tannins than the dark brown seeds (DB). The extracts HPLC to collect fractions and MCF-7 cell proliferation, were screened for their potential antioxidant activities the active components in kudzu root extract were using tests such as , OH , ±,±-diphenyl-²- determined to be the isoflavones, daidzein, and genistein. picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ABTS+, FRAP, linoleic acid These results show that several legumes are a source of emulsion and ²-carotene–linoleic acid in vitro model phytoestrogens with high levels of estrogenic activity. systems. At 800 ¼g of extract in the reaction mixture, the superoxide anion radical scavenging activity was found Immunostimolatory activities of Vigna mungo L. 23 to be significantly higher in the raw and dry heated seed extract in male Sprague–Dawley rats extracts than the hydrothermally processed seed samples YogendrasinhB.solankidy has made a work to evaluate of the respective varieties. The DPPH radical and ABTS any immunostimulatory activities of the extract of V. mungo cation radical scavenging activities were well proved and seeds in an animal model. The induction of any correlated with the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity of immunostimulatory effects were evaluated using the extracts. Interestingly, among the various extracts, dry measures of sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-induced heated samples of LB and DB showed the highest humoral antibody titer, SRBC-induced delayed-type hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of 83.6% and 68.2%, hypersensitivity (DTH), neutrophil adhesion, and in vivo respectively. All extracts exhibited good antioxidant activity phagocytosis (via the carbon clearance method) after host (74.3–84.6%) against the linoleic acid emulsion system. treatment with the extract. The results here indicated that The antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging primary and secondary antibody titers in the rats were capacity of phenolics of raw and dry heated moth bean significantly increased by treatment with the V. mungo (Vigna aconitifolia) (Jacq.) Marechal seed extracts26 extract as compared with those noted among rats in a control group. Increases in DTH response, the percentage The antioxidative properties and total phenolic contents (%) neutrophil adhesion, and in situ phagocytosis were of Vigna aconitifolia were examined. The raw and dry also observed after treatment with the extract. The findings heated samples were extracted with 70% acetone and in there study suggest that V. mungo seed extract the extracts were freeze-dried. The raw seeds contained possesses profound immunostimulatory activities. These higher levels of total phenolics (6.54%) and tannins present study provides evidence that could help explain (1.91%) than the dry heated seeds. The extracts were how the traditional use of V. mungo has been successful screened for their potential antioxidant activities using in the treatment of various disorders in humans , OH , ±,±-diphenyl-²-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,22 - azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+), Stimulation of phenolics, antioxidant and Ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), linoleic acid antimicrobial activities in dark germinated mung bean emulsion and Fe2+ chelating systems. At 1 mg of extract sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical in the reaction mixture, the superoxide anion radical- elicitors24 scavenging activity Reena Randhir, Yuan has worked on The phenyl propanoid pathway (PPP) was stimulated in mung bean sprouts through the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathways, by natural elicitors such as fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), lactoferrin (LF) and oregano extract

PHARMANEST - An International Journal of Advances In Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 2 (1) January - February 2011 www.pharmanest.net 65 ISSN 0976 - 3090 (Print) 2231 - 0541 (Online) PHARMANEST was found to be similar in raw and dry heated seed metabolites are considered antinutrients, extracts. The DPPH radical and ABTS cation radical simultaneously conferring health benefits, so these scavenging activities were well proved and correlated secondary metabolites are currently marketed as with the ferric reducing antioxidant capacity of the functional foods and nutraceuticals ingredients. extracts. Interestingly, both raw and dry heated seed CONCLUSION: extracts showed the highest hydroxyl radical India can benefit enormously if we can build a Golden scavenging activity of 67.3% and 68.5%, respectively, Triangle among Modern Science, Modern Medicine at concentration of 1 mg/g extract. In addition, both and Traditional Medicine29 Indeed, triangles are a extracts exhibited good peroxidation inhibiting activity popular concept in complementary medicine30, but for (54.2% and 58.2%, respectively) against the linoleic AYUSH, the Golden Triangle presents a golden acid emulsion system and the values were lower than opportunity to bring these different systems together. BHA and Trolox. Fe2+ chelating activity was also Numerous drugs have entered the international market detected in both raw and dry heated seed with EDTA through exploration of ethnopharmacological and equivalent of 0.61 mg and 0.45 mg/g extracts, traditional medicine. Although scientist studies have respectively. been carried out by the scientists on many of the Indian Mung beans processed by solid-state bioconversion botanicals, considerably small number of marketable improves phenolic content and functionality relevant drugs or phytochemical entities has entered the for diabetes and ulcer management27 evidence-based therapeutics. Efforts are therefore References and further reading may be available needed to establish and validate safety and practice for this article. To view references and further of herbal medicines31. Even today, plants are the reading you must purchase this article. almost exclusive source of drugs for a majority of the world’s population. Therefore, it remains a challenge Industrial relevance for scientists to provide efficient, safe and cheap Solid State Bioconversion (SSB) of mung bean by R. medications, especially for rural areas. With the oligosporus is a good strategy to enhance ingredient present review we can conclude that vigna species functionality due to mobilization of phenolic has proved to be antioxidant which can able to treat antioxidants. Such enhanced phenolic antioxidant disorders associated with free radical generation in activity potentially contributes to health-relevant humans, still then there is a need of conducting further functionality such as amylase inhibition for diabetes phytochemical, pharmacognostical, and management and H. pylori inhibition for peptic ulcer pharmacological studies on vigna species. management. Optimization of such SSB systems at industrial scale can help large-scale low cost REFERENCE production of such health-relevant ingredients. 1. Anonymous, the wealth of India, raw material, Minor components of pulses and their potential CSIR,New Delhi,1956,p.p: 154-156. impact on human health28 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_aconitifolia Rocio Campos-Vega, and co workers has made a 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_unguiculata review on pulses contain a number of bioactive 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigna_mungo substances including enzyme inhibitors, lectins, 5.http://www.nutrafem.caindex.cfm?Fuseaction=article&ArticleID=491 phytates, oligosaccharides, and phenolic compounds. Enzyme inhibitors can diminish protein digestibility, 6. T.pullaiah, Encyclopedia of world medicinal plants : 2042- 2049 and lectins can reduce nutrient absorption, but both 7. http://www.mdidea.com/products/proper/ have. Some phenolic compounds can reduce protein proper05405.html digestibility and mineral bioavailability, and galacto oligosaccharides may cause flatulence. On the other 8. 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