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Resources, Peace and Conflict in the Horn of Africa a Report on the 12Th Horn of Africa Conference, Lund, Sweden, August 23-25, 2013

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Resources, Peace and Conflict in the Horn of Africa a Report on the 12Th Horn of Africa Conference, Lund, Sweden, August 23-25, 2013 Ulf Johansson Dahre (ed.) Resources, Peace and Conflict in the Horn of Africa A Report on the 12th Horn of Africa Conference, Lund, Sweden, August 23-25, 2013 SOMALIA INTERNATIONAL REHABILITATION CENTRE (SIRC) LUND HORN OF AFRICA FORUM (LUHAF) UN-ASSOCIATION LUND DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, LUND UNIVERSITY Copyright © the Authors 2014 Graphic Design Ilgot Liljedahl Typesetting Ilgot Liljedahl Produktion Media-Tryck Printed by Media-Tryck, Lund University, Lund, Sweden 2014 ISBN 91-7267-368-0 Publisher and Distribution Media-Tryck Lund University Box 117 SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden Fax 046-222 38 83 • E-post [email protected] • www.lu.se/media-tryck Acknowledgements Somali International Rehabilitation Centre (SIRC) expresses its profound grati- tude to the institutions and organisations that have sponsored the 2002-2013 Horn of Africa conferences namely: Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Folke Bernadotte Academy, Forum Syd/Sida, Lund University, UNDP/Somalia, COSPE – Cooperation for the Development of Emerging, Olof Palme International Center, Olof Palme Minnesfond, City of Lund, United Nations Association in Lund, ABF Lund, Folkuniversitetet in Lund. Likewise, we deeply thank all scholars from various universities, institutions around the world, practitioners, government representatives from European Union, USA, Sweden, Finland, IGAD, Somalia, Sudan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, international organisations among others (UNDP/Somalia, UNPOS, FAO, IMO), civil society organisations, politicians, journalists, who made remark- able value added contributions to the Horn of Africa peace and security conferences by presenting research papers, statements, and participating in panel debates, serious workshops discussions between 2002-2013. We have to express our thanks to Lars Ronnås Head Africa Department of Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Marika Fahlen Special Horn of Africa Envoy for Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Prof. Arne Ardeberg, Prof. Ole Elgström, Prof. Benny Carlsson, Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre from Lund University, Prof. Gudmundur Alfredsson from Raoul Wallenberg Institute, Prof. Janis Grobbelaar and Prof. Maxi Schoeman from Pretoria University, Dr. Salah Bander from Cambridge University, Prof. Sisay Asefa from Michigan University, Prof. Gaim Kbreab from London South Bank University, Dr. Björn Möller from Danish Institute for International Studies, Dr. Markus Böckenförde from German Development Institute, who successfully moderated panel discussions and work- shops of the Horn of Africa conferences between 2002-2013. Special thanks to Ambassador Per Lindgärde, Head of Africa Department, Swedish Foreign Ministry for his important statement at the Horn of Africa confer- ence in 2013 in Lund in which he presented millions of Swedish Government’s aid to Somalia and to Somali people for five years which vital for the reconstruction of the country. SIRC expresses its deep thanks to thank Mayors and Vice Mayors of the City of Lund from 2002-2013: namely Mayor Lennart Ryde, Late Mayor Larry Andow, Mayor Annika Annerby Jansson, Vice Mayor Tranje Danielsson, Vice Mayor Jörgen Forsberg, Kommunalråd Lennart Prytz, for their warm welcoming and opening re- marks at Horn of Africa conferences and warm receptions for all Horn of Africa conferences’ guests 2002-2013 on behalf of peace loving people of the University City of Lund and Swedish people as a whole. We also have deep gratitude to SIRC Horn of Africa partner organisations in Lund, namely Sudanese Association, Eritrean Association, Ethiopian Association, and Djibouti association who has been always playing a vital role in the great suc- cesses of the peace conferences. We would like to thank Dr. Ulf Johansson Dahre, Nicklas Svensson and Gillian Nilsson for editing the proceedings and proof-reading the proceedings of the Horn of Africa conferences from 2002-2013. We would like to thank Media Tryck of Lund University and Department of Sociology for publishing the proceedings of the con- ferences. Departments of Sociology, Department of Political Sciences, Department of Economic History, and Department of Astronomy of Lund University, Rectors of the Lund University extended strong support to Horn of Africa peace building con- ferences which will not be forgotten. Special thanks to the chairing Committee of the conferences, namely Ambassador Count Pietersen, Dr. Tarekegn Abdebo, Dr. Zufan Araya, Dr. Shukria Dini, Dr. Hodan Isse and Engineer Ishael Siroiney, who proficiently and efficiently chaired the 2002-2013 Horn of Africa conferences in Lund. Finally, we thank everybody who participated in the Horn of Africa conferences in Lund and made contributions to the cause of peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa region. Abdillahi Jama, SIRC Horn of Africa conferences Coordinator www.sirclund.se Table of Contents Introduction 7 Ulf Johansson Dahre Opening remarks 9 Honorable Mr. Jörgen Forsberg, Deputy Mayor, City of Lund Part One Resources, Politics and Development 11 Advancing Peace and Regional Integration and Development in the Horn of Africa through Good Governance 13 Sisay Asefa The Battle for Democratisation of the Horn of Africa 39 Abdullahi Osman El-Tom Why the State Is a Major Source of Conflicts in the Horn of Africa 49 Kidane Mengisteab General Overview of Resources Wealth and Conflict in the Horn of Africa 61 Joseph Smith National Resource Distribution and Management 69 Hodan S. Isse The Nexus Between Economic Integration and Conflict Resolution in the Horn of Africa: Facing the Challenges of Governance and Improving the Livelihood of the People 81 John W. Forje Part Two Natural Resources and Conflicts 107 The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Relevance for Transboundary Waters and the Global Environment Facility 109 Fredrik Söderbaum and Jakob Granit Water Scarcity in the Horn of Africa: A Threat to Security or an Incentive to Cooperation for Development 167 Abdullahi Elmi Mohamed Make Peace or Perish: A Framework for the Management of Somalia 185 Ahmed Nur 5 Managing Resource Conflicts through People, Policies and Institutions: Lessons from the Berki (Ethiopia), Kuiseb (Namibia) and Pongola (South Africa) River Basins 207 Larry A. Swatuk, Maria Amakali, Kidane Mariam Jembere The Political Impact of Damming the Nile: the Case of Sudan, Ethiopia and Egypt 229 M. Jalal Hashim Resource Curse: Conflicts Within and Between the Two Sudans 243 Omer Ismail Conflict over Scarce Resources and Identity: The case of Abyei, Sudan 249 Amira Awad Osman Summary and Recommendations 263 Gillian Nilsson Contributors 267 SIRC’s Horn of Africa Research Reports 269 List of the SIRC Conferences on the Horn of Africa 270 6 Introduction Ulf Johansson Dahre The 12th SIRC conference on the Horn of Africa was held in Lund, August 23-25, 2013. The conference focused on the issue of natural resources, peace and conflict. The main objective of the conference was to provide a forum for those engaged in this issue and bring the agonizing and violent situation in the Horn of Africa to the attention of the Swedish public and key stakeholders in the international com- munity. Knowledge and understanding of critical issues concerning the conflicts in the Horn of Africa should encourage stakeholders to become engaged and actively support local peace processes in the Horn of Africa. More than 200 participants visited the conference and took an active part in the discussions inside and outside the conference facilities during the three days. The governments of the Horn of Africa countries were strongly represented, by both ministers and ambassadors. Representatives of the United Nations, the European Union, civil society organisations, international academia, think tanks and media contributed actively, giving statements, reporting on current research and partici- pating in workshops. Their committed participation gave the conference depth and validity. 7 Opening remarks Honorable Mr. Jörgen Forsberg, Deputy Mayor, City of Lund Esteemed delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, My name is Jörgen Forsberg, and I am the Deputy Mayor of the City of Lund. It brings me great pleasure to – once again – welcome you here when Lund is at its most beautiful, in late summer. Many of you have experienced Lund before, but for those of you who haven’t, I want to take this opportunity to tell you something about this rather special place. I think of this ancient town – one of the oldest in Scandinavia – as a window to the future. We enjoy a rich cultural and historical heritage, state-of-the-art scientific research & development and a bustling business climate. In our city, academia, busi- ness, culture and nature thrive within – at the very most – a 20-minute bike-ride from each other. Tetra Pak paper packaging was born here, as was Ericsson’s modern mobile te- lephony, the Gambro artificial kidney, Bluetooth, Ultrasound diagnostics and the Inkjet printer. These and many more ideas and inventions from Lund have changed peoples’ lives to the better all over the world. And within roughly a decade, we will have established two new, ultra-modern and very large advanced research facilities. One is the ESS – the European spallation source – a neutron based research project conducted as a co-operation between a large number of European countries. The other is the MAX IV – a synchrotron light research facility, which will produce the most intense man-made light in history. We expect these facilities to create not only growth and new jobs here, but also positive solutions to pressing issues for all of humanity. To my mind, Lund is a remarkable little city. Here the potentials in working across borders and boundaries, to think outside the box and to turn innovative ideas into reality have been realized. This makes Lund an inspiring place for conferences and forums dealing with the important issues of tomorrow – like the annual Horn of Africa Conference. This is the 12th time the Horn of Africa Conference is held in Lund, and this is a fact that makes me proud. This is in fact the largest conference in Sweden on matters concerning the Horn of Africa, bringing together scholars, decision makers, NGO:s and stakeholders from Djibouti, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea.
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